[RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BULLYING AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS IN ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW]. / Relación entre bullying y conductas suicidas en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática.

Introduction: The relationship between bullying and adolescent suicidal behavior (SB) is manifested by high rates of attempted or committed suicide in victims of abuse. In spite of the importance of the topic, there are few studies that explain the details of the relationship between these variables, which makes it difficult to create effective interventions. The objective of this study was to provide a more detailed view about the relationship between bullying and SB. Method: Systematic review of literature including publications of bibliographic indexes, ScienceDirect and Pubmed using the terms "bullying" AND "suicidal behavior" AND "ado-lescents" AND "school harassment" AND "school mistreatment" and their corresponding in Spanish published from 2012 to 2018. Results: 21 articles of 272 initials that show the details of the relationship between bullying and suicidal behavior were included: age, gender, types and frequencies of victimization (verbal, physical, relational, cyberbullying, sexual and poly-victimization) and their relationship with variables of SB (ideation, planning, attempts and consummate suicide). Conclusions: Communicate that only receiving bullying results in SB minimizes the existence of other modulating factors and worsens the understanding of the relationship between phenomena leading to negligence in potential actions that could be carried out in intervention.

[Impulsivity and gender in adolescents who use psychoactive substances of higher prevalence (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis)]. / Impulsividad y género en adolescentes usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas de mayor prevalencia (alcohol, tabaco y cannabis).

The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between substance use and impulsivity according to gender as a moderating variable in a sample of Argentine students. Three hundred ninety students were evaluated using a sociodemographic and clinical ad hoc questionnaire; the ASSIST test and the Barratt scale were used to detect substance use and impulsiveness levels respectively. Equal percentages of men and women use alcohol and tobacco; a greater proportion of men use cannabis. Impulsivity levels are higher among teenagers who use substances. Women who use substances (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) are more impulsive than male users, specifically from the motor point of view. The relationship between impulsivity and substance use is confirmed, gender issues could mediate this relationship and underlying biological mechanisms; these findings will allow a differential gender approach to be established regarding drug prevention and treatment.

Actividad física y su relación con la inteligencia emocional y el bullying en niños y adolescentes escolarizados / Relationship between physical activity and emotional intelligence and bullying among school children / Atividade física e seu relacionamento com a inteligência emocional e o bullying em crianças e adolescentes escolarizados

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el nivel de actividad física en niños, niñas y adolescentes y su relación con la inteligencia emocional y el bullying. Estudio de corte transversal en 991 niños, niñas y adolescentes entre 7 y 17 años de edad de 16 escuelas públicas de la ciudad; se aplicó el Cuestionario de Actividad Física para niños escolares y el Cuestionario de Actividad Física para Adolescentes; la Lista de Chequeo: Mi Vida en la Escuela para determinar los índices de bullying y general de agresión, el riesgo de bullying y conductas positivas y negativas; y el TMMS-24, para evaluar la atención, claridad y reparación emocional. La relación entre los niveles de actividad física, el bullying y la inteligencia emocional se realizó a través de un análisis de regresión logística binaria. El 65.4% de los participantes tienen bajos niveles de actividad física; el Índice de bullying fue del 55.6%. Los estudiantes que no realizan actividad física de manera regular tienen mayor probabilidad de ser víctima de acoso escolar [OR 1.3 (IC 95%: 1.1-1.6)], de agresión general [OR 1.4 (IC 95%: 1.1-1.8)] y de bajo control de sus sentimientos en las mujeres [OR 1.6 (IC 95%: 1.1-2.5)]. Los estudiantes que no realizan actividad física de manera regular tienen mayor probabilidad de ser víctimas de acoso escolar, bullying y agresión general. La inclusión de la actividad física en los programas preventivos del acoso y violencia escolar es un imperativo en los colegios estudiados

This work aims to determine the relationship between the level of physical activity in children, emotional intelligence, and bullying. A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted on 991 children, and adolescents between ages seven and 17 years from a sample of 16 public schools in Barranquilla, Colombia. the participants completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for children and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for adolescents, along with the My Life at School questionnaire to determine the indexes of bullying and general aggression, the risk of bullying, and positive and negative behaviors. The Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 was used to evaluate attention, clarity, and emotional repair ability. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship among levels of physical activity, bullying, and emotional intelligence. A total of 65.4% of the participants had low levels of physical activity. The Bullying index was 55.6%. The students who did not regularly engage in physical activity had a higher probability of being victims of school harassment [OR 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1-1.6)] and higher levels of general aggression [OR 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1-1.8)]. Furthermore, the females who did not regularly engage in physical activity reported having less control of their feelings [OR 1.6 (95% CI: 1.1-2.5)]. The results indicate that physical activity should be encouraged in schools to prevent bullying and violence

