Widespread Occurrence of the Aecial Stage of Sunflower Rust Caused by Puccinia helianthi in North Dakota and Minnesota in 2008.

Sunflower rust caused by Puccinia helianthi (Schw.) is widespread in North America and occurs annually on cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and wild annual and perennial Helianthus spp., although severity on the U.S. sunflower crop has been increasing in recent years (2). P. helianthi is a autoecious, macrocyclic rust, but the aecial stage is rarely observed in the field (1,3,4). In most years, the earliest appearance of sunflower rust in North Dakota (ND) and surrounding states usually occurs in early August as the uredinial stage. Initial inoculum can result from urediniospores that overwinter in the Northern Great Plains, urediniospores blown in from areas south of North Dakota, or basidiospores completing the life cycle. However, aecia have been noted very infrequently and never widespread, indicating initial inoculum is usually urediniospores. Aecia of P. helianthi were first observed on 24 June 2008 in a commercial sunflower field (confection hybrid CHS 3126) near Mohall, ND. Aecia cups measuring 0.2 to 0.3 mm in diameter were observed in clusters that were 1 to 7 mm wide in diameter and containing as many as 150 cups. Aecia cups were bright orange but turned brown-black as they senesced. As many as 15 aecial clusters occurred on individual leaves or cotyledons. Aeciospores were ellipsoid, hyaline, and measured approximately 20 µm in diameter. On 4 July 2008, uredinia were first observed in the same Mohall, ND field. At that time, uredinia, aecia, and senesced aecia could all be found on the same leaves. In a non-fungicide-treated strip of the field, pustule coverage on the lower leaves was 10 to 20% by mid-July, pustule coverage on the upper four leaves of plants in the untreated strip was 56% by 27 August, and yield at harvest was less than 200 kg/ha. The rest of the field was sprayed twice with fungicides and yielded 1,571 kg/ha, which is similar to the statewide yield average of 1,573 kg/ha in 2008. To determine the prevalence of aecia in the primary growing regions of ND and Minnesota (MN), surveys were conducted in 75 sunflower fields in 18 counties between 22 and 24 July in ND and 34 fields in 8 counties between 17 and 31 July in MN. Incidence of aecia and uredinia were determined by visual observation of a minimum of 20 plants scouted in a 'W' pattern in the field. Rust was found in 31 and 53% of fields in ND and MN, respectively. In fields where rust was found, both aecia and uredinia were observed in 37% of the fields, aecia only in 29% of the fields, and uredinia only in 34% of the fields. Although it is uncertain why aecia were widespread in 2008, night temperatures in Mohall, ND, where aecia were first observed, reached the dew point temperature on 51 of 61 days in June and July, suggesting that dew or fog likely formed. Thus, favorable conditions for germination and infection early in the growing season indicate widespread occurrence of rust was likely a result of local inoculum sources. The early appearance of aecia is cause for concern for two reasons: significant yield loss can occur when rust appears early in the growing season; and the presence of aecia suggest that the pathogen completed its sexual cycle. When P. helianthi completes its life cycle it is likely that a greater diversity of races will result (4). References: (1) D. L. Bailey. Univ. Minn. Tech. Bull. 16:1, 1923. (2) D. Berglund. Natl. Sunflower Assoc. Online publication. /Berglund_2007_NSA_Survey_08. 2008. (3) H. S. Jackson. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 18:1, 1931. (4) G. A. Kong et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 28:320, 1999.

Hemodynamically significant suture line obstruction immediately after heart transplantation.

Mechanical complications after heart transplantation are uncommon. We describe a case of hemodynamically significant suture line obstruction that was recognized immediately after heart transplantation using transesophageal echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography has proved to be a powerful tool in recognizing mechanical complications in the early posttransplant period.

Frequent occurrence of occult pulmonary embolism from venous sheaths during endomyocardial biopsy.

To determine the frequency of occult right heart thromboembolism during endomyocardial biopsy, 51 cardiac transplant recipients undergoing routine endomyocardial biopsy were studied echocardiographically. Patients were randomized to two groups. In Group 1, the venous sheath was flushed between each biopsy attempt; in Group 2, it was flushed only at the time of initial placement. Right heart thromboemboli were identified in 18 (35%) of 51 patients. Seventeen (94%) of these 18 patients were in Group 2. Patients requiring more than six biopsy attempts had a significantly higher incidence of embolism. Other variables such as antiplatelet therapy, operator experience and total time of the procedure did not correlate with occurrence of thrombus. All right heart emboli were asymptomatic. These data demonstrate a high incidence of occult pulmonary embolism during uncomplicated routine endomyocardial biopsy. Meticulous flushing of the introducer sheath significantly reduces the incidence of thrombus formation in intravenous sheaths.

