Choose Your Patients Wisely: A Preoperative Protocol to Reduce Surgical Site Infection Rates in Elective Neurosurgical Procedures.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most common and costly of all hospital-acquired infections, occurring in 5 percent of patients and accounting for 20% of all hospital-acquired infections. Preoperatively, we developed a protocol where patients were screened using hemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) and nasal swabs. If HbA1c was greater than 9, patients were rescheduled for surgery when their HbA1c was less than 9. All patients then underwent nasal swabs to identify methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus/methicillin-resistant S. aureus in addition to standard chlorhexidine gluconate bathing. If positive, mupirocin ointment was used to treat the patients 5 days prior to surgery. We sought to measure the effectiveness of this protocol in reducing SSI in elective neurosurgical patients who were undergoing hardware implantation or had a procedure anticipated to last greater than 2 hours. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures at Conemaugh Memorial Medical Center from 1/1/2014 to 06/30/2016. The intervention period was from 7/1/2016 to 12/20/2018, which included the patients undergoing the protocol. RESULTS: The preintervention group consisted of 817 cases with a 2.7% infection rate (22 SSIs). The intervention group consisted of 822 cases with a 0.1% infection rate (1 SSI). This observed difference was statistically significant (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective review of a presurgical protocol with measuring of HbA1c and nasal swabs revealed a significant decrease in the infection rate of patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. Additional investigations are necessary; however, we recommend its use.

Lower Extremity Salvage in a Diabetic Patient With Cutaneous Mucormycosis and COVID-19 After Open Patella Fracture.

Background: Cutaneous mucormycosis, while less common than sinonasal or pulmonary infections, can cause widespread tissue necrosis after seemingly innocuous encounters. The most common location of cutaneous mucormycosis is the extremities, and extensive infection has been reported after trauma or orthopedic procedures. Case Report: A 60-year-old female with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus sustained an open patella fracture after a fall. She underwent washout and internal fixation with cannulated screws and cable tension band wiring. The patient's recovery was complicated by asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and repeated wound dehiscence, with growth of Mucor species initially presumed to be a contaminant. Despite serial washout and debridement, repeat dehiscence and patella exposure were noted. Free tissue transfer to the genicular vessels was selected for coverage of the extensor tendon, patella, and fracture line. In repeat skin cultures, Mucor indicus and Staphylococcus epidermidis grew from the wound. Topical voriconazole and a 6-week course of intravenous isavuconazole and oral doxycycline were started when the Mucor cultures were identified. Conclusion: This case highlights an approach to an indolent mucormycosis infection in the skin over a patella fracture in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, including the sequence of surgical care, debridement, and selection of antimicrobials. Major amputation and orthopedic revision were avoided. This patient also underwent successful free tissue transfer after testing positive for COVID-19.

A Multidisciplinary Approach to Penetrating Neck Trauma in a Patient with Self-Inflicted Gunshot Injuries to Zones 1-3 of the Neck.

Penetrating neck trauma comprises 5%-10% of all traumatic injuries in adults and carries up to a 10% mortality rate for those affected. Management of penetrating neck trauma can be challenging and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. A case of penetrating neck trauma via self-inflicted gunshot wound to zones 1-3 of the neck in an intoxicated, suicidal 60-year-old man is presented. Immediately after stabilization by the trauma surgery team, surgical reconstruction using a pectoralis major pedicled myocutaneous flap was completed by the plastic and reconstructive surgery team. The patient's hospital course was complicated by injury to the left phrenic nerve, oropharyngeal swallowing dysfunction, and left diaphragmatic dysfunction. The trauma team initiated prompt multidisciplinary responses to each of these complications as they arose by involving the plastic and reconstructive surgery, otolaryngology, gastroenterology, and speech language pathology teams. Early involvement of the physical medicine and rehabilitation, psychiatry, dietary, and pharmacy teams allowed for early optimization and monitoring of the patient's mobility, psychological, and nutritional statuses. The timely initiation of multidisciplinary care in this patient's case allowed for the patient to not only to survive a potentially fatal penetrating neck trauma, but to be discharged to a rehabilitation facility with an independent level of function. Given the complications due to severe penetrating neck trauma of zones 1-3 in this case, it is essential for early involvement of the appropriate subspecialty teams in order to achieve the best possible outcome for the patient.

Benefit of continued noninvasive cardiac monitoring in geriatric trauma: A retrospective review of geriatric pelvis, hip, and femur fractures and analysis of cardiac events during immediate post-traumatic course.

OBJECTIVE: The geriatric population suffers from a predisposition to cardiac events due to physiologic changes commonly associated with aging. The majority of the trauma population seen at our facility is within the geriatric population (greater than 65 years old). Therefore, this study was aimed to determine which of those preexisting factors were associated with an increased risk for developing cardiac event. By assessing those risks, we hoped to determine a timeline for the highest risk of cardiac event occurrence, in order to identify a safe period of when cardiac monitoring was indicated. METHODS: A retrospective study performed over 6 months reviewing geriatric trauma patients with hip, pelvis, or femur fractures, n = 125. A list of predetermined risk factors including comorbidities, pathologies, laboratory values, electrocardiogram findings, and surgery was crossed with the patient's records in order to identify factors for increased risk of cardiac event. Once patients who had documented cardiac events were identified, a temporal pattern of cardiac event occurrence was analyzed in order to determine a period when noninvasive cardiac monitoring should remain in place. RESULTS: In 125 patients, 40 cardiac events occurred in 30 patients. The analyzed variables with statistically significant associations for having a cardiac event were comorbidities (p = 0.019), elevated body mass index (p = 0.001), abnormal initial phosphorus (p = 0.002), and an electrocardiogram finding of other than normal sinus rhythm (p = 0.020). Of the identified cardiac events, we found that by hospital day 3 68% of cardiac event had occurred, with 85% by hospital day 4, 95% by day 5, and 100% within the first 7 days of admission. CONCLUSION: Patient history of cardiac comorbidities, elevated body mass index, abnormal phosphorus, and abnormal electrocardiogram findings were found to be significant risk factors for cardiac event development in geriatric trauma. All recorded events in our study occurred within 7 days of the initial trauma.

