Examining for an association between candidate gene polymorphisms in the metabolic syndrome components on excess weight and adiposity measures in youth: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: A polymorphism in a gene may exert its effects on multiple phenotypes. The aim of this study is to explore the association of 10 metabolic syndrome candidate genes with excess weight and adiposity and evaluate the effect of perinatal and socioeconomic factors on these associations. METHODS: The anthropometry, socioeconomic and perinatal conditions and 10 polymorphisms were evaluated in 1081 young people between 10 and 18 years old. Genotypic associations were calculated using logistic and linear models adjusted by age, gender, and pubertal maturation, and a genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated by summing the number of effect alleles. RESULTS: We found that AGT-rs699 and the IRS2-rs1805097 variants were significantly associated with excess weight, OR = 1.25 (CI 95% 1.01-1.54; p = 0.034); OR = 0.77 (CI 95% 0.62-0.96; p = 0.022), respectively. AGT-rs699 and FTO-rs17817449 variants were significantly and directly associated with body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.036 and p = 0.031), while IRS2-rs1805097 and UCP3-rs1800849 were significantly and negatively associated with BMI and waist circumference, correspondingly. Each additional effect allele in GRS was associated with an increase of 0.020 log(BMI) (p = 0.004). No effects from the socioeconomic and perinatal factors evaluated on the association of the candidate genes with the phenotypes were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our observation suggests that AGT-rs699 and FTO-rs17817449 variants may contribute to the risk development of excess weight and an increase in the BMI, while IRS2-rs1805097 showed a protector effect; in addition, UCP3- rs1800849 showed a decreasing waist circumference. Socioeconomic and perinatal factors had no effect on the associations of the candidate gene.

[Environmental risk factors and metabolic syndrome components in overweight youngsters]. / Factores de riesgo ambientales y componentes del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes con exceso de peso.

INTRODUCTION: The environmental risk factors such as food intake and physival activity, are determinants in the etiology of metabolic syndrome in overweight adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between environmental risk factors and components presence of metabolic syndrome in overweight youngsters in Medellín. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adolescents between the ages of 10 and 18 were selected for a cross sectional study. Body composition by anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose, insulin, food intake and physical activity level were assessed in the study population. RESULTS: The prevalence for metabolic syndrome components of hypertriglyceridemia was 40.9%; hypertension, 20.9%; low HDLc, 15.6%; high waist circumference, 4.0%, and hyperglycemia, 0.9%; the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.1%. There was a statistical difference (p<0.005) between the consumption of calories, simple and total carbohydrates and the presence of the components; no association was found between the level of physical activity and the presence of components (p>0.05). The logistic regression model showed a higher probability of having at least one component if the youngster was male (p=0.022), with a higher BMI (Body Mass Index)(p=0.019) and was located in the fourth simple carbohydrates consumption quartile (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Environmental risk factors associated with components of metabolic syndrome were the increased consumption of calories, simple and complex carbohydrates, all directly related to the BMI. In contrast, the level of physical activity, family history and personal risk factors showed no association. The metabolic syndrome only occurred in youngsters with obesity.

Factores de riesgo ambientales y componentes del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes con exceso de peso / Environmental risk factors and metabolic syndrome components in overweight youngsters

