Embryology with precision: effective quality control in the in vitro fertilization laboratory.

The purpose of this review is to address the critical need for standardization and clarity in the use of key performance indicators (KPIs) within the realm of in vitro fertilization (IVF), particularly emphasizing the integration of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) processes. This review is timely and relevant given the persistently modest success rates of IVF treatments, which stand at approximately 30%, and the growing complexity of IVF procedures, including PGT practices. The review synthesizes recent findings across studies focusing on technical and clinical KPIs in embryology and genetic laboratories, identifying gaps in current research and practice, particularly the lack of standardized KPIs and terminology. Recent findings highlighted include the critical evaluation of technical KPIs such as Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) fertilization rates, embryo development rates, and laboratory performance metrics, alongside clinical KPIs like the proportion of mature oocytes and clinical pregnancy rates. Notably, the review uncovers a significant gap in integrating and standardizing KPIs for PGT applications, which is essential for improving IVF outcomes and genetic diagnostic accuracy. The implications of these findings are profound for both clinical practice and research. For clinical practice, establishing a standardized set of KPIs, especially for PGT, could significantly enhance the success rates of IVF treatments by providing clearer benchmarks for quality and performance. For research, this review underscores the necessity for further studies to close the identified gaps, promoting a more integrated and standardized approach to KPIs in IVF and PGT processes. This comprehensive approach will not only aid in improving clinical outcomes but also in advancing the field of reproductive medicine.

An Incidental Detection of a Cryptic Complex Chromosome Rearrangement Found During NGS Based PGT-SR: A Case Report.

Background: Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) involve more than 2 chromosomal breakpoints and cause the exchanges of chromosomal segments between two or more chromosomes. The carriers of CCRs have normal phenotypes, but they have a higher risk of reproductive failure. Case Presentation: This paper presents a couple with a history of two affected children, one spontaneous abortion, three in vitro fertilization (IVF) failures, and one healthy boy who were referred to our laboratory for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). The wife had been evaluated as a carrier of 46,XX,t (2;6)(p21;p25); therefore, four IVF treatment cycles supported with PGT for this translocation had been performed in different IVF centers until the couple consulted our laboratory. Only one of these four IVF attempts had resulted in a healthy boy and this IVF study had been performed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based preimplantation genetic testing for structural chromosomal rearrangements (PGT-SR). The fifth IVF study with next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based PGT was performed by our laboratory and no healthy embryo was found in evaluated 6 embryos. During our NGS-based PGT, the cryptic involvement of 12p was firstly detected. FISH with chromosome 2,6, and 12 specific probes revealed that the mother was a carrier of a balanced 3-way translocation of 46,XX,t(2;6;12)(p21;p25;p13). Conclusion: NGS based PGT-SR method is an accurate method for detecting the copy number variations and is helpful to find out the cryptic CCRs.

A novel SLC35D1 variant causing milder phenotype of Schneckenbecken dysplasia in a large pedigree.

SLC35D1 gene encodes UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-n-acetylgalactosamine dual transporter protein and transports organic or inorganic molecules across cellular membranes. SLC35D1 gene pathogenic variants causes Schneckenbecken dysplasia (SHNKND) which is a rare lethal autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the snail-like pelvis, flattening of vertebral bodies, short and broad long bones with a dumbbell-like appearance, thoracic hypoplasia. Only six cases with homozygous SLC35D1 variants have been reported to date, and all of these cases were lost in the perinatal period. Here we report different family members with a novel SLC35D1 variant who presented a milder phenotype of SHNKND. The affected patients have common clinical features such as short stature, mild mesomelia, shortening of the lower extremity, genu valgum, and narrow thorax. Exome sequencing of the proband revealed a homozygous missense variant of SLC35D1 gene, c.401 T > C (p. Met134Thr). The affected siblings, their two cousins, and their paternal uncle with a similar phenotype were also homozygous for the variant. This is the first case report of a family with a novel likely pathogenic variant (p. Met134Thr) and mild phenotypic features. It has the largest family with different ages of patients (ages ranged 4-31 years old) reported to date. The present report supports the evidence that the p. Met134Thr variant is responsible for a milder phenotype than previously reported cases with SLC35D1 pathogenic variants.

