El Inventario de Evaluación de da Personalidad (Pai): Una Revisión Sistemática Sobre Su Uso En El Contexto Legal / The Personality Assessment Inventory (Pai): A Systematic Review Of Its Use In The Legal Field

Este estudio bibliométrico analiza la evidencia disponible sobre el uso del Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI, Morey, 1991) en contextos legales, tanto en muestras de personas imputadas y condenadas, como en víctimas y demandantes. Siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA-P se identificaron 131 artículos. La productividad se concentra en un número limitado de autores, instituciones, países y revistas. La mayoría de artículos emplean el PAI para analizar características de personalidad y psicopatológicas o las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento en muestras de hombres de mediana edad en prisiones de Estados Unidos y Canadá. Investigaciones con el PAI en muestras de víctimas, en mujeres y en contextos legales del mundo de habla hispana surgen como prometedoras áreas de vacancia. Su desarrollo dependerá en gran parte de la capacidad cooperativa que logren las instituciones jurídicas, penitenciarias y de seguridad con los grupos de investigación. (AU)

This systematic review study summarizes the available evidence on the use of the Personality Assessment Inventory in legal contexts, both with samples composed of accused and convicted persons, as well as with victims and plaintiffs. Following the PRISMA-P protocol, 131 articles that met the eligibility criteria were analyzed according to the subjects and psychometric properties investigated. Productivity was concentrated in a limited number of authors, institutions, countries, and journals. Most of the articles refer to the use of the PAI to analyze general personality and sychopathological characteristics, or psychometric properties of the instrument, in samples of middle-aged men in prisons in the United States and Canada. Research studies that use the PAI in samples of victims and women, and in Spanish-speaking legal contexts, emerge from this review as promising areas for future investigation. The development of these areas depends to a large extent on the cooperative capacity that legal, correctional, and security services achieve with academic research groups. (AU)

Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente: Invarianza factorial entre géneros y relación con la violencia de pareja / Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Factorial invariance by gender and relation with intimate partner violence

La Teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente propone que el sexismo es un constructo multidimensional compuesto por dos tipos de creencias sexistas, unas de carácter hostil y otras de tipo benevolente. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar la estructura factorial del instrumento derivado de esta teoría, su invarianza factorial entre géneros y su relación con la violencia de pareja. Mediante un formulario en internet, 745 participantes de ambos sexos de población general de Argentina, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 45 años, respondieron el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) (Glick & Fiske, 1996). El ISA demostró puntuaciones y una estructura factorial invariantes entre hombres y mujeres. La relación entre las puntuaciones en el ISA y la violencia de pareja varió en función del tipo de violencia considerado (amenazas vs. violencia física) y el género del miembro de la pareja. Las puntuaciones en Sexismo Hostil fueron mayores en las mujeres que ejercieron violencia física comparadas con otras mujeres, pero no en los hombres. También fueron superiores en quienes sufrieron esta conducta, tanto hombres como mujeres. Se discuten las implicancias de estos resultados a la luz de estudios previos que emplean el ISA, principalmente en población de habla hispana.

The Ambivalent Sexism Theory proposes that sexism is a multidimensional construct composed of two types of sexist beliefs, on the one hand, hostile and, on the other hand, benevolent. The first refers to negative attitudes towards women as weak and inferior to men, and the second refers to the set of sexist attitudes towards women considering them stereotyped and limited to certain roles (i.e. mother, wife, and housewife). The main objective of this study was to analyse the factor structure and factorial invariance by gender of the instrument derived from this theory and its concurrent validity with a measure of intimate partner physical violence. Another objective of the study was to establish comparisons in ISA scores by gender and cross-culturally. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) (Glick & Fiske, 1996) was answered through an online form by 745 participants of both sexes from an Argentinean general population sample aged between 18 and 45 years old. By means of a confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis the data in this sample showed a good adjustment to the ASI structure proposed by its authors, this is a one-dimensional factor (SH) and three subfactors (protective paternalism, complementary gender differentiation and heterosexual intimacy) that make up the second-order factor SB. This factorial structure remained invariant when discriminating between men and women. The correlation between both factors was robust and significant (r = .68) both in the general sample, and differentiating by gender. The reliability of the factors and subfactors was between a moderate and high level (α = .62 to .91). No significant differences were found between men and women in the mean scores of the ASI factors and subfactors. Approximately 1 in 3 subjects reported having perpetrated or suffered intimate partner physical violence. In general terms, those who have perpetrated or have suffered violence had higher scores in SH and SB that those who did not, but this effect was only significant in the case of women. The relationships found between ASI scores and intimate partner physical violence varied by gender and violence directionality (suffered or perpetrated). The ASI scores were lower in countries close to Argentina probably due to a sample mainly composed by young women with a high education level. Our results support the idea that ambivalent sexism is an invariable transcultural construct between men and women, and that the ISA is avalid and reliable measure in the Argentine population. The limitations of results are discussed and the implications are analyses in light of previous studies using the ASI, mainly in Spanish-speaking population.

