Modulated turbulent convection: a benchmark model for large scale natural flows driven by diurnal heating.

Our life is strongly affected by turbulent convective flows, driven by time-dependent thermal forcing, especially diurnal heating of the Earth's surface by the Sun. In a laboratory experiment, we investigate their analogues: We study complex and extraordinary properties of turbulent buoyancy driven flows generated due to periodic modulation of the temperature of the plates of a Rayleigh-Bénard cell, with amplitudes both smaller and larger than either the positive or negative mean temperature difference between the top and bottom. We probe the turbulent flow of our working fluid - cryogenic helium gas - using temperature sensors placed in the cell interior and embedded in its plates. We discuss spatial and temporal structure of the heat flow, generalize validity of Nusselt versus Rayleigh number scaling Nu ∝ Ra γ with γ ≈ 1 / 3 at very high Ra for modulated convection and argue that this system represents a benchmark model which helps us understand the energy budget of ocean currents or weather formation on Earth subject to diurnal Sun heating as well as similar natural flows on Earth-like planets.

Höffding step and beyond: The impact of visual sensory impairment on cognitive performance in neuropsychological testing of survivors of acute methanol poisoning.

BACKGROUND: Sensory deficits can result in limitations regarding how well neuropsychological test findings can be interpreted. Only a few studies have investigated the influence of vision alteration on neuropsychological tests. In 2012 the Czech Republic experienced mass methanol poisoning. Methanol metabolites cause histotoxic hypoxia to the optic nerve. OBJECTIVE: In the current study, the effect of the toxic damage on the parts of the visual pathway on visual and non-visual neuropsychological measures was investigated using electrophysiological methods (visual evoked potential (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measurement. METHODS: 53 individuals who experienced methanol poisoning participated in this research (76% men; ages 24 to 74 years, mean = 43.8±14.6 years; education 11.9±1.4 years). Each participant underwent comprehensive neurological, ophthalmological, and neuropsychological examinations. RESULTS: The results of mixed-effect models revealed significant small to a medium association between the Stroop test weak interference and Grooved Pegboard with the left eye global, nasal and temporal RNFL thickness. Also, medium associations between the Finger Tapping test and the Stroop test weak interference and left eye temporal RNFL, right eye temporal RNFL, and the latency P1 of VEP in the left eye were significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study found a small to medium association (r = .15- .33; p = .010- .046) between RNFL thickness and cognitive visual test performance. Careful interpretation is suggested regarding results obtained from visual tests of the executive or motor functioning with participants with RNFL decrease or other types of early visual processing damage.

Asbestos danger in central Europe is not yet over - the situation in the Czech Republic.

OBJECTIVES: In the Czech Republic, asbestos has been classified as a known human carcinogen since 1984. The use of asbestos-containing products was limited to scenarios where the use of other materials was not possible. Since 1997, the manufacture of asbestos materials has been forbidden, and in 1999, the import, manufacture and distribution of all types of asbestos fibres was legally banned by Act No. 157/1998 Coll. Although the use of asbestos is forbidden, the risk of exposure still exists given the ongoing demolition and reconstruction of buildings in which asbestos has been used. In addition, a novel risk has arisen through the quarrying of asbestos-containing aggregates and their subsequent use. The aim of this paper was to describe and evaluate asbestos in terms of history, legislation, current risk of occupational exposure and its health consequences in the Czech Republic over the last three decades. METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study used the collected data on occupational exposure and occupational diseases. The counts of workers occupationally exposed to asbestos were obtained from the Registry of Work Categorization; the numbers and structure of occupational diseases caused by asbestos were taken from the Czech National Registry of Occupational Diseases. Data on the total number of mesothelioma cases recorded in the Czech National Cancer Registry was provided by the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. RESULTS: A total of 13,112 subjects were registered as occupationally exposed to asbestos during the period 2001-2020. A total of 687 cases of asbestos-related occupational diseases were reported in the period 1991-2020 in the Czech Republic, comprising 178 cases of asbestosis, 250 cases of pleural hyalinosis, 168 cases of pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma, 90 cases of lung cancer, and one case of laryngeal cancer. The data from the Czech National Cancer Registry, available for a shorter period (1991-2018), reveal 1,389 cases of mesothelioma, of which only ~11% were recognised as occupational, despite the fact that the occupational causality of mesotheliomas is estimated to be up to 90% of mesotheliomas. Moreover, the latency of mesotheliomas since the last occupational exposure reached up to 50 years and this trend is still slightly increasing, unlike asbestosis, where a high cumulative dose of inhaled asbestos is needed. The real proportion of occupational lung cancers may obviously be even higher, especially in smokers, where occupational causes including asbestos are not suspected by most physicians. CONCLUSION: Czech data on asbestos-related occupational diseases, especially cancers, are grossly underestimated, which is most apparent through the low proportion of mesotheliomas diagnosed as occupational. Asbestos materials in older buildings remained in situ and may represent a danger during reconstruction works. The current source of exposure appears to be quarrying of asbestos-containing aggregate and its subsequent use. Awareness of the professional community is therefore crucial, not only for the possibility of compensating those affected, but also for the early detection of the diseases through the dispensary of exposed persons.

