Metilación de genes supresores tumorales en pacientes venezolanos con cáncer colorrectal: relación con estadio clínico de la enfermedad / Relationship of Methylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes with Clinical Stage of Colorectal Cancer in Venezuelan Patients

Resumen El cáncer colorrectal es una enfermedad heterogénea, en cuya aparición se involucran factores hereditarios y ambientales. En las formas heredadas existen genes responsables de incrementar el desarrollo tumoral en los portadores, y se consideran a los factores medioambientales como responsables de gran parte de las formas esporádicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el estado de metilación de 5 genes implicados en la carcinogénesis colorrectal y su relación con los distintos estadios clínicos de estos tumores. Por una parte, nuestro análisis reveló que el estado de metilación de los promotores de los genes HMLH1 (human mut homologue 1), APC (adenomatous poliposis coli), P15, P16 y CDH1, considerados como unas de las alteraciones más tempranas en este proceso; fluctuaron entre 13,3 % para hMLH1 y 56,6 % para APC. También reveló que la inactivación epigenética de los genes APC y P16 podrían ser responsables de la aparición y de la progresión de los tumores ya que se encontraron en pacientes con estadio II. Por otra parte, los genes APC y p15 resultaron estar mutados en todas las etapas de la carcinogénesis, por lo que se involucrarían en todos los procesos tanto de inicio como de invasión y metástasis. Por último, nuestros resultados apoyan la utilización de la identificación de la metilación de los genes supresores ya que se están identificando dianas epigenéticas para el desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos de quimioterapia y está emergiendo como una estrategia con gran potencial dado que, en principio, las alteraciones epigenéticas son potencialmente reversibles.

Abstract Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease which involves hereditary and environmental factors. The inherited forms have genes which are responsible for increasing the tumor development in carriers. Environmental factors are considered responsible for many sporadic forms. The objective of this study was to analyze the methylation status of five genes involved in colorectal carcinogenesis and their relationships with the various clinical stages of these tumors. Our analysis revealed that the methylation status of the promoters of genes HMLH1, APC, P15, P16 and CDH1, considered to be among the earliest alterations in this process, ranged from 13.3% for HMLH1 to 56.6% for APC. In addition, epigenetic inactivation of APC and P16 genes could be responsible for the appearance and progression of tumors since inactivation was found in stage II patients. On the other hand, the APC and p15 gene were mutated in all stages of carcinogenesis, so they could be involved throughout the processes of initiation, invasion and metastasis. Finally, our results support using identification of methylation of suppressor genes since they identify epigenetic targets for development of new chemotherapy treatments. This is emerging as a strategy with great potential since epigenetic alterations are, in principle, potentially reversible.

Utilidad del bandeo cromosómico con la enzima ALU I para la identificación de zonas metiladas en cáncer de mama / Utility of chromosome banding with ALU I enzyme for identifying methylated areas in breast cancer

El cáncer es un conjunto de trastornos que comparten la característica común de un crecimiento celular descontrolado, teniendo la facultad de comenzar en las células, generando dos procesos sucesivos: el aumento de la proliferación celular (tumor o neoplasia) y la capacidad invasiva de estas células, proliferando y colonizando otros tejidos (metástasis). La metilación del DNA es un proceso epigenético que recurrentemente ha sido involucrado como un factor importante en la patogenia de esta enfermedad el cual participa en la regulación de la expresión génica directamente al impedir la unión de factores de trascripción, e indirectamente propiciando la estructura “cerrada” de la cromatina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar regiones hipermetiladas en muestras de extendidos cromosómicos mediante la utilización de la endonucleasa de restricción Alu I y relacionar estas regiones con sitios de localización de genes supresores de tumores relacionados con el cáncer de mama. Se analizaron 60 muestras de sangre periférica de mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama a las cuales se les realizó cultivo celular; los extendidos cromosómicos fueron teñidos con Giemsa previamente digeridos con la enzima Alu I. Se observaron cromosomas con regiones centroméricas y no centroméricas teñidas en el 37% de los casos, comprobándose que en el 95,46% de los casos existen genes asociados descritos, como metilados en cáncer de mama. Ejemplo de ellos son los localizados en los cromosomas 1q, 2q, 6q, y regiones centroméricas no teñidas usualmente como en los cromosomas 3, 4, 8, 13, 14, 15, y 17. Se sugiere la importancia de esta técnica ya que permite la visualización total del genoma, pudiendo localizar genes metilados relacionados con cáncer de mama y, de esta manera dirigir la terapia de forma específica, logrando una mejor respuesta terapéutica.