Mandibuloacral dysplasia and LMNA A529V mutation in Turkish patients with severe skeletal changes and absent breast development.

Mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by acroosteolysis (resorption of terminal phalanges), skin changes (hyperpigmentation), clavicular hypoplasia, craniofascial anomalies, a hook nose and prominent eyes, delayed closures of the cranial sutures, lipodystrophy, alopecia, and skeletal anomalies. MAD patients are classified according to lipodystrophy patterns: type A and type B. The vast majority of MAD cases are caused by LMNA gene mutations. MAD patients with type A lipodystrophy (MADA) have been reported to have LMNA R527H, A529V, or A529T mutations. In this report, we describe two MADA patients with progressive skeletal changes, absent breast development, and cataract in addition to the classical MAD phenotype. Both patients were found to be homozygous for the Ala529Val mutation of the LMNA gene. Our female patient is the oldest MADA patient (59 years old) who has ever been reported with the LMNA mutation and also the LMNA Ala529Val mutation. This study is the second report on MADA patients with a homozygous Ala529Val mutation.

Effects of pentoxifylline and platelet activating factor on sperm DNA damage.

OBJECTIVE: Pentoxifylline and platelet-activating factor (PAF) have been used to increase sperm motility in embryology laboratories. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether these agents pose sperm DNA damage using DNA sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) assay. STUDY DESIGN: Following application of pentoxifylline and PAF, sperm samples of 50 individuals with different sperm parameters were compared to baseline in terms of DNA damage using SCD assay. Furthermore, the relationship between DNA damage and sperm parameters in predicting DNA damage was assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Significant increase in DNA damage was observed following application of PAF and pentoxifylline. Furthermore, DNA damage was significantly increased with application of pentoxifylline compared to PAF. Sperm motility was observed to be a statistically significant indicator in predicting alterations in DNA damage in baseline and subsequent to application of PAF and pentoxifylline independent of sperm concentration and morphology. Increased DNA damage was observed in both groups following application of pentoxifylline and PAF. Furthermore, the increase in DNA damage was higher in samples treated with pentoxifylline compared to samples treated with PAF. Thus, PAF seems to be more innocent in choosing viable sperm cells and in achieving sperm motility in the in vitro fertilization laboratory.

Recombinant chromosome with partial 14 q trisomy due to maternal pericentric inversion.

BACKGROUND: 14q duplications caused by parental pericentric inversion of chromosome 14 are rarely reported and no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been determined yet. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we reported a 7 years old female patient with recombinant chromosome characterized by 14 q duplication and originated from maternal pericentric inversion of chromosome 14. Principal clinical findings of the child include developmental delay, microcephaly, hypertelorism, low set ears, clinodactyly of fifth fingers, hypotonia, telecanthus and cardiac malformation. CONCLUSIONS: Her final karyotype was 46,XX,rec(14)dup(14q)inv(14)(p11.2q24)mat,arr14q24.1-qter(64,800,000-108,350,000 bp)x3.

Oogonial Precursor Cell-Derived Autologous Mitochondria Injection to Improve Outcomes in Women With Multiple IVF Failures Due to Low Oocyte Quality: A Clinical Translation.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested as a major cause of age-induced decline in oocyte quality. In the past, donor oocyte cytoplasmic transfer showed some success but was abandoned due to the concerns with heteroplasmy. Recent studies indicated presence of oogonial precursor cells (OPCs) in the human ovary, which could be an autologous source of "healthy mitochondria." We sought to investigate the clinical efficacy of OPC-derived autologous mitochondrial injection (AMI) to improve oocyte quality in women with multiple in vitro fertilization (IVF) failures. METHODS: The OPCs were isolated from laparoscopically obtained ovarian cortical pieces by cell sorting using a monoclonal anti-vasa homolog (anti-DDX) antibody. They were then disrupted and mitochondria were isolated. Reconstituted mitochondria were injected into each oocyte during intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Paired comparisons were made between the first failed cycles and the post-AMI cycles. RESULTS: Of the 15 women undergoing ovarian stimulation, 2 were canceled and 3 decided to pool oocytes for later AMI. In remaining 10 (mean age 34.7 ± 4.1), AMI significantly improved fertilization rates (49.7 ± 31.3 vs 78.3 ± 18.9; P = .03) with a trend for better embryo grades (2.3 ± 0.3 vs 3.1 ± 0.7; P = .08). Four of 10 women conceived after single frozen embryo transfer and 3 after confirmation of diploidy via array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) (clinical pregnancy/embryo transfer = 4/10). CONCLUSION: These data show encouraging results for AMI in comparison to previous failed IVF cycles.