MRI-based brain volumetry and retinal optical coherence tomography as the biomarkers of outcome in acute methanol poisoning.

BACKGROUND: Basal ganglia lesions are typical findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in survivors of acute methanol poisoning. However, no data are available on the association between the magnitude of damaged brain regions, serum concentrations of markers of acute methanol toxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and the rate of retinal nerve ganglion cell loss. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between MRI-based volumetry of the basal ganglia, retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and prognostic laboratory markers of outcomes in acute methanol poisoning. METHODS: MRI-based volumetry of putamen, nucleus caudatus and globus pallidus was performed and compared with laboratory parameters of severity of poisoning and acute serum markers of oxidative damage of lipids (8-isoprostan, MDA, HHE, HNE), nucleic acids (8-OHdG, 8-OHG, 5-OHMU), proteins (o-Thyr, NO-Thyr, Cl-Thyr) and leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, LTB4), as well as with the results of RNFL measurements by optic coherence tomography (OCT) in 16 patients with acute methanol poisoning (Group I) and in 28 survivors of poisoning two years after discharge with the same markers measured within the follow-up examination (Group II). The control group consisted of 28 healthy subjects without methanol poisoning. RESULTS: The survivors of acute methanol poisoning had significantly lower volumes of basal ganglia than the controls. The patients with MRI signs of methanol-induced toxic brain damage had significantly lower volumes of basal ganglia than those without these signs. A positive correlation was found between the volume of putamen and arterial blood pH on admission (r = 0.45; p = 0.02 and r = 0.44; p = 0.02 for left and right putamen, correspondingly). A negative correlation was present between the volumes of putamen and acute serum lactate (r = -0.63; p < 0.001 and r = -0.59; p = 0.01), creatinine (r = -0.53; p = 0.01 and r = -0.47; p = 0.01) and glucose (r = -0.55; p < 0.001 and r = -0.50; p = 0.01) concentrations. The volume of basal ganglia positively correlated with acute concentrations of markers of lipoperoxidation (8-isoprostan: r = 0.61; p < 0.05 and r = 0.59; p < 0.05 for left and right putamen, correspondingly) and inflammation (leukotriene LTB4: r = 0.61; p < 0.05 and r = 0.61; p < 0.05 for left and right putamen, correspondingly). The higher the volume of the basal ganglia, the higher the thickness of the RNFL, with the strongest positive association between global RNFL and the volume of putamen bilaterally (all p < 0.01). In the follow-up markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, only o-Thyr concentration negatively correlated with the volume of putamen bilaterally (r = -0.39; p < 0.05 and r = -0.37; p < 0.05 for left and right putamen, correspondingly). CONCLUSION: In survivors of acute methanol poisoning with signs of toxic brain damage, the magnitude of affected areas correlated with acute parameters of severity of poisoning, markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. There was a positive association between the basal ganglia volume and the thickness of RNFL, making OCT an important screening test and MRI-based volumetry the confirmative diagnostic method for the detection of CNS sequelae of methanol poisoning.