Introducción. Factores de riesgo ambientales, como el consumo de alimentos y la actividad física, son determinantes en la etiología del síndrome metabólico y sus componentes en jóvenes con exceso de peso. Objetivo. Explorar la asociación entre factores de riesgo ambientales y presencia de componentes del síndrome metabólico en jóvenes entre 10 y 18 años, con exceso de peso en Medellín. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. En la población de estudio se evaluaron la composición corporal por antropometría, la presión arterial, el perfil lipídico, la glucemia, la insulinemia, la ingestión de alimentos y la actividad física. Resultados. La prevalencia de los componentes del síndrome metabólico fue de 40,9 % para hipertrigliceridemia; 20,9 % para hipertensión; 15,6 % para c-HDL bajas; 4,0 % para circunferencia de cintura alta, y 0,9 % para la hiperglucemia; la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue de 3,1 %. Se encontró diferencia estadística (p<0,005) entre el consumo de kilocalorías, carbohidratos totales y simples, y la presencia de los componentes; no se encontró asociación entre el nivel de actividad física y la presencia de componentes (p>0,05). En el modelo de regresión logística se encontró una mayor probabilidad de tener, al menos, un componente si el joven era de sexo masculino (p=0,022), tenía un mayor índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p=0,019) y si se ubicaba en el cuarto cuartil de consumo de carbohidratos simples (p=0,036). Conclusiones. Los factores de riesgo ambientales asociados con los componentes del síndrome metabólico en este estudio fueron el mayor consumo de calorías, carbohidratos complejos y simples, todos relacionados directamente con el IMC; por el contrario, el nivel de actividad física, los antecedentes familiares y los personales no mostraron ninguna asociación. El síndrome metabólico sólo se presentó en jóvenes con obesidad.

Introduction. The environmental risk factors such as food intake and physival activity, are determinants in the etiology of metabolic syndrome in overweight adolescents. Objective. To explore the association between environmental risk factors and components presence of metabolic syndrome in overweight youngsters in Medellín. Materials and methods. Adolescents between the ages of 10 and 18 were selected for a cross sectional study. Body composition by anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose, insulin, food intake and physical activity level were assessed in the study population. Results. The prevalence for metabolic syndrome components of hypertriglyceridemia was 40.9%; hypertension, 20.9%; low HDLc, 15.6%; high waist circumference, 4.0%, and hyperglycemia, 0.9%; the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.1%. There was a statistical difference (p<0.005) between the consumption of calories, simple and total carbohydrates and the presence of the components; no association was found between the level of physical activity and the presence of components (p>0.05). The logistic regression model showed a higher probability of having at least one component if the youngster was male (p=0.022), with a higher BMI (Body Mass Index)(p=0.019) and was located in the fourth simple carbohydrates consumption quartile (p=0.036). Conclusions. Environmental risk factors associated with components of metabolic syndrome were the increased consumption of calories, simple and complex carbohydrates, all directly related to the BMI. In contrast, the level of physical activity, family history and personal risk factors showed no association. The metabolic syndrome only occurred in youngsters with obesity.

Cambios en las concentraciones de retinol, hemoglobina y ferritina en niños palúdicos colombianos / Changes in retinol, hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in Colombian children with malaria

Introducción. La malaria, la anemia y las parasitosis coexisten en niños colombianos. Se desconoce el efecto del suplemento de retinol y de los antiparasitarios sobre estos problemas de salud y la evolución de la hemoglobina, el retinol, la ferritina y la proteína C reactiva, en niños palúdicos. Objetivo. Comparar el efecto de la intervención simultánea con antipalúdicos, antiparasitarios y un suplemento de retinol sobre la evolución de la hemoglobina, la ferritina, el retinol y la proteína C reactiva, en niños palúdicos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio experimental no ciego de 93 niños palúdicos de 4 a 10 años, con asignación aleatoria a uno de los siguientes grupos: uno recibió antipalúdico y suplemento de retinol (grupo MA); otro, antipalúdico, suplemento de retinol y antiparasitarios (grupo MAP); otro, antipalúdico y antiparasitarios (grupo MP) y otro, sólo antipalúdico (grupo M); se siguieron 30 días, se evaluaron los cambios de hemoglobina, ferritina, retinol y proteína C reactiva, 8 y 30 días después. Resultados. En el total de los niños, el día del ingreso los promedios de las determinaciones fueron: hemoglobina, 10,3±1,6 g/dl; retinol, 19,1±6,0 μg/dl; proteína C reactiva, 75±63 mg/L, y ferritina, 213±203 μg/L. Al día 30, las concentraciones de hemoglobina y retinol aumentaron en 1,4±1,4g/dl y 11,5±8,1 μg/dl, respectivamente, mientras que las concentraciones de proteína C reactiva y ferritina disminuyeron en 66±60 mg/L y 184±203 μg/L, respectivamente, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de tratamiento. Los cambios el día 8 sólo fueron diferentes por grupo para la hemoglobina, que incrementó en el grupo MAP, diferente a los otros grupos. Conclusión. El día 30, la hemoglobina y el retinol aumentaron, y la proteína C reactiva y la ferritina disminuyeron. El suplemento de retinol y antiparasitarios simultáneos previno la reducción de hemoglobina al día 8, sin afectar los cambios en otras variables.