Poor ovarian response in women undergoing in vitro fertilization is associated with altered microRNA expression in cumulus cells.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression with the number of oocytes retrieved, in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). DESIGN: Experimental study. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENT(S): A total of 189 women undergoing IVF-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). INTERVENTION(S): Pooled cumulus cells were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Poor responders were identified as patients who produced fewer oocytes than the 25th percentile of their respective age group. MicroRNAs were extracted from cumulus cells, and an miRNA microarray was performed, comparing poor responders (n = 3) to non-poor responders (n = 3). Expression of miR-21-5p (active strand of miR-21) and miR-21-3p was tested in poor responders (n = 21) and non-poor responders (n = 29), using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Regulation of miR-21-5p and miR-21-3p, in human granulosa-like tumor (KGN) cells, by estradiol (E2), was tested in vitro. RESULT(S): MicroRNA microarray analysis showed up-regulation of 16 miRNAs and down-regulation of 88 miRNAs in poor responders. Notably, miR-21 was significantly up-regulated 5-fold in poor-responder samples. Analysis using qRT-PCR confirmed that miR-21-5p expression was significantly up-regulated in poor responders, whereas miR-21-3p expression was significantly lower, suggesting that elevated miR-21-5p expression in cumulus cells is not regulated at the pre-miR-21 level in poor responders. Both miR-21-5p and miR-21-3p were increased in KGN cells in response to higher doses of E2; their expression was not affected at lower E2 concentrations. CONCLUSION(S): We found that poor response to IVF is associated with altered miRNA expression in cumulus cells, specifically with elevated expression of miR-21-5p, and that this elevated expression is independent of lower serum E2 levels in poor responders.

Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and humans.

The underlying mechanism behind age-induced wastage of the human ovarian follicle reserve is unknown. We identify impaired ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair as a cause of aging in mouse and human oocytes. We show that DSBs accumulate in primordial follicles with age. In parallel, expression of key DNA DSB repair genes BRCA1, MRE11, Rad51, and ATM, but not BRCA2, declines in single mouse and human oocytes. In Brca1-deficient mice, reproductive capacity was impaired, primordial follicle counts were lower, and DSBs were increased in remaining follicles with age relative to wild-type mice. Furthermore, oocyte-specific knockdown of Brca1, MRE11, Rad51, and ATM expression increased DSBs and reduced survival, whereas Brca1 overexpression enhanced both parameters. Likewise, ovarian reserve was impaired in young women with germline BRCA1 mutations compared to controls as determined by serum concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone. These data implicate DNA DSB repair efficiency as an important determinant of oocyte aging in women.

The efficacy of melatonin administration on oocyte quality.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of melatonin administration on oocyte quality in women underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Eighty-five women undergoing IVF cycles were randomized in two groups during IVF-embryo transfer (ET) procedure, 40 women with melatonin treatment (A) and 45 women without melatonin treatment (B). Primary endpoint was the number of morphologically mature oocytes retrieved (MII oocytes). Secondary endpoints were fertilization rate per number of mature oocytes, embryo quality and pregnancy rate. There were no differences between two groups according to age, and peak estradiol levels. The mean number of oocytes (15.33 vs. 14.27) and the mean number of mature oocytes did not differ between the two groups (12.63 vs. 10.94), whereas the percentage of mature oocytes (M2/oocytes retrieved) was significantly different in melatonin-treated group (p < 0.05). Fertilization rate (72.75 vs. 71.16) did not differ between the two groups. The mean number of class 1 embryos resulted higher in the group A (3.28 vs. 2.53) (p < 0.05). Clinical pregnancy rate was in tendency higher in the group treated with melatonin, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Melatonin is likely to improve oocyte and embryo quality in women undergoing IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm insemination (ICSI).