Health-related quality of life determinants in survivors of a mass methanol poisoning outbreak: six-year prospective cohort study.

Purpose: The effect of acute methanol poisoning on the follow-up quality of life of survivors in mass poisoning outbreaks is not known. The objective of this is to study the impact of visual and central nervous system (CNS) sequelae of methanol poisoning on long-term health-related quality of life (QoL) of survivors, its clinical determinants, and dynamics.Materials and methods: A total of 54 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning (mean age 46.7 ± 13.4 years, 9 females) were examined consequently three times within six-year prospective cohort study and compared to 23 controls with the history of chronic alcohol abuse. The following tests were performed: SF-36 QoL questionnaire, visual evoked potentials (VEP) of optic nerve, ocular examination with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurement, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biochemical and toxicological tests.Results: Acute methanol poisoning led to significant decrease in physical component summary (PCS) compared to PCS of age-adjusted controls (mean score with SD 46.8 ± 11.0 versus 52.3 ± 9.4 points; p = .003). In 17/40 (42.5%) patients with three rounds of examination, signs of severe disability (≤30 points in at least one score) were present six years after discharge, with negative dynamics of PCS score during the observation period. The patients with abnormal RNFL thickness had lower PCS (mean difference 10.5 points; 95%CI 3.5-17.5, p = .004) and mental component summary score (9.5 points; 95%CI 1.9-17.1, p = .015) compared to the patients with normal RNFL. Signs of physical and mental adaptation to long-term visual sequelae were registered with gradual reduction of difference in most of physical and mental components scores compared to the patients with normal RNFL during six years of observation. Signs of hemorrhagic brain lesions were associated with permanent decrease of PCS score (mean difference 7.4 points; 95%CI 0.6-14.0; p = .033), bodily pain (8.7 points; 95%CI 1.6-17.6; p = .018), and social functioning (8.2 points; 95%CI 3.0-17.4; p = .005) six years after discharge. No effect of type of antidote (fomepizole versus ethanol) and extracorporeal enhanced elimination modality (intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous renal replacement therapy) applied in hospital on long-term QoL was found (all p > .05).Conclusion: Acute methanol poisoning was associated with a significant decrease of health-related quality of life of survivors persisting for at least six years after discharge. The more pronounced decrease in QoL scores was observed in the patients with hemorrhagic brain lesions and visual sequelae of poisoning with abnormal RNFL thickness.

Occupational diseases in the automotive industry from medical and geographic viewpoints - comparison between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the occurrence of occupational diseases (ODs) in the automotive industry in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic and to analyze their determinants. METHODS: The aggregated and anonymized data on ODs from the period 2001-2017 were used. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Czech Republic (response rate 70.6%) and in the Slovak Republic (response rate 57%). The occurrence of ODs according to socioeconomic factors, the size of enterprises and their position in the global production networks was evaluated. The quality and scope of the occupational health services were also taken into consideration. RESULTS: Workers older than 40 years were at a significantly higher risk of ODs than the younger ones. In the Czech Republic, it corresponded to OR 2.77 (95% CI 2.41-3.19), in the Slovak Republic to OR 2.01 (95% CI 1.34-3.01). The risk of ODs in women was significantly higher than in men - in the Czech Republic it corresponded to OR 3.20 (95% CI 2.79-3.67), in the Slovak Republic to OR 2.43 (95% CI 2.05-2.87). The difference between the two states did not reach statistical significance in any of the studied factors. In both states, no ODs were reported from the microenterprises. CONCLUSION: Given the results of the study, it can be recommended to focus on the ergonomics of assembly work in the automotive industry. Special attention should be given to the provision of occupational health services, especially in microenterprises.

Clinical and genetic determinants of chronic visual pathway changes after methanol - induced optic neuropathy: four-year follow-up study.

