The Evolution of Endoscopic Prostate Enucleation: A historical perspective.

Here, we review the evolution of prostate enucleation in chronological order based on energy technology starting first with holmium laser, then bipolar electrocautery, followed by thulium laser and finally greenlight and diode laser enucleation of the prostate.

The burden of cancer in 25-29 year olds in New Zealand: a case for a wider adolescent and young adult age range?

AIMS: New Zealand currently defines the adolescent and young adult (AYA) group for cancer services as young people 12-24 years of age, while other countries favour a designation of 15-29 years. This study was undertaken to compare cancer incidence and survival among 25-29 year olds to New Zealand's younger AYA population and to assess survival for our 15-29 year population against international benchmarks. METHODS: Diagnostic and demographic information for cancer registrations between 2000 and 2009 for 25-29 year olds was obtained from the New Zealand Cancer Registry. Incidence rates (IR) and five-year relative survival estimates were calculated according to AYA diagnostic group/sub-group, sex and prioritised ethnicity. RESULTS: 1,541 new primary malignant cancers were diagnosed (IR: 588 per million). Five-year relative survival was 85%, but was significantly lower for Maori and Pacific peoples (both 77%) compared to non-Maori/non-Pacific peoples (88%). In the overall 15-29 year AYA cohort, disease-specific outcomes for bone tumours (46%) and breast cancer (64%) were inferior to international standards. CONCLUSION: New Zealand 25 to 29 year olds are at twice the risk of developing cancer as those 15-24 years. Given that the survival disparities identified were remarkably consistent with those for younger AYA, consideration should be given widening New Zealand's AYA age range.