Introduction. Malaria, anemia and intestinal parasitism can co-exist in certain populations of Colombian children. The effects of retinol supplementation and anti-intestinal parasite treatment in children with malaria is unknown. Changes after this treatment of with respect to hemoglobin, retinol, ferritin and C reactive protein levels have not been previously monitored. Objective. The effect of simultaneous intervention with antimalarial, retinol supplementation and anti-intestinal parasites treatment will be monitored by examining levels of hemoglobin, ferritin, retinol and C reactive protein in children with malaria. Materials and methods. A non-blind experimental study was conducted in 93 children with malaria, aged 4-10 years. Each was randomly allocated to one of the following groups: (1) treatment with antimalarial and retinol supplement (Group MA); (2) treatment with antimalarial-retinol supplement and anti-parasitic drug (Group MAP); (3) treatment with antimalarial and anti-parasitic drug (Group MP), and (4) treatment only with antimalarials (Group M). The groups were observed for 30 days, with haemoglobin, ferritin, retinol and C reactive protein evaluated on days 0, 8 and 30 after treatment. Results. Mean values for the children at day 0 were as follows: hemoglobin 10.3±1.6 g/dL, retinol 19.1±6.0 μg/dL, C reactive protein 75±63 mg/L and ferritin 213±203 μg/L. On day 30 after treatment, hemoglobin and plasma retinol concentrations increased in 1.4±1.4 g/dL and 11.5±8.1 μg/dL, whereas the C reactive protein and ferritin concentrations decreased to 66±60 mg/L, and 184±203 μg/L, respectively. No statistically significant differences appeared among the groups. On day 8, significant differences between the groups were observed in hemoglobin concentrations Group MAP was higher when compared to other groups. Conclusion. On day 30, hemoglobin and retinol were high, whereas C reactive protein was low...

[Changes in retinol, hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in Colombian children with malaria]. / Cambios en las concentraciones de retinol, hemoglobina y ferritina en niños palúdicos colombianos.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria, anemia and intestinal parasitism can co-exist in certain populations of Colombian children. The effects of retinol supplementation and anti-intestinal parasite treatment in children with malaria is unknown. Changes after this treatment of with respect to hemoglobin, retinol, ferritin and C reactive protein levels have not been previously monitored. OBJECTIVE: The effect of simultaneous intervention with antimalarial, retinol supplementation and anti-intestinal parasites treatment will be monitored by examining levels of hemoglobin, ferritin, retinol and C reactive protein in children with malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A non-blind experimental study was conducted in 93 children with malaria, aged 4-10 years. Each was randomly allocated to one of the following groups: (1) treatment with antimalarial and retinol supplement (Group MA); (2) treatment with antimalarialretinol supplement and anti-parasitic drug (Group MAP); (3) treatment with antimalarial and antiparasitic drug (Group MP), and (4) treatment only with antimalarials (Group M). The groups were observed for 30 days, with haemoglobin, ferritin, retinol and C reactive protein evaluated on days 0, 8 and 30 after treatment. RESULTS: Mean values for the children at day 0 were as follows: hemoglobin 10.3 +/- 1.6 g/dL, retinol 19.1 +/- 6.0 microg/dL, C reactive protein 75 +/- 63 mg/L and ferritin 213 +/- 203 microg/L. On day 30 after treatment, hemoglobin and plasma retinol concentrations increased in 1.4 +/- 1.4 g/dL and 11.5 +/- 8.1 microg/dL, whereas the C reactive protein and ferritin concentrations decreased to 66 +/- 60 mg/L, and 184 +/- 203 microg/L, respectively. No statistically significant differences appeared among the groups. On day 8, significant differences between the groups were observed in hemoglobin concentrations Group MAP was higher when compared to other groups. CONCLUSION: On day 30, hemoglobin and retinol were high, whereas C reactive protein was low. Simultaneous administration of a retinol supplement and anti-parasite treatment prevented hemoglobin reduction observed on day 8 without changes in other variables.