CONTEXT: Methanol poisoning induces acute optic neuropathy with possible long-term visual damage. OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamics and key determinants of visual pathway functional changes during 4 years after acute methanol poisoning. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with confirmed methanol poisoning (mean age 45.7 ± 4.4 years) were examined 4.9 ± 0.6, 25.0 ± 0.6, and 49.9 ± 0.5 months after discharge. The following tests were performed: visual evoked potential (VEP), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurement, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), complete ocular examination, biochemical tests, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotyping. RESULTS: Abnormal VEP P1 latency was registered in 18/42 right eyes (OD) and 21/42 left eyes (OS), abnormal N1P1 amplitude in 10/42 OD and OS. Mean P1 latency shortening during the follow-up was 15.0 ± 2.0 ms for 36/42 (86%) OD and 14.9 ± 2.4 ms for 35/42 (83%) OS, with maximum shortening up to 35.0 ms. No significant change of mean N1P1 amplitude was registered during follow-up. A further decrease in N1P1 amplitude ≥1.0 mcV in at least one eye was observed in 17 of 36 patients (47%) with measurable amplitude (mean decrease -1.11 ± 0.83 (OD)/-2.37 ± 0.66 (OS) mcV versus -0.06 ± 0.56 (OD)/-0.83 ± 0.64 (OS) mcV in the study population; both p < .001). ApoE4 allele carriers had lower global and temporal RNFL thickness and longer initial P1 latency compared to the non-carriers (all p < .05). The odds ratio for abnormal visual function was 8.92 (3.00-36.50; 95%CI) for ApoE4 allele carriers (p < .001). The presence of ApoE4 allele was further associated with brain necrotic lesions (r = 0.384; p = .013) and brain hemorrhages (r = 0.395; p = .011). CONCLUSIONS: Improvement of optic nerve conductivity occurred in more than 80% of patients, but evoked potential amplitude tended to decrease during the 4 years of observation. ApoE4 allele carriers demonstrated lower RNFL thickness, longer P1 latency, and more frequent methanol-induced brain damage compared to non-carriers.

Exposure criteria for evaluating lumbar spine load.

OBJECTIVE: As a part of regular revision of the List of Occupational Diseases in the Czech Republic, efforts have been made to add a new item so that lumbar spine disease caused by overload may be recognized as occupational one, with adherence to the valid national rules, that is, clinical criteria are met and objective assessment confirms working conditions under which, according to recent scientific knowledge, such an occupational disease develops. The aim is to provide information on the use of a proposed method for working condition assessment in a real setting, based on the initial experiences gained from a pilot study carried out to validate the method. METHODS: Working conditions were assessed in 55 individuals with chronic low back pain (25 males, 30 females; mean age 45.6 years; mean length of employment 15.6 years). The assessment was based on estimating compressive force on the L4/L5 intervertebral disc when performing potentially high-risk work tasks which were entered into four types of checklists throughout their work shifts. The compression values were calculated using a special module that was developed. RESULTS: In 24 cases comprehensive assessment of all tasks performed showed fulfillment of the proposed criteria of working conditions needed for recognition of occupational disease. Those included healthcare, foundry and forest workers, production operators, cabinetmakers, locksmiths, bricklayers, etc. In all the cases, lumbar spine overload was associated with work tasks requiring combinations of manual handling of objects and trunk rotation or bending. The criteria were not met in 31 subjects. The mean length of employment was 15.4 and 15.8 years in patients who met and did not meet the proposed criteria, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed method proved to be applicable in occupational hygiene evaluation in a real setting.

Neuroinflammation markers and methyl alcohol induced toxic brain damage.