El objeto do presente estudo é determinar o nivel de atividade física em crianças e adolescentes e seu relacionamento com a inteligencia emocional e o bullying. Estudo de corte transversal em 991 crianças e adolescentes entre 7 y 17 años de idade de 16 escolas públicas da ciudade; Foi aplicado O Teste de Atividade Física para escolares e O teste de Atividade Física para Adolescentes; a lista de revisão: Minha Vida na Escola para determinar os índices de bullying e geral de agressão,o risco de bullying e condutas positivas e negativas; e o TMMS-24, para evaluar a atenção, claridade e reparação emocional. A relação entre os níveis de atividade física, o bullying e a inteligencia emocional foi feita a través de um análise de regresão logística binaria. O 65.4% dos participantes tem baixos níveis de atividade física; O Índice de bullying foi do 55.6%. Os estudiantes que nao fazem actividade física regularmente tem maior probabilidade de ser vítima de assédio escolar [OR 1.3 (IC 95%: 1.1-1.6)], de agressão geral [OR 1.4 (IC 95%: 1.1-1.8)] e de baixo control de seus sentimientos nas mulheres [OR 1.6 (IC 95%: 1.1-2.5)]. Os estudiantes que nao fazem atividade física de manera regular tem maior probabilidade de ser vítimas de assédio escolar, bullying e agressão geral. A inclusão da atividade física nos programas preventivos de assédioe violencia escolar é um imperativo nas escolas estudadas

Validación de un instrumento para medir el desarrollo moral en el contexto de situaciones relacionadas con la corrupción / Validation of an instrument for measuring moral development in the context of situations related to corruption

Resumen Objetivo: Este artículo presenta la validación de una adaptación del Defining Issues Test, versión corta (DIT-SF) para medir el desarrollo moral en torno a la corrupción. Método: La muestra fue de 232 estudiantes universitarios de varias profesiones y niveles con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 33 años de ambos géneros. El instrumento validado (DIT-C) tiene 3 subescalas donde cada una corresponde con un dilema y unos ítems asociados de la cual se obtiene una puntuación. Resultados: 1. Existen correlaciones significativas entre las 3 subescalas del DIT-C. 2. Todas las subescalas explican un porcentaje de la varianza y, 3. La validación externa con otro instrumento de desarrollo moral presentó correlaciones estadísticamente significativas. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.809. Conclusiones: el DIT-C es un instrumento para medir la expectativa individual propia de la corrupción que cumple con varias de las condiciones mínimas de confiabilidad y validez para medir el desarrollo moral en torno a la corrupción.

Abstract Objective: This paper presents the validation of an adaptation of the Defining Issues Test, short version (DIT-SF), to measure the moral development around corruption. Method: The sample was 232 university students of various professions and levels between the ages of 15 and 33 of both genders. The validated instrument (DIT-C) has 3 subscales where each one corresponds with a dilemma and associated items from which a score is obtained. Results: The results indicate that: 1There are significant correlations between the 3 subscales of the DIT-C, 2All subscales explain a percentage of the variance and, 3External validation with another instrument of moral development presented statistically significant correlations. Cronbach's alpha was 0.809. Conclusions: The DIT-C is an instrument to measure the individual expectation of corruption that meets several of the minimum conditions of reliability and validity to measure the moral development around corruption.

[Validation of Q-PAD: Questionnaire for the assessment of psychopathology in adolescent colombian sample]. / Validación del Q-PAD: cuestionario para la evaluación de psicopatología en adolescentes.

The main objective of this study was to contribute to the validation of the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Psychopathology in Adolescents (Q-PAD) in a nonclinical sample of Colombian adolescents. The sample consisted of 559 students of a center of public secondary education. Correlations between 9 Q-PAD subscales were significant and positive, except for the self-esteem subscale. The internal structure of each scale showed an essentially unidimensional structure, except for the Psychosocial Risk subscale. The internal consistency for the subscales ranged between 0.78 and 0.91 (McDonald's omega). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a solution of 6 factors. A good external validity between the Q-PAD Family Problems subscale and the three subscales of Interpersonal Relations Scale (ERI) was observed. The results indicate that scores of Q-PAD have an appropriate psychometric support and this instrument would allow screening for psychosocial and mental health problems in Colombian adolescents in an efficient, easy, fast and non-invasive way.