Cancer is a group of disorders characterized by uncontrolled cell growth which is produced by two successive events: increased cell proliferation (tumor or neoplasia) and the invasive capacity of these cells (metastasis). DNA methylation is an epigenetic process which has been involved as an important pathogenic factor of cancer. DNA methylation participates in the regulation of gene expression, directly, by preventing the union of transcription factors, and indirectly, by promoting the “closed” structure of the chromatine. The objectives of this study were to identify hypermethyled chromosomal regions through the use of restriction Alu I endonuclease, and to relate cytogenetically these regions with tumor suppressive gene loci. Sixty peripheral blood samples of females with breast cancer were analyzed. Cell cultures were performed and cytogenetic spreads, previously digested with Alu I enzyme, were stained with Giemsa. Chromosomal centromeric and not centromeric regions were stained in 37% of cases. About 96% of stained hypermethyled chromosomal regions (1q, 2q, 6q) were linked with methylated genes associated with breast cancer. In addition, centromeric regions in chromosomes 3, 4, 8, 13, 14, 15 and 17, usually unstained, were found positive to digestion with Alu I enzime and Giemsa staining. We suggest the importance of this technique for the global visualization of the genome which can find methylated genes related to breast cancer, and thus lead to a specific therapy, and therefore a better therapeutic response.

[Utility of chromosome banding with ALU I enzyme for identifying methylated areas in breast cancer]. / Utilidad del bandeo cromosómico con la enzima ALU I para la identificación de zonas metiladas en cáncer de mama.

Cancer is a group of disorders characterized by uncontrolled cell growth which is produced by two successive events: increased cell proliferation (tumor or neoplasia) and the invasive capacity of these cells (metastasis). DNA methylation is an epigenetic process which has been involved as an important pathogenic factor of cancer. DNA methylation participates in the regulation of gene expression, directly, by preventing the union of transcription factors, and indirectly, by promoting the "closed" structure of the chromatine. The objectives of this study were to identify hypermethyled chromosomal regions through the use of restriction Alu I endonuclease, and to relate cytogenetically these regions with tumor suppressive gene loci. Sixty peripheral blood samples of females with breast cancer were analyzed. Cell cultures were performed and cytogenetic spreads, previously digested with Alu I enzyme, were stained with Giemsa. Chromosomal centromeric and not centromeric regions were stained in 37% of cases. About 96% of stained hypermethyled chromosomal regions (1q, 2q, 6q) were linked with methylated genes associated with breast cancer. In addition, centromeric regions in chromosomes 3, 4, 8, 13, 14, 15 and 17, usually unstained, were found positive to digestion with Alu I enzime and Giemsa staining. We suggest the importance of this technique for the global visualization of the genome which can find methylated genes related to breast cancer, and thus lead to a specific therapy, and therefore a better therapeutic response.

Trisomy 19 and t(9;22) in a patient with acute basophilic leukemia.

We report a case of acute basophilic leukemia with two coexisting clonal abnormalities, t(9;22) and trisomy 19. The blast showed positive reaction with myeloperoxidase but negative reaction with chloroacetate esterase and acid phosphatase. Metachromatic features of the blast were observed with toluidine blue stain. Ultrastructure study showed the presence of azurophilic granules in basophils and blast mast cells. Conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies revealed, t(9;22) with BCR/ABL positive and trisomy 19 in all metaphase cells. To our knowledge, this paper here is the first to present acute basophilic leukemia with trisomy 19 and t(9;22).

Petty-Laxova-Wiedemann progeroid syndrome: further phenotypical delineation and confirmation of a rare syndrome of premature aging.

A 10-year-old boy with manifestations of Petty-Laxova-Wiedemann progeroid syndrome (PLWPS), a rare neonatal progeroid condition, is described and compared with those previously reported. Clinical manifestation include: severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation, "progeroid" face, large open fontanelle in infancy, umbilical hernia at birth, pseudomacrocephaly, wide calvaria, sparse scalp hair, markedly diminished subcutaneous fat, scoliosis, partial cutaneous syndactyly, aplastic and hypoplastic distal phalanges with aplasia and hypoplasia of nails, undescended testes, and normal cognitive and motor development. This appears to be one of only a handful of cases of PLWPS reported in an older child or adult.