Methyl alcohol intoxication is a global problem with high mortality and long-term visual sequelae and severe brain damage in survivors. The role of neuroinflammation in the mechanisms of methyl alcohol-induced toxic brain damage has not been well studied. We measured the acute concentrations and dynamics of lipoxins LxA4 and LxB4 and the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 in the serum of patients treated with methyl alcohol poisoning and the follow-up concentrations in survivors two years after discharge from the hospital. A series of acute measurements was performed in 28 hospitalized patients (mean age 54.2 ±â€¯5.2 years, mean observation time 88 ±â€¯20 h) and the follow-up measurements were performed in 36 subjects who survived poisoning (including 12/28 survivors from the acute group). Visual evoked potentials (VEP) and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI) were performed to detect long-term visual and brain sequelae of intoxication. The acute concentrations of inflammatory mediators were higher than the follow-up concentrations: LxA4, 62.0 ±â€¯6.0 vs. 30.0 ±â€¯5.0 pg/mL; LxB4, 64.0 ±â€¯7.0 vs. 34.0 ±â€¯4.0 pg/mL; IL-4, 29.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 15.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-5, 30.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 13.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-9, 30.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 13.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-10, 38.0 ±â€¯5.0 vs. 16.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL; IL-13, 35.0 ±â€¯4.0 vs. 14.0 ±â€¯1.0 pg/mL (all p < 0.001). The patients with higher follow-up IL-5 concentration had prolonged latency P1 (r = 0.413; p = 0.033) and lower amplitude N1P1 (r = -0.498; p = 0.010) of VEP. The higher follow-up IL-10 concentration was associated with MRI signs of brain necrotic damage (r = 0.533; p = 0.001) and brain hemorrhage (r = 0.396; p = 0.020). Our findings suggest that neuroinflammation plays an important role in the mechanisms of toxic brain damage in acute methyl alcohol intoxication.

Progressive Chronic Retinal Axonal Loss Following Acute Methanol-induced Optic Neuropathy: Four-Year Prospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To study the dynamics and clinical determinants of chronic retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) loss after methanol-induced optic neuropathy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: All patients underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography 3 times during 4 years of observation: 4.9 (±0.6), 25.0 (±0.6), and 49.9 (±0.5) months after discharge. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-four eyes of 42 survivors of methanol poisoning, mean age (standard deviation) of 45.7 (±4.4) years; and 82 eyes of 41 controls, mean age 44.0 (±4.2) years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Global and temporal RNFL loss. RESULTS: Abnormal RNFL thickness was registered in 13 of 42 (31%) survivors of methanol poisoning and chronic axonal loss in 10 of 42 (24%) patients. Significant decrease of global/temporal RNFL thickness during the observation period was found in the study population compared to the controls (P < .001). The risk estimate of chronic global RNFL loss for arterial blood pH < 7.3 at admission was 11.65 (95% confidence interval 1.91-71.12) after adjusting for age and sex. The patients with chronic axonal degeneration demonstrated progressive visual loss in 7 of 10 cases. The patients with abnormal RNFL thickness had magnetic resonance signs of brain damage in 10 of 13 vs 8 of 29 cases with normal RNFL thickness (P = .003). Signs of brain hemorrhages were present in 7 of 13 patients with abnormal RNFL thickness vs 5 of 29 cases with normal RNFL thickness (P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: Methanol-induced optic neuropathy may lead to chronic retinal axonal loss during the following years. Arterial blood pH on admission is the strongest predictor of chronic RNFL thickness decrease. Chronic retinal neurodegeneration is associated with the progressive loss of visual functions and necrotic brain lesions.

Role of activation of lipid peroxidation in the mechanisms of acute methanol poisoning.

CONTEXT: The role of activation of lipid peroxidation in the mechanisms of acute methanol poisoning has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: We measured the concentrations of lipid peroxidation markers in acutely intoxicated patients with known serum concentrations of methanol and leukotrienes. METHODS: Blood serum samples were collected from 28 patients hospitalized with acute intoxication and from 36 survivors 2 years after discharge. In these samples, concentrations of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-hexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using the method of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The maximum acute serum concentrations of all three lipid oxidative damage markers were higher than the follow-up serum concentrations: HNE 71.7 ± 8.0 ng/mL versus 35.4 ± 2.3 ng/mL; p < .001; HHE 40.1 ± 6.7 ng/mL versus 17.7 ± 4.1 ng/mL; p < .001; MDA 80.0 ± 7.2 ng/mL versus 40.9 ± 1.9 ng/mL; p < .001. The survivors without methanol poisoning sequelae demonstrated higher acute serum concentrations of the markers than the patients with sequelae. A correlation between measured markers and serum leukotrienes was present: HNE correlated with LTC4 (r = 0.663), LTD4 (r = 0.608), LTE4 (r = 0.771), LTB4 (r = 0.717), HHE correlated with LTC4 (r = 0.713), LTD4 (r = 0.676), LTE4 (r = 0.819), LTB4 (r = 0.746), MDA correlated with LTC4 (r = 0.785), LTD4 (r = 0.735), LTE4 (r = 0.814), LTB4 (r = 0.674); all p < .001. Lipid peroxidation markers correlated with anion gap (r= -0.428, -0.388, -0.334; p = .026, .045, .080 for HNE, HHE, MDA, respectively). The follow-up serum concentrations of lipid oxidation markers measured in survivors with and without visual/neurological sequelae 2 years after discharge did not differ. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that lipid peroxidation plays a significant role in the mechanisms of acute methanol poisoning. The acute concentrations of three measured biomarkers were elevated in comparison with the follow-up concentrations. Neuronal membrane lipid peroxidation seems to activate leukotriene-mediated inflammation as a part of the neuroprotective mechanisms. No cases of persistent elevation were registered among the survivors 2 years after discharge.