A Propeller Perforator Flap in the Distal Lower Extremity: An Alternative to Free Flap Coverage Near the Ankle.

As perfusion assessment technologies and microsurgical techniques have evolved, plastic surgeons have become increasingly aggressive and creative in offering reconstructive solutions to limb salvage problems. In the distal lower extremity, pedicled perforator flap transfer has grown in popularity as compared to the historically reliable option of free tissue transfer. Pedicled perforator flaps typically avoid muscle harvest and restore the thin, supple soft tissue in the distal extremity, where there is a relative lack of redundancy of soft tissues. They also allow for a shorter operative time and recovery in otherwise complex wounds of the foot and ankle. This case report highlights the indications, nuance, and post-operative course of a patient who underwent peroneal perforator flap for coverage of a complex ankle wound in the setting of a calcaneal fracture.

Norwegian Scabies management after prolonged disease course: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Scabies is a well - known, commonly recognized, and frequently diagnosed pathology especially in children, close quarters, living facilities, and immunocompromised patients. An accelerated severe infestation of traditional scabies with limited treatment options is known as the rare entity of Norwegian or Crusted Scabies. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the history, clinical manifestations, medical treatments and surgical interventions of a patient with Norwegian Scabies of his hands, which rendered them nonfunctional prior to intervention. The patient was initially misdiagnosed and underwent inappropriate treatments for several years prior to our assessment, and ultimately required surgical intervention that was therapeutic. DISCUSSION: Norwegian, or Crusted, Scabies is a severe infestation of S. scabiei in which the mite load is extreme in comparison to traditional scabies. This manifests as scaly plaques that are often misdiagnosed for other hyperkeratotic skin lesions. With this misdiagnosis, improper treatments are often recommended, and can even accelerate the manifestation. Traditional scabies therapies can be effective, however often due significant disease progression due to diagnostic delay, invasive measures, such as surgical debridement like presented here, are the only option. CONCLUSION: The patient presented in this case harbored a rare infection, known as Norwegian Scabies, for several years, with inappropriate medical therapy. Due to his prolonged inadequate treatments, his disease became so pronounced that the recommended medical treatments were no longer adequate, thus he required surgical debridements which ultimately allowed him to regain function in his hands.

Preoperative decolonization to reduce infections in urgent lower extremity repairs.

PURPOSE: Medical implants and surgical site infections (SSIs) can be a burden on both patients and healthcare systems with a significant rise in morbidity, mortality and costs. Preoperatively, our practice of a chlorohexidine gluconate (CHG) washcloth bath or solution shower was supplemented with nasal painting using povidone-iodine skin and nasal antiseptic (PI-SNA). We sought to measure the effectiveness in reducing SSIs in patients undergoing repair of lower extremity fractures. METHODS: A retrospective review of trauma patients undergoing orthopedic operations conducted at Conemaugh Memorial Medical Center from 10/1/2012 through 9/30/2016. The intervention period was 10/1/2014 to 9/30/2016 which included the addition of nasal painting with PI-SNA preoperatively. All patients were followed for 1 year prior to January 2013 and 30 or 90 days thereafter for the development of a SSI. RESULTS: The pre-intervention group consisted of 930 cases with a 1.1% infection rate (10 SSIs). The intervention group consisted of 962 cases with a 0.2% infection rate (2 SSIs). This observed difference was statistically significant (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective review of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decolonization protocol using CHG bath/shower and PI-SNA nasal painting revealed a significant decrease in the infection rate of patients undergoing lower extremity fracture repairs. We recommend its use without contraindications, but recognize that additional investigations are necessary.

Retrievable inferior vena cava filters in geriatric trauma: Is there an age bias?

BACKGROUND: Trauma patients are at increased risk for developing venous thromboembolic (VTE) disease. The EAST (Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma) practice management guidelines identified risk factors for VTE, as well as indications for prophylactic inferior vena cava filters (IVCF). In a 2009 study, our institution found a 26% retrieval rate for IVCF. Lack of retrieval was most consistently due to lack of follow-up. Our study is a follow-up analysis for retrieval rate of IVCF, since the formation of a geriatric trauma service. We anticipated that geriatric trauma patients would have a lower rate of IVCF retrieval compared to the general trauma patient. METHODS: Our study population consisted of trauma patients admitted from January 2008 to August 2013, with documented VTE or high risk for VTE with contraindication to anticoagulation. INCLUSION CRITERIA: IVCF placed in trauma patients. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: permanent filters, retrievable filters placed permanently, non-trauma patients, superior vena cava filters and patients who died before discharge. RESULTS: During the study period, 160 trauma patients had an IVCF placed, of which 147 survived and were discharged. Of those patients, 66% (97/147) were planned for retrieval. Overall, the retrieval rate was 34% (33/97). Following age categorization, rates were 47% (30/64) and 9% (3/33) for those <65 and >/=65 years old, respectively. Applying Fisher's Exact Test to a crosstab of planned retrieval by age category yielded a statistically significant difference, p<0.0005 at alpha=0.05. In the geriatric population with IVCFs not retrieved, 23% (7/30) died and 67% (20/30) were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: IVCF plays a critical role in the management of trauma patients with VTE, particularly the geriatric population. Since our 2009 study, we have improved nearly ten percentage points (26% to 34%); however, we exposed an age bias with retrieval rate being lower in patients >/=65 compared to those <65 (9% vs. 47%).