Effects of systemic anti-androgen drugs on the ocular surface.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of systemic anti-androgen drugs on tear function tests and the ocular surface. METHODS: Sixty-four male subjects were included in this study. Subjects who were on anti-androgen treatment for prostate cancer (Group A, n: 31) and those who had received only surgical treatment for prostate cancer (Group B, n: 17) were recruited from the department of urology. Age-matched subjects who had never received anti-androgen treatment (Group C, n: 16) constituted the control group. Group A was divided into two subgroups according to the number of anti-androgen drugs used (Group A1: one drug, Group A2: two drugs). All cases underwent a complete ocular examination, including tear film break up time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival staining, Schirmer 1 test, conjunctival impression cytology, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean Schirmer's values were 6.87mm, 11.41mm, and 13.03mm in Groups A, B, and C, respectively (P=0.001). TBUT was 5.45±2.01, 9.85±2.52 and 9.81±1.96seconds in Groups A, B, and C, respectively (P=0.001). Schirmer and TBUT were significantly lower, and corneal staining and OSDI questionnaire scores were higher in Group A compared to groups B and C (P<0.01). Conjunctival impression cytology results according to the Nelson grading system revealed no statistically significant difference between the groups (P=0.422). CONCLUSION: Anti-androgen drugs alter tear function tests, cause increased corneal and conjunctival staining scores and worsen complaints of dry eye in patients with prostate cancer.

The effect of asymptomatic histological prostatitis on sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms / Efecto de la prostatitis histológica asintomática sobre la función sexual y los síntomas de tracto urinario inferior

OBJECTIVE: Prostatitis affects 10-14% of men of all ages and ethnicities. More than 50% of the men experience episodes of prostatitis at one time of their lives. Patients with CP typically have longlasting genitourinary/pelvic pain and obstructive and/or irritative voiding symptoms. Sexual dysfunction and psychological symptoms are frequently added to these symptoms. We also investigated the relationship between sexual functions, and lower urinary system symptoms, and asymptomatic histological prostatitis detected on transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy performed with the indication of high PSA levels. METHODS: Sixty cases compliant with the study criteria among patients who underwent prostate biopsies between September 2014 and June 2015 with the indication of higher PSA levels were included in the study. All patients were requested to complete IIEF-5 and IPSS forms one day previously. Based on histological analysis of biopsy materials, the patients were allocated into groups of BPH (simple BPH without histological prostatitis) (n:30) and histological chronic prostatitis (combination of BPH and histological prostatitis) (n:30). RESULTS: Mean age of the cases was 65.73±5.01 (range, 56-75 yrs) years. PSA levels ranged between 4-15ng/ml. A statistically significant intergroup difference was not found regarding mean age, BMIs, PSA levels, incidence rates of hypertension and coronary artery disease (p > 0.05). Prostate volumes of the HCP group were higher than those of the BPH group , with statistically significant differences (p:0.001; p < 0.01). Questionnaire forms of the patients included in the study were statistically evaluated, and mean IPSS score of the HCP group was found to be higher when compared with that of the BPH group, with statistically significant differences. (p:0.016; p < 0.05). However mean IIEF score of the BPH group was higher than that of the HCP group, with statistically significant differences (p:0.039; p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: These findings suggested the presence of a correlation between chronic inflammation and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In addition, statistically significant lower IIEF values in patients with histological chronic prostatitis relative to those without suggested negative effects of even asymptomatic inflammation on sexual functions and mechanism of erection

OBJETIVO: La prostatitis afecta al 10-14% de varones de todas las edades y etnias. Más del 50% de los hombres experimentan episodios de prostatitis alguna vez en sus vidas. Los pacientes con prostatitis crónica (PC) típicamente tienen dolor genitourinario/ pélvico y síntomas del tracto urinario inferior obstructivos y/o irritativos de larga duración. A estos síntomas se añaden frecuentemente la disfunción sexual y los síntomas psicológicos. También investigamos la relación entre la función sexual y síntomas del tracto urinario inferior y la prostatitis asintomática detectada por biopsia de próstata guiada por ecografía transrectal realizada con la indicación de niveles de PSA elevados. MÉTODOS: Incluimos en el estudio sesenta casos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión, entre los pacientes sometidos a biopsia de próstata entre septiembre 2014 y junio 2015 con la indicación de PSA elevado. Se requería que todos los pacientes completaran el cuestionario IEEF-5 e IPSS un día antes. En base al análisis histológico de los materiales de biopsia, los pacientes fueron asignados a grupos de HBP (HBP simple sin prostatitis histológica) (n=30) y prostatitis crónica histológica (combinación de HBP y prostatitis histológica) (n=30). RESULTADOS: La edad media de los casos fue de 65,73±5,01 años (Rango 56-75 años). Los niveles de PSA oscilaron en el rango entre 4-15ng/ml. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en edad media, IMC, nivel de PSA, tasas de incidencia de hipertensión y enfermedad coronaria entre los grupos (p > 0,05). Los volúmenes prostáticos del grupo de PC histológica eran mayores que los del grupo de HBP, con significación estadística (p:0,001; p < 0,01). Los cuestionarios de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron evaluados estadísticamente, y se encontró que la media del resultado del IPSS e el grupo de PC histológica era mayor, con significación estadística, que el del grupo de HBP (p:0,016; p < 0,05). Sin embargo, el resultado medio del IIEF en el grupo de HBP era más alto, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas, que el del grupo de PC histológica (p:0,039; p < 0,05). DISCUSIÓN: Estos hallazgos sugieren la presencia de una correlación entre la inflamación crónica y los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior. Además, unos valores menores de IIEF en pacientes con prostatitis crónica histológica en relación con los pacientes sin PC, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas, sugería efectos negativos sobre las funciones sexuales y los mecanismos de erección incluso de la inflamación asintomática