A response to the Comment on Tomaskova et al. Mortality in Miners with Coal-Workers' Pneumoconiosis in the Czech Republic in the Period 1992-2013. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2017, 14, 269 by the Author Mei Yong.

At first, we would like to thank Mei Yong for the comments on our article Mortality in Miners with Coal-Workers' Pneumoconiosis in the Czech Republic in the Period 1992-2013 [...].

Neurological and Neurophysiological Findings in Workers with Chronic 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Intoxication 50 Years After Exposure.

The last eight survivors of 80 workers accidentally exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during production of herbicides based on trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in 1965-1967 in a chemical factory were followed. All were men, mean age 72.4 ± 1.3 years. Their current median TCDD blood level was 112 (46-390) pg/g lipids. Neurological examination revealed central nervous system impairment in all individuals and signs of polyneuropathy in 87.5%, which was confirmed by a nerve conduction study (NCS) in 75%. A Lanthony test demonstrated acquired dyschromatopsia in 87.5% of the patients, with deterioration of mean colour confusion index (CCI) from 1.52 ± 0.39 in 2010 to 1.73 ± 0.41 in 2016. Single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) of the brain showed focal reduction of perfusion in various brain locations in all patients and worsening in six patients. Visual-evoked potentials (VEP) was abnormal in 62.6% of individuals. Most patients complained of psychological problems. The neuropsychological test battery showed most positive impairments in the Trail Making Test evaluating processing speed (average level in the range of mild neurocognitive impairment), which correlated with mean CCI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fifty years after exposure, blood levels of TCDD are still 10 times higher than the general population. NCS, VEP, Lanthony test and SPECT findings deteriorated from examination of these patients in 2004 and in 2010. The total of abnormal tests per patient in 2016 is very high. Minor differences among patients and their reduced count may explain why the number of impairments in 2016 does not correlate with TCDD blood level.

Occupational diseases in the automotive industry in Czechia - Geographic and medical context.

OBJECTIVES: The automotive industry represents the most important industrial sector in Czechia. The objective of this study has been to analyze the occurrence of occupational diseases (OD) in the automotive industry during the period from 2001 till 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data on OD cases was retrieved from the National Registry of OD. Further, we conducted a survey in automotive companies with focus on occupational health services and positions of the companies in global production networks (GPNs). An analysis of OD distribution in the automotive industry was performed (age, gender, company size and its role in GPNs, regional distribution of studied companies, and regional unemployment rate), and was accompanied by assessment of the quality and range of occupational health services. RESULTS: Employees older than 40 years old have nearly 2.5 times higher probability of OD occurrence as compared with employees younger than 40 years old (odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.05-2.85). Occupational diseases occurrence probability was 3 times higher for women than for men (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 2.55-3.55). Occupational diseases incidence rates increased with the size of the company (0 OD/10 000 employees in micro enterprises to 57 OD/10 000 employees in large enterprises). A particularly steep rise in OD incidents in the automotive industry was observed in the Plzen Region between 2001 and 2011. An association between OD incidents and the unemployment rate was not statistically confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: A statistically significant increase in OD incidents dependent on company size may be arguably attributed to a higher quality of occupational medical services in bigger companies, which ensures better detection and diagnosis of OD. In the Plzen Region, the rapid increase in OD incidents was mainly caused by a change in the production process of automobile textiles in one factory due to the introduction of a glue containing isocyanates, which are potent allergising agents. This led to an increase in occupational allergic diseases - bronchial asthma in particular. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(3):455-468.