[Frequency and clinicopathological associations of K-ras mutations in Venezuelan patients with colo-rectal cancer]. / Frecuencia y asociación clínicopatológico de las mutaciones del oncogen K-ras en pacientes venezolanos con cáncer colorectal.

Mutations in the K-ras oncogene are common in colo-rectal cancer, which affect the biological behaviour and may influence the susceptibility to therapy in these tumors. The objective of this work was to identify the types of K-ras mutations observed in referred patients with colo-rectal cancer and to relate them to their degree of histological differentiation and clinical stage. Histopathological and clinical data were obtained from medical records. DNA was obtained from both, fresh tissue and tumor tissue embedded in paraffin. The K-ras gene was amplified through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplified fragments were digested with restriction enzymes. We found mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras oncogene in 23.33% of patients. Of these, 28.57% were located at codon 12, 57.14% were at codon 13 and 14.29% at both codons. They were more frequent in tumors located in the left hemicolon and, according to their histological type, were more frequent in well differentiated adenocarcinomas (58.70%) and in mucinous (28.57%). The identified mutations were more frequent in advanced stages (C2) of Dukes' classification. The molecular analysis of the K-ras oncogene made mutations evident, which could be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal tumors. The frequency of mutations found in this work is similar to some of those reported worldwide; however, they differ in the more frequent type of mutation, which, in our study, was located at codon 13 in more than 50% of the cases.

Frecuencia y asociación línicopatológico de las mutaciones del oncogen K-ras en pacientes venezolanos con cáncer colorectal / Frequency and clinicopathological associations of K-ras mutations in Venezuelan patients with colo-rectal cancer

Las mutaciones en el oncogén K-ras son comunes en cáncer colo-rectal, afectan el comportamiento biológico y podrían influir en la susceptibilidad terapéutica en estos tumores. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los tipos de mutación K-ras observados en pacientes referidos con cáncer colo-rectal y relacionarlos con el grado de diferenciación histológica y con el estadio clínico. Se obtuvo ADN genómico tanto de tejido tumoral incluido en parafina, como de tejido fresco. Se amplificó el gen K-ras a través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) y se digirieron los fragmentos amplificados con enzimas de restricción, por último se obtuvieron datos clínicos e histopatológicos de las historias clínicas. Se encontraron mutaciones en los codones 12 y 13 del oncogén K-ras en el 23,33% de los pacientes. De estos 28,57% en el codón 12, en el codón 13 se encontró un 57,14% y 14,29% para ambos codones. Fueron más frecuentes en el hemicolon izquierdo con 78,57% y según la clasificación histológica en los adenocarcinomas bien diferenciados (58,70%) y en los mucinosos (28,57%). Las mutaciones identificadas fueron mas frecuentes en estadios avanzados C2 de la clasificación de Dukes`. El análisis molecular del oncogén K-ras permitió evidenciar mutaciones que sirven como parámetro diagnóstico y pronóstico en los tumores colo-rectales. La frecuencia de mutaciones encontradas en este trabajo es similar a algunas de las reportadas a nivel mundial, sin embargo difieren en el tipo de mutación mas frecuente, que en nuestro medio fue la mutación del codón 13 del gen con más de un 50%.

Mutations in the K-ras oncogene are common in colo-rectal cancer, which affect the biological behaviour and may influence the susceptibility to therapy in these tumors. The objective of this work was to identify the types of K-ras mutations observed in referred patients with colo-rectal cancer and to relate them to their degree of histological differentiation and clinical stage. Histopathological and clinical data were obtained from medical records. DNA was obtained from both, fresh tissue and tumor tissue embedded in paraffin. The K-ras gene was amplified through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplified fragments were digested with restriction enzymes. We found mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras oncogene in 23.33% of patients. Of these, 28.57% were located at codon 12, 57.14% were at codon 13 and 14.29% at both codons. They were more frequent in tumors located in the left hemicolon and, according to their histological type, were more frequent in well differentiated adenocarcinomas (58.70%) and in mucinous (28.57%). The identified mutations were more frequent in advanced stages (C2) of Dukes’ classification. The molecular analysis of the K-ras oncogene made mutations evident, which could be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal tumors. The frequency of mutations found in this work is similar to some of those reported worldwide; however, they differ in the more frequent type of mutation, which, in our study, was located at codon 13 in more than 50% of the cases.

