Global taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of bees in apple orchards.

An essential prerequisite to safeguard pollinator species is characterisation of the multifaceted diversity of crop pollinators and identification of the drivers of pollinator community changes across biogeographical gradients. The extent to which intensive agriculture is associated with the homogenisation of biological communities at large spatial scales remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated diversity drivers for 644 bee species/morphospecies in 177 commercial apple orchards across 33 countries and four global biogeographical biomes. Our findings reveal significant taxonomic dissimilarity among biogeographical zones. Interestingly, despite this dissimilarity, species from different zones share similar higher-level phylogenetic groups and similar ecological and behavioural traits (i.e. functional traits), likely due to habitat filtering caused by perennial monoculture systems managed intensively for crop production. Honey bee species dominated orchard communities, while other managed/manageable and wild species were collected in lower numbers. Moreover, the presence of herbaceous, uncultivated open areas and organic management practices were associated with increased wild bee diversity. Overall, our study sheds light on the importance of large-scale analyses contributing to the emerging fields of functional and phylogenetic diversity, which can be related to ecosystem function to promote biodiversity as a key asset in agroecosystems in the face of global change pressures.

[Mal perforans and spinal dysraphia and lumbar stenosis syndromes]. / El mal perforante y los síndromes de disrafia espinal y estenosis lumbar.

The mal perforans is a chronic ulcer that is the result of pressure over anesthetic zones. This is a review of two neurological syndromes, the spinal dysraphism and the lumbar stenosis syndrome, in which the mal perforans can appears as a complication.

[The amyloidoses]. / Las amiloidosis.

There are many clinical types of amyloidosis, as many as chemical types of amyloid substance would be its substratum. This clinic-chemical plurality permits us to talk about the amyloidosis. This article is specially guided to those amyloidosis that present cutaneous damages during its clinical course. They are the immunocytic amyloidosis and the keratinocytic amyloidosis.

[Cystic adenoid carcinoma. Apropos of 2 cases originating in the salivary glands]. / Carcinoma adenoide quístico. A propósito de dos casos originados en glándulas salivales.

The CAQ is a tumor of the major and minor salivary glands, of superior airway glands, uterine cervix glands, and the Bartholin glands of the vulva. However, recently, primary cases of CAQ of the skin, originating in eccrine sweat glands were described. We report 2 CAQ cases, one, case 1, of minor salivary glands of the palate, that by extension, reached the skin of the face, finishing with kidney metastasis; and its histological type corresponded to the cribiform variety in both the primary tumor and the kidney metastasis. Case 2 presented in the parotid gland and its histological type is the solid variety of the CAQ.

[Pilomatrixoma. Pseudoampullar form and other clinical varieties]. / Pilomatrixoma. Forma pseudoampollosa y otras variedades clínicas.

Pilomatrixoma presents clinical variants, ulcerated and tumorous, angioid and one very special type characterized because the skin covering the tumor is very thin (anetodermic), pink and folded, simulating an involuting blister. The authors that observed six cases of this variant, considered that for this reason they can name it the "pseudoblistering form of pilomatrixoma". The histopathology that appears in this pseudoblistering variant is characteristic because the collagen existing between the tumor and the epidermis is atrophied and its fibers are separated by the intense edema.