Mortality in Miners with Coal-Workers' Pneumoconiosis in the Czech Republic in the Period 1992-2013.

While working underground, miners are exposed to a number of risk factors that have a negative impact on their health and may be a cause of an increased mortality in miners. The aim of the study was to compare total and specific mortality in black coal miners with acknowledged coal-workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and without CWP, and the mortality of the general male population in the Czech Republic in the period 1992-2013. The sample consisted of 3476 coal miners with CWP and 6687 ex-coal miners without CWP, who were removed after achieving the maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The mortality risk differences were analyzed with the use of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and 95% confidence interval. Significantly higher total mortality (SMR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.17), and mortality from malignant neoplasm (SMR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03-1.30), lung cancers (SMR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.41-2.04), and non-malignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 2.78; 95% CI: 2.32-3.31) were found in the sample of coal miners with CWP. In this sample, the severity of CWP was assessed, and the SMR increased with the severity of CWP. The total (SMR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.82-0.91) and specific mortality of miners without CWP were not higher compared with the general population. In the case where the miners were removed from underground work after achieving the MPE (without CWP), their mortality was not higher than that of the general population, but the mortality of miners with CWP was higher compared to the general population. This mortality was affected by malignant and non-malignant respiratory diseases.

Leukotriene-mediated neuroinflammation, toxic brain damage, and neurodegeneration in acute methanol poisoning.

CONTEXT: The role of neuroinflammation in methanol-induced toxic brain damage has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: We studied acute concentrations and the dynamics of leukotrienes (LT) in serum in hospitalized patients with acute methanol poisoning and in survivors. METHODS: Series of acute cysteinyl-LT and LTB4 concentration measurements were performed in 28/101 hospitalized patients (mean observation time: 88 ± 20 h). In 36 survivors, control LT measurements were performed 2 years after discharge. RESULTS: The acute maximum (Cmax) LT concentrations were higher than concentrations in survivors: Cmax for LTC4 was 80.7 ± 5.6 versus 47.9 ± 4.5 pg/mL; for LTD4, 51.0 ± 6.6 versus 23.1 ± 2.1 pg/mL; for LTE4, 64.2 ± 6.0 versus 26.2 ± 3.9 pg/mL; for LTB4, 59.8 ± 6.2 versus 27.2 ± 1.4 pg/mL (all p < 0.001). The patients who survived had higher LT concentrations than those who died (all p < 0.01). Among survivors, patients with CNS sequelae had lower LTE4 and LTB4 than did those without sequelae (both p < 0.05). The LT concentrations increased at a rate of 0.4-0.5 pg/mL/h and peaked 4-5 days after admission. The patients with better outcomes had higher cys-LTs (all p < 0.01) and LTB4 (p < 0.05). More severely poisoned patients had lower acute LT concentrations than those with minor acidemia. The follow-up LT concentrations in survivors with and without CNS sequelae did not differ (all p > 0.05). The mean decrease in LT concentration was 30.9 ± 9.0 pg/mL for LTC4, 26.3 ± 8.6 pg/mL for LTD4, 37.3 ± 6.4 pg/mL for LTE4, and 32.0 ± 8.8 pg/mL for LTB4. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that leukotriene-mediated neuroinflammation may play an important role in the mechanisms of toxic brain damage in acute methanol poisoning in humans. Acute elevation of LT concentrations was moderate, transitory, and was not followed by chronic neuroinflammation in survivors.

Is Chelation Therapy Efficient for the Treatment of Intravenous Metallic Mercury Intoxication?