The effectiveness of intracytoplasmic sperm injection combined with piezoelectric stimulation in infertile couples with total fertilization failure.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) combined with piezoelectric stimulation in infertile couples with a history of total fertilization failure (TFF). DESIGN: Prospective controlled trial. SETTING: Clinical IVF laboratory. PATIENT(S): Seventy-one couples undergoing ICSI on sibling oocytes having at least one previous ICSI attempt with TFF. INTERVENTION(S): ICSI or ICSI with piezoelectric activation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Fertilization rate. RESULT(S): The patients were allocated to two groups: group I included 21 patients with only one previous TFF and group II included 50 patients with more than one previous TFF. Collectively, a total of 823 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were retrieved in 78 oocyte retrievals. In Group I, combined ICSI with piezoelectric stimulation was applied to 123/211 (58.2%) of MII oocytes (group IA), whereas standard ICSI procedure was applied to 88/211 (41.8%) of MII oocytes (group IB). The fertilization rate was 62% and 12% in group IA and group IB respectively. In group II, piezoelectric activation was applied in all 612 MII oocytes, of which 296 (48.3%) were fertilized. The rates for implantation and pregnancy/embryo transfer were obtained as 30.6% and 44.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Piezoelectric activation seems to improve IVF outcome in patients with previous TFF history.

Evaluation of in vitro fertilization parameters and estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms for women with unexplained infertility.

PURPOSE: Association of ESR1 gene PvuII, XbaI and (TA)n microsatellite polymorphisms and woman infertility was evaluated. METHODS: Infertile(n = 104) and fertile(n = 107) women were included in this study. We performed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis for detecting ESR1 polymorphisms. RESULT(S): PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms confered risk for infertility in a simple dominant manner in which a significant relationship was observed between infertile and control women. Infertile women had fewer(<18) short repeat alleles in promotor region. ESR1 genotypes were compared concerning maturation, fertilization, pregnancy rates and embryo quality. Although no difference was found in terms of pregnancy rates, maturation and fertilization rates were significantly smaller in pp and xx genotypes. Also, pp genotypes had significantly lower number of good quality embryos. Long TA repeat in promotor was found to be associated with low fertilization rate. CONCLUSION(S): Polymorphisms at the ESR1 gene are associated with infertility in this Turkish infertile women population.

Successful application of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Leigh syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To perform preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for a SURF1 gene mutation of the Leigh syndrome to transfer unaffected or carrier embryo/embryos. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Clinical IVF laboratory. PATIENT(S): A couple carrying an nt769 G/A mutation that is associated with Leigh syndrome. INTERVENTION(S): Oocytes were fertilized by means of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The resulting embryos were biopsied 3 days after fertilization. One blastomere was taken and whole-genome amplification was performed. Amplification of the mutation site was achieved by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction digestion was completed. Gel Imager was used to measure the digests of normal and mutant load. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Embryo testing by means of PGD-PCR and pregnancy. Successful preimplantation genetic diagnosis for a SURF1 gene mutation and transfer of healthy or carrier embryos. RESULT(S): Successful singleton pregnancy resulting in the delivery of healthy baby girl. CONCLUSION(S): We report the first case of successful PGD for Leigh syndrome resulting in delivery of a healthy newborn.

Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells with unlimited proliferation potential and differentiation capacity to all types of somatic cells. Periodontal tissue engineering based on in vitro expanded cells holds the promise to overcome the limitations associated with contemporary regenerative techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate the differentiation patterns of hESCs under the influence of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. hESCs (HUES-9) were expanded and characterized for their pluripotency. Then they were transfected with green fluorescent protein-carrying plasmid, and cocultured with human periodontal ligament fibroblastic cells for 21 days. Two experimental groups were established with different medium constituents. Specimens were fixed at days 7, 14, and 21 and were analyzed morphologically under inverted light microscope, and by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against collagen types I and III, fibronectin, fibroblast surface protein, vimentin, and pancytokeratin. Our results demonstrate different patterns of cell differentiation between groups, with about one-fifth of cells in colonies acquiring characteristics similar to periodontal ligament fibroblastic progenitors while others proceed toward distinctive lineages. This indicates the feasibility to direct the differentiation of hESCs toward the periodontal ligament fibroblastic progenitors to some extent. These findings support the notion that hESCs may become a cell source with unlimited supply for periodontal tissue engineering applications.

Oocyte karyotyping by comparative genomic hybridization [correction of hybrydization] provides a highly reliable method for selecting "competent" embryos, markedly improving in vitro fertilization outcome: a multiphase study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the karyotypic relationship between prefertilized/postfertilized oocytes and embryos using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on polar body-1 (PB-1), PB2, and blastomere biopsies and to evaluate IVF outcomes after transfer of blastocysts derived from euploid oocytes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Medical center. PATIENT(S): Phase1: Fourteen oocyte donors (23-29 years). Phase 2: Forty-one healthy embryo recipients aged 29-43 years free of endometrial implantation dysfunction. In 30 cases own eggs were used. Eleven women used donated oocytes. INTERVENTION(S): Phase 1: PB-1 biopsies followed intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), PB-2, and day 3 blastomere biopsies. Phase 2: PB-1 biopsy followed by ICSI using normal sperm and the subsequent embryo transfer of < or =2 blastocysts derived from euploid oocytes. Comparative genomic hybridization on all DNA derived from phase 1 and 2 biopsies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy and implantation rate. RESULT(S): Phase 1: 39% of oocytes and 88% of zygotes were euploid; >95% progressed to blastocysts. Mosaicism as evidenced by euploid oocytes developing into aneuploid zygotes or embryos occurred in 13% of concepti. Phase 2: Six of 30 women using own eggs, who failed to produce euploid oocytes, were cancelled. Thirty-five women underwent embryo transfers with < or =2 (mean, 1.3 +/- 0.7) blastocysts derived from euploid oocytes. The ongoing pregnancy/implantation rates per embryo transfer were 74% and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): Transferring euploid embryos markedly improved IVF outcome. These findings, if corroborated, could initiate a paradigm shift in assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Peritonsillar abscess: a comparison of outpatient i.m. clindamycin and inpatient i.v. ampicillin/sulbactam following needle aspiration.

In an attempt to assess the effect of antibiotic choice on the treatment of peritonsillar abscess, we compared the clinical efficacy of empiric intramuscular clindamycin and intravenous ampicillin/sulbactam (following needle aspiration of the abscess) in a prospective, randomized study of 58 patients. Patients in the clindamycin group were treated on an outpatient basis, whereas those in the ampicillin/sulbactam group were hospitalized for the duration of their treatment (minimum: 7 days). Comparison of clinical outcomes with respect to the posttherapeutic duration of fever and throat pain and the time to resumption of eating revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. These results suggest that intramuscular clindamycin is an excellent choice and can be safely prescribed on an outpatient basis following needle aspiration, thereby reducing both antibiotic and hospital costs.

A rare and serious complication of chronic otitis media: lateral sinus thrombosis.

Before the antibiotic era, lateral sinus thrombosis (LST) was the most frequent complication of otitis media. With the widespread usage of antibiotics, its occurrence is rare. Nevertheless, it is still a major complication of middle ear disease. LST mortality fluctuates between 5 and 35%. The major clinical symptoms of patients with LST are pain in the mastoid region, spiking fever, anemia and general health disorders. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography are the most helpful in diagnosis, but the final diagnosis is made by surgical exploration. Three cases with LST are presented, and signs, diagnosis and treatment of disease are discussed.