Prospective prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome in Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of triple-marker screening for Down syndrome in Venezuela. METHOD: Maternal serum concentrations of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3) were measured weekly in 3895 women from the 15th to the 20th week of pregnancy. Population-specific likelihood ratios were determined and used to calculate the risk of fetal Down syndrome for each pregnancy. RESULTS: The median multiple of the median values for AFP, beta-hCG, and uE3 concentrations were 0.69, 2.10, and 0.67 for the affected pregnancies. The likelihood ratio for a positive result was 1:19. The detection and false-positive rates were 69.23% and 5.8%. CONCLUSION: These findings were consistent with reported data and therefore confirmed triple-marker serum screening as effective and suitable for prenatal care in Venezuela. Latin American governments and Health Agencies should recommend offering this screening method to all pregnant women.

[Relationship of oncogene C-erbB-2 amplification in breast cancer with pathological parameters and disease free survival]. / Relación entre la amplificación del oncogén C-erbB-2 y parámetros histológicos con sobrevida libre de enfermedad en pacientes con cáncer de mama.

BACKGROUND: Proto-oncogene c-erbB-2 is located in chromosome 17 region q21 and codifies a 185 Kd protein, with tyrosine kinase activity. The amplification of this gene is associated with relapse and lower survival in breast cancer. Overexpression of this gene can be detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) allow the simultaneous analysis of morphology and overexpression of the gene. AIM: To evaluate the relationship of c-erbB-2 oncogene amplification measured by FISH with histological graduation, presence of positive Iymph nodes and evolution of breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and ten tissue samples of invasive ductal or lobulillar breast cancer, positive for c-erbB-2 oncogene by IHC were analysed. The presence of c-erbB-2 oncogene amplification was subsequently analyzed by FISH. RESULTS: There was a significant association of c-erbB-2 amplification by FISH with pathological graduation of the tumor, number of regional Iymph nodes involved and disease free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Proto-oncogene c-erbB-2 amplification is a good indicator of bad prognosis in invasive breast cancer.

Relación entre la amplificación del oncogén C-erbB-2 y parámetros histológicos con sobrevida libre de enfermedad en pacientes con cáncer de mama / Relationship of oncogene CerbB2 amplification in breast cancer with pathological parameters and disease free survival

Background:Protooncogene cerbB2 is located in chromosome 17 region q21 and codifies a 185 Kd protein, with tyrosine kinase activity. The amplification of this gene is associated with relapse and lower survival in breast cancer. Overexpression of this gene can be detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) allow the simultaneous analysis of morphology and overexpression of the gene. Aim: To evaluate the relationship of c-erbB2 oncogene amplification measured by FISH with histological graduation, presence of positive Iymph nodes and evolution of breast cancer. Patients and methods: One hundred and ten tissue samples of invasive ductal or lobulillar breast cancer, positive for cerbB2 oncogene by IHC were analysed. The presence of c-erbB2 oncogene amplification was subsequently analyzed by FISH. Results: There was a significant association of c-erbB2 amplification by FISH with pathological graduation of the tumor, number of regional Iymph nodes involved and disease free survival. Conclusions: Proto-oncogene cerbB2 amplification is a good indicator of bad prognosis in invasive breast cancer.

Anomalías cromosómicas en pacientes venezolanos con mieloma múltiple

Resumen. El estudio citogenético es un factor pronóstico fundamental en el estudio de mieloma múltiple (MM), puesto que, ha demostrado ser esencial para el asesoramiento genético en relación al diagnóstico, pronóstico y en cierta medida sugiere precozmente, el tratamiento más adecuado, hecho que representa una verdad aplicable a numerosas malignidades hematológicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las anomalías cromosómicas en muestras de médula ósea (MO), obtenidas de pacientes con diagnóstico de MM. Los estudios cromosómicos se realizaron en cultivos de médula ósea, siguiendo la técnica descrita por Yunis en 1981; sin excepción, se llevaron a cabo previos a cualquier tratamiento con citostáticos. En la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad del Zulia, se recibieron para estudio cromosómico, 22 muestras de MO, de las cuales 19 (86%) aportaron material adecuado, seis (32%) mostraron cariotipo normal, 13 (68%) anomalías cromosómicas numéricas y estructurales. De las anomalías observadas, 8 fueron numéricas (62%) y de ellas 3 casos (38%) correspondieron a hiperdiploidías, que involucraron los cromosomas 3, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18, 19. Cuatro casos (50%) mostraron hipodiploidías con pérdida de los cromosomas 8, 13, 16, 17, 18, X, Y, y se halló 1 caso de triploidía (12%). Cuatro casos correspondieron a anomalías estructurales (31%), como las deleciones 5p11, 11p14, 14q32, 17p11 y 1 caso presentó una combinación de anomalías tanto numérica como estructural (7%). El estudio demuestra la presencia de anomalías cromosómicas en la mayoría de los pacientes, los cuales presentan algunas diferencias con lo reportado en otras investigaciones.