Regulation of the oxidative phosphorylation rate in the intact cell.

The mechanisms that underlie the balance between the consumption and oxidative generation of ATP in the intact cell are not well-defined. Cytosolic inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ADP levels, the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio, and the cytosolic phosphorylation potential (PP) have all been proposed as major regulatory variables, the latter as a component of a "near-equilibrium" thermodynamic regulatory scheme. Therefore, the potential regulatory roles of these variables in the intact cell were evaluated with 31P NMR and Langendorff perfused rat hearts; in this preparation, the tissue oxygen consumption rate (MVO2) can be varied over a wide range. When the exogenous carbon source was varied, none of the proposed regulatory parameters, i.e., the ATP/ADP ratio, PP, or cytosolic ADP level, were found to be uniquely related to MVO2. Rather, ADP levels at a given MVO2 decreased progressively for the exogenous carbon sources in the following order: glucose, glucose + insulin, palmitate + glucose, lactate, pyruvate + glucose, and octanoate + glucose. In the octanoate and pyruvate groups, MVO2(-1) was linearly dependent upon [ADP]-1 with apparent Km values being in the range previously observed in isolated mitochondria. A similar trend was observed in the MVO2-[Pi] relationship. The present findings suggest that exogenous carbon sources which effectuate deregulation of intramitochondrial NADH generation lower cytosolic ADP and Pi to levels which are limiting to the rate of oxidative phosphorylation. For other carbon sources, the processes controlling the rate of NADH generation also participate in determining the rate of oxidative ATP synthesis. However, this control must be exerted kinetically rather than through a near-equilibrium thermodynamic mechanism as indicated by the present data and prior kinetic studies of the ATP synthetic process in both isolated mitochondria and intact myocardium [La Noue, K. F., et al. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 7667-7675; Kingsley-Hickman, P., et al. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7501-7510].

Rapid lysis of life-threatening pulmonary thromboembolism following recent abdominal surgery using a modified systemic infusion of rt-PA.

A case of pulmonary thromboembolism in a young woman three days status post-abdominal surgery is treated successfully with a low-dose infusion rate of tissue plasminogen activator (10 mg/hr over 10 h). Clinical improvement is rapid and there are no bleeding complications.

Alterations in oxidative function and respiratory regulation in the post-ischemic myocardium.

In the normal and post-ischemic, isovolumic Langendorff perfused rat hearts, 31P NMR spectra and mechanical performance were evaluated over a wide range of myocardial oxygen consumption rates (MVO2). Hearts were perfused with either glucose and insulin, palmitate and glucose, or pyruvate and glucose as exogenous carbon sources. After ischemia at 38 degrees C until the onset of ischemic contracture and subsequent reperfusion, the "free" ADP levels were significantly reduced as compared to controls. In the control palmitate + glucose and glucose + insulin groups, the ADP levels were virtually independent of approximately 2.5-fold variation in MVO2; in contrast, they changed 4-fold with a approximately 30% variation in MVO2 in the post-ischemic myocardium following ischemia to contracture. In the pyruvate + glucose group, ADP levels varied with MVO2 in controls and post-ischemia; however, MVO2-ADP relationship was significantly altered following ischemia. Analysis of these observations within the concept of kinetic regulation of oxidative phosphorylation yielded the following significant conclusions: 1) the mode of respiratory regulation changed from a non-ADP to an "ADP:Pi limited" domain with non-pyruvate carbon sources; 2) respiratory regulation was in the ADP:Pi limited domain before and after ischemia in the pyruvate + glucose group; however, the Km for the relationship between MVO2 and ADP was reduced following the ischemia/reperfusion insult; 3) the post-ischemic oxidative capacity (Vmax for MVO2) was significantly reduced in all groups and this reduction would limit maximal post-ischemic mechanical performance.

Detection of impending pericardial tamponade during skeletal imaging.

Bone imaging using Tc-99m MDP was performed on a 68-year-old man with a newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the lung. The image unexpectedly showed increased activity in the heart area. Emergent echocardiography demonstrated impending pericardial tamponade. A malignant pericardial effusion was verified by pericardiocentesis.