Estilos de vida saludables de niños, niñas y adolescentes / Healthy lifestyles of children and adolescents

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los estilos de vida saludables de niños, niñas y adolescentes de Barranquilla. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 991 niños, niñas y adolescentes. Se evaluó la actividad física mediante los cuestionarios de Actividad Física para Adolescentes y para niños escolares; se aplicó una encuesta que midió los conocimientos y prácticas de los escolares sobre salud bucal, lavado de manos, consumo de frutas y verduras y cuidado postural; la Lista de Chequeo "Mi Vida en la Escuela", la cual evalúa los índices de "bullying" y agresión; y la inteligencia emocional a través dela escala TMMS-24. Resultados: El 65,4 % se categoriza como inactivos físicamente. Solo el 14,7% de los estudiantes reconoce que el peso máximo del bolso es el 10 % de su peso corporal; el 34,1 % cambia el cepillo de dientes cada 3 meses, como lo recomiendan los expertos, y 48,4 % se cepilla los dientes entre 2 y 3 veces al día. El 16,6 % no se lava las manos antes y después de ir al baño y 9,4 % no lo hace antes y después de las comidas; el 17,5 % no tiene un buen consumo de verduras y frutas; y se encontró un Índice de "bullying" en el 55,6 % de los participantes. Conclusión: Los anteriores resultados obligan a plantear intervenciones que incrementen las prácticas saludables en niños, niñas y adolescentes.

Abstract Objective: To describe the healthy lifestyles of children and adolescents in Barranquilla. Materials and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study in 991 children and adolescents. Physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and school children; a survey that measured the knowledge and practices of school oral health, hand washing, eating fruits and vegetables and postural care was applied; the Checklist "My Life in School", which evaluates rates bullying and aggression; and emotional intelligence through the TMMS-24 scale. Results: The 65.4% were categorized as physically inactive. Only 14.7 % of students recognize that the maximum weight of the bag is 10% of their body weight; 34.1% change the toothbrush every three months as recommended by experts and 48,4% % brushes his teeth between 2 and 3 times a day; 16.6 % do not wash their hands before and after using the toilet and 9.4 % do not have before and after meals; 17.5 % have a good intake of vegetables and fruits; Index bullying and was found in 55.6 % of participants. Conclusion: The above results raise require interventions that increase healthy practices in children and adolescents.

Cannabis: A cognitive illusion / Cannabis: una ilusión cognitiva

Abstract Introduction: The vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug. This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug. Objective: To compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. Method: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an ad-hoc questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences. Results : The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13.5%. The prevalence group consisted mostly of males. Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found. The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory, other cognitive functions, neurons, mental health, and general health. The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis, and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis, and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain, increasing creativity and is used to cure mental diseases. Conclusions: Those who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed. In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it.

Resumen Introducción: La visión del cannabis como una droga blanda responde a una baja percepción de riesgo que jóvenes y adultos tienen de la droga; esta percepción se funda en creencias erróneas acerca de la droga. Objetivo: Comparar las creencias acerca del cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias en adolescentes con prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis y aquellos sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal que evaluó una muestra probabilística de 156 estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria con un instrumento ad-hoc que incluyó datos sociodemográficos y 22 preguntas acerca de las creencias que tienen los jóvenes sobre cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias. Resultados: Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes grupos y las diferentes creencias. El grupo sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe mayor riesgo del daño que puede ocasionar el cannabis en la memoria, otras funciones cognitivas, las neuronas, la salud mental y la salud general. El grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe menos riesgo del uso de cannabis y piensa que la gente inteligente fuma cannabis, que el cannabis tiene efectos positivos para el cerebro, que aumenta la creatividad y que se utiliza para curar enfermedades mentales. Conclusiones: Quienes consumieron cannabis alguna vez en la vida perciben el uso de la sustancia como menos nocivo o con menor potencial de peligrosidad para la salud que quienes nunca consumieron. De hecho quienes consumieron alguna vez incluso tienen creencias que sugieren efectos positivos en los seres humanos que consumen.

[Cannabis: A Cognitive Illusion]. / Cannabis: una ilusión cognitiva.

INTRODUCTION: The vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug. This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug. OBJECTIVE: To compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. METHOD: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an ad-hoc questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13.5%. The prevalence group consisted mostly of males. Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found. The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory, other cognitive functions, neurons, mental health, and general health. The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis, and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis, and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain, increasing creativity. and is used to cure mental diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Those who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed. In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it.

[Belief system regarding Cannabis, its use and consequences: Users versus non-users in colombian university students]. / Sistema de creencias en relación al cannabis, su uso y consecuencias: consumidores versus no consumidores de una población de universitarios colombianos.

Descriptive and comparative study of cross-sectional that had as objective to evaluate and compare the beliefs about cannabis, its use and potential consequences between two groups of Colombian university students, matched by gender and age. The frst group consisted of ordinary consumers of cannabis (n=35) the second group consisted of students that have never tried cannabis (n=35). The results showed that the group of consumers presents a moderate risk of abuse and only the 20% fulflled dependence criteria. Furthermore, the non-consumers group was mostly agree about that the marijuana use: damages the memory, deteriorates the cognitive functions, creates dependency, can affect the neurons and mental health. Also, it can lead to legal problems, it is a harmful drug for the health, it affects the academic performance, it creates problems with the family, friends, couple and the like, it reduces the driving ability, and, that the marijuana that is sold in the street is always pure. The consumer group, instead, agreed that smoking tobacco affects the lungs more than smoking marijuana. Marijuana has a positive in?uence on the brain, it increases the creativity, and it is less damaging than alcohol and tobacco. Smart people smoke marijuana and it has medicinal effects. In conclusion, according to the kind of beliefs that they have about this drug, the cannabis consumers would have a decreased perception of risk in relation to the potential risk that the consumption brings from two points of view: a. They minimize the real risks of consuming and, b. They attribute some benefts and virtues to the cannabis. The kind of beliefs that the consumer have are maybe in?uenced, at least, in part, for experiences of family and other consumers and, furthermore, the reinforcement of the same consume.

Prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis y rendimiento académico en adolescentes / Lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and academic performance in adolescents

Objetivo: Esta investigación compara y establece las diferencias en la prevalencia de vida (consumo alguna vez en la vida) y no prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis sobre el rendimiento académico en adolescentes escolarizados. Método: En este estudio descriptivo de corte transversal se seleccionó una muestra probabilística de 156 estudiantes y fueron evaluados con una prueba ad hoc de autopercepción. Las técnicas estadísticas utilizadas fueron análisis de frecuencia, descriptivos, t- student, U de Mann Whitney y Chi². Resultados: Los resultados señalan diferencias entre los grupos de prevalencia de uso de cannabis y no prevalencia de uso de cannabis en el número de cursos repetidos, días castigados en el último mes, la nota promedio del último mes, problemas escolares y la preocupación por estos, y dificultades para controlar el comportamiento en los últimos seis meses. No hubo diferencias en la comparación entre hombres y mujeres del grupo de prevalencia de uso de cannabis. Se confirma que el cannabis afecta el rendimiento académico desde algunos factores específicos que afectan por igual a hombres y mujeres. Conclusión: Se concluye que entre el grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis hay más repetidores, a su vez, han repetido más cursos, han recibido más castigo en el colegio, tienen calificaciones más bajas, han tenido más problemas escolares y han estado más preocupados respecto a estos, y una mayor dificultad en controlar el comportamiento. En relación con el género no hay diferencias en las consecuencias sobre el rendimiento académico después de probar cannabis.

Objective: This research compares and establishes the differences in the prevalence of life (consumption ever in life) and no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use on academic performance in school adolescents. Method: In this descriptive and cross sectional study 156 students were probabilistically selected and evaluated with an ad-hoc auto-perception test. The techniques used were frequency analysis, descriptive, student t, Mann Whitney and Chi2. Results: The results show differences between groups in the prevalence of cannabis use and no prevalence of cannabis in the number of repeated courses, days punished in the past month, the average of the last month note, school problems and concern for these and difficulty controlling behavior in the past six months. There were no differences in the comparison between men and women in the group prevalence of cannabis use. It confirms that cannabis affects academic performance from some specific factors that affect both men and women. Conclusion: It is concluded that the group of lifetime prevalence of cannabis use more repeaters in turn have repeated more courses, have received more punishment in school, they have lower grades, have more problems in school and have been more worried about these, and greater difficulty in controlling behavior, and that there are no gender-related differences in the effects on academic performance after trying cannabis.

Relación entre Autoestima y Autonomía Funcional en Función del Apoyo Social en Adultos Institucionalizados de la Tercera Edad / Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Functional Autonomy in Elderly Adults in Vulnerable Conditions

En este artículo se establece la relación entre autoestima y autonomía funcional en una muestra de ancianos institucionalizados en función del apoyo social externo. Los participantes fueron 30 ancianos entre 67 y 93 años de ambos géneros, que en promedio llevan cinco años viviendo en un asilo de ancianos. Para medir la autoestima, se utilizó la escala de Rosenberg (2007) y para medir la autonomía funcional, el índice de Barthel (1993). Los resultados confirman que existe una relación entre la autoestima y autonomía funcional, y que la capacidad de desplazamiento sin ayuda externa es un factor determinante de la autoestima. Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la autoestima en lo que respecta al apoyo social representado en visitas externas. Se concluyó que el factor determinante de la autoestima en ancianos institucionalizados es la autonomía funcional relacionada con el desplazamiento sin ayuda antes que el apoyo social externo.

This paper aims to establish a relationship between self-esteem and functional autonomy. 30 elderly participants between 67 and 93 years old of both sexes who spent 5 years living in a nursing home were sampled. To measure their functional autonomy, the Rosenber Scale (2007) was used self-esteem, the Barthel index (1993). The results confirm that there is a relationship between self-esteem and functional autonomy, and the ability to move without external assistance is a determinant factor of self-esteem. Conversely, significant differences were not found in self-esteem related to the social support represented by outpatient visits. It was concluded that the determinant factor for elderly self-esteem is their functional autonomy related to movement without help, rather than external social support.