Abstract. The cytogenetic study is an important prognostic factor in Multiple Myeloma (MM). The chromosomal analysis has demonstrated to be essential for the genetic advise in relation to the diagnosis, prognosis and might suggest precociously, the most appropriate treatment for the majority of hematological malignancies. The objective of this investigation was to identify the chromosomal abnormalities in samples of bone marrow (BM) from patients with diagnosis of MM. The chromosomal studies were carried out in BM cultures, following the technique described by Yunis. Without exception the analysis was carried out previous to any treatment with cytostatics. Twenty two samples of BM were received for chromosomal studies in the Unit of Medical Genetics of the University of the Zulia (UGM -LUZ). In 19 out of 22 samples (86%) appropriate material was obtained by cytogenetic analysis; 6 (32%) showed normal karyotype and 13 (68%) presented numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Eight (62%) of the chromosomal anomalies detected were numerics, three cases (38%) with hyperdiploidy involving chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18, 19 and four cases (50%) with hypodiploidy involving the chromosomes 8, 16, 17, 18, X and Y. Triploidy was found in one case (12%). Structural abnormalities were present in 4 cases (31%) such as deletions 5p11, 11p14, 14q32, 17p11 and 1 case (7%) presented structural and numeric anomalies. This study shows that the majority of patients with multiple myeloma have several chomosomal abnormalities with some differences from other reports.

[Chromosome anomalies in Venezuelan patients with multiple myeloma]. / Anomalías cromosómicas en pacientes venezolanos con mieloma múltiple.

The cytogenetic study is an important prognostic factor in Multiple Myeloma (MM). The chromosomal analysis has demonstrated to be essential for the genetic advise in relation to the diagnosis, prognosis and might suggest precociously, the most appropriate treatment for the majority of hematological malignancies. The objective of this investigation was to identify the chromosomal abnormalities in samples of bone marrow (BM) from patients with diagnosis of MM. The chromosomal studies were carried out in BM cultures, following the technique described by Yunis. Without exception the analysis was carried out previous to any treatment with cytostatics. Twenty two samples of BM were received for chromosomal studies in the Unit of Medical Genetics of the University of the Zulia (UGM-LUZ). In 19 out of 22 samples (86%) appropriate material was obtained by cytogenetic analysis; 6 (32%) showed normal karyotype and 13 (68%) presented numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Eight (62%) of the chromosomal anomalies detected were numerics, three cases (38%) with hyperdiploidy involving chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18, 19 and four cases (50%) with hypodiploidy involving the chromosomes 8, 16, 17, 18, X and Y. Triploidy was found in one case (12%). Structural abnormalities were present in 4 cases (31%) such as deletions 5p11, 11p14, 14q32, 17p11 and 1 case (7%) presented structural and numeric anomalies. This study shows that the majority of patients with multiple myeloma have several chromosomal abnormalities with some differences from other reports.

Anomalías cromosómicas clonales en tumores colorectales / Clonal chromosomal abnormalities in colorectal tumors