Estado nutricional de niños palúdicos residentes en El Bagre y Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia, 2004-2005 / Nutritional status of children with malaria in northwest Colombia

Introducción. El paludismo, o malaria, y la desnutrición coexisten en las regiones más pobres del mundo. En las zonas colombianas donde el paludismo es endémico, la desnutrición también constituye un problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de desnutrición de niños palúdicos de 4 a 10 años de edad e identificar algunos de sus factores condicionantes. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 93 niños palúdicos de los municipios de Turbo y El Bagre, Antioquia, Colombia, participantes en un estudio experimental, balanceado, no ciego, para evaluar su respuesta al tratamiento antipalúdico administrado junto con un suplemento de vitamina A y antiparasitarios en dosis única. Al ingresar al estudio se evaluó el estado nutricional por antropometría y se realizó una encuesta sobre las condiciones sociales y económicas de las familias de estos niños. Resultados. La prevalencia de niños con desnutrición crónica moderada o grave fue de 22,6 por ciento; la de desnutrición global moderada o grave de 10,8 por ciento y la aguda de 2,3 por ciento. Las prevalencias fueron mayores entre varones y residentes en Turbo. Conclusiones. Las prevalencias de desnutrición fueron superiores a las reportadas en la última Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (2005), y en los residentes en Turbo fueron mayores a las encontradas en el Urabá antioqueño.

Introduction. Malaria and malnutrition coexist within the poorest regions of the world. In the regions of Colombia where malaria is endemic, malnutrition is also a public health problem. Objective. The prevalence of malnutrition in children with malaria was determined and several factors associated with malnutrition were identified. Materials and methods. A total of 93 children with malaria were included. They resided in the municipalities of Turbo and El Bagre (Antioquia, Colombia) and volunteered for an experimental, study to evaluate the outcome of an antimalarial treatment with a vitamin A supplement and an anti-intestinal parasite treatment administered as a single dose. At enrollment, the nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometry, and a survey questionnaire was administered about economic and social conditions of the family. Results. Prevalence of moderate or severe chronic malnutrition was 22.6%-10.8% of children had moderate or severe global malnutrition and 2.3% had acute malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition was higher in males and in children from Turbo. Conclusions. Prevalence of malnutrition was higher than previously reported by the National Health and Demography Survey (2005) and, in Turbo, the prevalence was higher than that reported for the rest of the Urabá region of Antioquia.

[Nutritional status of children with malaria in northwest Colombia]. / Estado nutricional de niños palúdicos residentes en El Bagre y Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia, 2004-2005.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria and malnutrition coexist within the poorest regions of the world. In the regions of Colombia where malaria is endemic, malnutrition is also a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of malnutrition in children with malaria was determined and several factors associated with malnutrition were identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 93 children with malaria were included. They resided in the municipalities of Turbo and El Bagre (Antioquia, Colombia) and volunteered for an experimental, study to evaluate the outcome of an antimalarial treatment with a vitamin A supplement and an anti-intestinal parasite treatment administered as a single dose. At enrollment, the nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometry, and a survey questionnaire was administered about economic and social conditions of the family. RESULTS: Prevalence of moderate or severe chronic malnutrition was 22.6%-10.8% of children had moderate or severe global malnutrition and 2.3% had acute malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition was higher in males and in children from Turbo. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of malnutrition was higher than previously reported by the National Health and Demography Survey (2005) and, in Turbo, the prevalence was higher than that reported for the rest of the Urabá region of Antioquia.