The efficacy of treatment for intravenous elemental mercury intoxication has not been fully studied with regard to clinical outcome, and treatment recommendations vary. We treated a 41-year-old man with a history of drug abuse and depression who attempted suicide using 1 mL (13.53 g) metallic Hg i.v. He was admitted to the hospital 2 months later for dyspnoea and thoracic pain and was diagnosed with pneumonia. Hg deposits were seen in the lungs and extra-pulmonary organs. His blood level (372 µg/L) exceeded the population level of 5 µg/L by more than 70 times. Dimercaptopropane sulphonate sodium (DMPS; 600 mg/day orally) was administered for 14 days. One year later, the patient presented with dyspnoea on exertion, fatigue, depression and impaired sleep. His chest X-ray showed multiple opacities (size up to 2.8 cm), and psychological testing revealed a selective cognitive deficit in the area of visual attentiveness, flexibility, source memory and impairment of the motor speed of the dominant upper extremity. Mercury blood level was 158 µg/L and mercury urine output was 1380 µg/24 hr. DMPS (800 mg/day orally) was administered for 40 days; the patient eliminated up to 18 mg Hg/day. His Hg blood level and Hg urine output belong to the highest among reported cases. In spite of the therapy, the patient's blood Hg, complaints and psychological tests showed no improvement. This case report confirms that DMPS does not effectively remove intravenous deposits of metallic Hg.

Evaluation of Lumbar Spine Load by Computational Method in Order to Acknowledge Low-back Disorders as Occupational Diseases.

AIM: The aim of the study was to develop a computational module for the prediction of compressive force on the L4/L5 disc suitable for use in field settings. METHOD: The value of compressive force is intended to be used as a proxy measure of the mechanical burden of low-back when performing work activities. The compressive force predicted by the module in a particular worker should be compared with the NIOSH limit value of 3,400 N for the assessment of lumbar spine load during manual lifting tasks. Exceeding the limit will be considered as the fulfilment of "hygienic criterion" that should be met to acknowledge low-back disorder as an occupational disease. To develop the computational module we used the ergonomic software TECNOMATIX Classic Jack taking into account the anthropometric parameters of a worker and ergonomic parameters of his/her work activity. RESULTS: We calculated compressive forces on the L4/L5 disc in about 1,300 simulated combinations of various factors influencing compressive force. Parameters which turned out to be crucial for the compression of L4/L5 disc were included in the computational algorithm. CONCLUSION: Our study was primarily aimed at the assessment of lumbar disorders as occupational diseases. Moreover, the study can contribute to the recommendation of preventive measures to decrease health risks in occupations associated with the overload of low-back region. The graphic maps generated by the computational module enable a fast and exact analysis of particular job.

Visual evoked potentials in patients after methanol poisoning.

OBJECTIVES: We report the results of the visual evoked potentials (VEP) examination in patients after severe poisoning by methanol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The group of 47 patients (38 males and 9 females) was assembled out of persons who survived an outbreak of poisoning by the methanol adulterated alcohol beverages, which happened in the Czech Republic in 2012-2013. The visual evoked potentials examination was performed using monocular checkerboard pattern-reversal stimulation. Two criteria of abnormality were chosen: missing evoked response, and wave P1 latency > 117 ms. Non-parametric statistical methods (median, range, and the median test) were used to analyze factors influencing the VEP abnormality. RESULTS: The visual evoked potential was abnormal in 20 patients (43%), 5 of them had normal visual acuity on the Snellen chart. The VEP abnormality did not correlate significantly with initial serum concentrations of methanol, formic acid or lactate; however, it showed statistically significant inverse relation to the initial serum pH: the subgroup with the abnormal VEP had significantly lower median pH in comparison with the subgroup with the normal VEP (7.16 vs. 7.34, p = 0.04). The abnormality was not related to chronic alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The visual evoked potentials examination appeared sensitive enough to detected even subclinical impairment of the optic system. Metabolic acidosis is likely to be the key factor related to the development of visual damage induced by methanol. The examination performed with a delay of 1-9 months after the poisoning documented the situation relatively early after the event. It is considered as a baseline for the planned long-term follow-up of the patients, which will make it possible to assess the dynamics of the observed changes, their reversibility, and the occurrence of potential late sequelae.