Los tumores colorectales constituyen un motivo de consulta frecuente en los servicios de gastroenterología a nivel mundial, representando la segunda causa de muerte en el mundo y la cuarta causa de mortalidad por cáncer en Venezuela. Usualmente comienza como un pólipo benigno que en muchas ocasiones se transforma en maligno debido a una mutación a nivel del código genético que controla el crecimiento y la reparación celular. El presente trabajo reporta las alteraciones cromosómicas observadas en 15 muestras de tumores colorectales benignos y malignos estudiados en la Unidad Genética médica de la Universidad del Zulia. Se encontraron anomalías cromosómicas clonales en 11/15 (73,33 por ciento), 4 correspondieron a carcinomas y 7 a pólipos adenomatosos, en 7/11 (63,6 por ciento) se encontraron anomalías tipo monosomía de los cromosomas 8 y 22, otras anomalías correspondieron a trisomías de los cromosomas 11 y 18 y uno solo de los casos con una anomalía estructural que correspondió a una del (17p). Las anomalías cromosómicas clonales en pólipos adenomatosos han sido relacionadas con inicio de la enfermedad maligna, y en el caso de los carcinomas, se ha relacionado con progresión de la enfermedad hacia la metástasis y muerte, por lo que la utilización del análisis citogenética podría establecerse como un facrtor pronóstico para los pacientes con poliposis adenomatosa no familiar

[Clonal chromosomal anomalies in colorectal tumors]. / Anomalías cromosómicas clonales en tumores colorectales.

Colorectal tumors constitute a reason of frequent consultation in gastroenterology services in the world. They constitute the second cause of mortality in the world and the fourth cause of mortality for cancer in Venezuela. It usually begins as a polyp that becomes malignant due to a mutation at the level of the genetic code that controls the growth and the repair of cells. The present work reports the clonal chromosomal abnormalities observed in 15 samples from benign tumors as well as malignant colorectal tumors and to relate these findings. There were clonal chromosomal anomalies in 11/15 (73.33%), 4 corresponded to carcinomas and 7 to adenomatous polyps. In 7/11 (63.6%) there were anomalies of the monosomy type in the chromosomes 8 and 22, other anomalies corresponded to trisomy of the chromosomes 11 and 18, and a single case with a structural anomaly that corresponded to a del(17p). The chromosomal anomalies in adenomatous polyposis have been related with the beginning of malignant disease and, in the case of carcinomas, it has been related with progression of the illness toward metastasis and death. The use of this tool could be used as a prognostic factor for patients with non familial adenomatous polyposis.

Hallazgo citogenéticos en carcinoma ductal de mama / Cytogenetic findings breast ductal carcinoma

El carcinoma femenino de mama es un importante problema médico con implicaciones no solamente en salud sino también en la sociedad. A pesar de su gran importancia, poco es conocido acerca de los hallazgos cromosómicos de este tipo de cáncer y su relación con la clínica. Las anormalidades cromosómicas en algunas enfermedades malignas han sido usadas para diagnóstico y el pronóstico y para la localización de genes involucrados en patologías malignas. En este trabajo nosotros reportamos las anormalidades cromósomicas encontradas en 32 pacientes con carcinoma ductal primario de mama. En sólo uno de los tumores se observó un cariotipo normal, treinta y uno de ellos presentaron algún tipo de anomalía cromosómica, 21/32 (65,5 por ciento) correspondieron a normalidades del cromosoma 1 (trisomías, monosomías o anomalías estructurales como la t (1q;2p), y la del (1q42); otras anomalías observadas correspondieron a del (12p), del (4p), +7, +8, -7, -3. El significado de estos hallazgos y su papel en la tumorigénesis se hará más evidente a través del seguimiento estrecho de las pacientes que presentan este tipo de tumor y un cariotipo anormal

Anormalidades cromosómicas clonales en enfermedades hematológicas malignas mediante fish / Clonal chromosomal abnormalities in malignant hematological diseases by fish

La hibridación in situ fluorescente (FISH) es un método rápido, sensible y confiable que permite la identificación de cromosomas completos o porciones de los mismos tanto en metafases como en núcleos en interfase. En este trabajo se analizaron 32 muestras de medula ósea de pacientes con enfermedades hematológicas malignas (11 LMA, 7 LLA, 12 LMC y 2 LLC). Estas fueron referidas a la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela durante los años 1994-1996. Todas las muestras se analizaron mediante técnicas citogenéticas convencionales y moleculares (FISH) utilizando sondas de cromosomas totales, alfa satelites y locus específicos. En los pacientes con LMA y LLA la técnica de FISH detectó anomalias cromosómicas clonales no detectadas por la técnica citogenética convencional. Así mismo, se identificó el complejo PML-alfa RARA en las leucemias promielociticas agudas. En el caso de la LMC se demostró la presencia del complejo molecular ABL-BCR. En este trabajo se demuestra la utilidad del FISH en la detección de anomalías cromosómicas clonales, las cuales son importantes en el manejo clínico de pacientes con este tipo de patologías