A standardized scoring system in the prediction of success and complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: guy´s Stone scoring system / Utilización de un sistema de puntuación estandarizado en la predicción del éxito y complicaciones de la nefrolitectomía percutanea: escala stone del Guy`s

OBJECTIVES: In this study, our aim was to determine the role of Guy's stone scoring system (GSS) in the prediction of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) success and its ability to foresee potential complications in consideration of Clavien grading system (CGS). Material and Methodos: The data of 244 patients who underwent PNL between January 2009 and May 2014 were retrospectively examined. Renal stones were evaluated using GSS with the aid of the patients' preoperative radiological evaluations and their postoperative complications were assessed with CGS. Arch. Esp. Urol. 2015; 68 (9): 710-717 Keywords: Guy's Stone score. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Modified Clavien grading system. Stone-free rate. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients (men, n=166; 68% and women, n=78; 32%) was 46.50±13.12 years (range, 16-80yrs). Clinically significant residual stones were not detected in 195 (79.9%) patients, while they were found in 49 (20.1%) patients. Guy's stone scores of 1, 2, 3 and 4 points were estimated in 21.3, 37.7, 29.9, and 11.1% of the cases, respectively. Based on modified Clavien complication grading system, complications were categorized as Clavien grade 1, 2 and 3 in 81.9, 17.2, and 0.8% of the cases, respectively. Clavien Grade 4 and 5 complications were not encountered. A statistically significant correlation was found between Guy's Stone scores and Clavien grades (p < 0.05)- A statiscally and highly significant difference was detected between Guy's Stone scores of the cases with respect to residual stones (p = 0.001; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings have revealed that GSS is a successful and easily applicable method for the prediction of success and likelihood of complications of PN

OBJETIVOS: En este estudio nuestro objetivo era determinar el papel de la escala de puntuación STONE de Guy`s (GSS) en la predicción del éxito de la nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP) y su capacidad de preveer potenciales complicaciones considerando el sistema de gradación de Clavien. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los datos de 244 pacientes sometidos a NLP entre enero del 2009 y mayo del 2014 fueron evaluados retrospectivamente. Las litiasis renales fueron evaluadas utilizando el GSS con la ayuda de las pruebas radiológicas preoperatorias y las complicaciones postoperatorias se evaluaron con la escala de Clavien. RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes (varones n=166, 68%; y mujeres n=78, 32%) fue 46.50±13.12 años (rango, 16-80 años). En 195 pacientes (79.9%) no se detectaron litiasis residuales clínicamente significativas, mientras que en 49 pacientes (20.1%) sí se encontraron. Con la escala STONE de Guy`s se estimaron puntuaciones de 1,2,3 y 4 puntos en 21.3%, 37.7%, 29.9% y 11.1% de los casos respectivamente. En base a la escala de complicaciones de Clavien modificada las complicaciones fueron categorizadas como Clavien grados 1,2 y 3 en 81.9%, 17.2% y 0.8% de los casos respectivamente. No se encontraron complicaciones de Grado 4 y 5 de Clavien. Se encontró una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre las puntuaciones de la escala STONE de Guy`s y los grados de Clavien (p < 0.02). Se detectó una diferencia estadística y altamente significativa entre las puntuaciones del STONE de Guy`s de los casos con respecto a las de las litiasis residuales (p = 0.001; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos de nuestro estudio han revelado que la escala Stone de Guy`s es un método exitoso y fácilmente aplicable para la predicción del éxito y la probabilidad de complicaciones de la NLP

A rare entity of benign bladder neoplasm: female lipoma.

Although benign bladder neoplasms constitute less than 5% of all bladder neoplasms, they should be taken into consideration because they can be symptomatic, and have the risk of confusing with other malignant neoplasms. Herein, we reported a 59-year-old female patient consulted to our outpatient clinic with the incidents of hematuria. During cystoscopic examination, a yellow-coloured mass lesion with smooth contours on the right posterolateral wall of the bladder was observed. Histopathological examination of the specimen demonstrated mature adipose tissue contained within submucosal layer without bladder wall invasion. Bladder lipomas are rarely seen pure benign masses which almost all reported ones were men. We think that female cases should also be taken into consideration for differential diagnosis presenting with hematuria.