Development and validation of an Argentine set of facial expressions of emotion.

Pictures of facial expressions of emotion are used in a wide range of experiments. The last decade has seen an increase in the number of studies presenting local sets of emotion stimuli. However, only a few existing sets contain pictures of Latin Americans, despite the growing attention emotion research is receiving in this region. Here we present the development and validation of the Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Expresiones de Emociones Faciales (UNCEEF), a Facial Action Coding System (FACS)-verified set of pictures of Argentineans expressing the six basic emotions, plus neutral expressions. FACS scores, recognition rates, Hu scores, and discrimination indices are reported. Evidence of convergent validity was obtained using the Pictures of Facial Affect in an Argentine sample. However, recognition accuracy was greater for UNCEEF. The importance of local sets of emotion pictures is discussed.

Estudio bibliométrico de publicaciones científicas que utilizan pruebas de reconocimiento de emociones faciales / A bibliometric study of the scientific publications that use facial emotion recognition test

El trabajo se enmarca dentro de la perspectiva evolucionista, la cual sostiene la existencia de emociones universales, enfatizando el estudio de su expresión facial y su reconocimiento. Si bien la creación del sistema FACS en 1978 por Ekman impulsó la construcción de instrumentos de evaluación del reconocimiento de emociones faciales, actualmente no existen pruebas locales que midan dicha habilidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue la realización de un análisis bibliométrico de investigaciones científicas publicadas entre 1976 y agosto de 2011 que utilizan pruebas de reconocimiento de emociones faciales. Este proceso de sistematización de los documentos brinda visibilidad sobre el estado actual de la ciencia en relación a dichas pruebas. Se analizaron los indicadores de productividad, colaboración, índice h y análisis de materia. Éstos evidenciaron un crecimiento sistemático cada vez más pronunciado en la utilización de investigaciones en el reconocimiento de emociones faciales. Estas utilizan fotografías tales como el POFA y el JACFEE en población adulta de ambos sexos, adquiriendo relevancia el estudio de patologías, principalmente la esquizofrenia. Estos resultados, a su vez, podrán utilizarse como fundamento para posteriores proyectos de investigación que aporten al progreso de la ciencia

This work is in line with the evolutionary theory, which supports the existence of basic and universal emotions, stress the study of his facial expression and his recognition. Though the development of FACS in 1978for Ekman motivated the creation of facial emotion recognition test, there is not in Argentine test that measure the above mentioned ability. The aim of this study was carry out a bibliometric study of the scientific publications that use facial emotion recognition tests published between 1976 and August, 2011. This process of systematizing offers visibility on the current condition of the science in relation to the above mentioned tests, constituting the first step for the development of a local test. In effect, there were analyzed the productivity, scientific collaboration, hindex and matter analysis indicators. These demonstrated a systematic growth increasingly in researches in facial emotions recognition. These studies use photographs as the POFA and the JACFEE in adult population of both male and female sexes, becomes more relevant the study of pathologies, mainly the schizophrenia. These results, in turn, will be able to be in use as base for successive research projects that contribute to the progress of the science

Análisis factorial confirmatorio del NEO-FFI utilizando parcelización de ítems y método bootstrap / Análise fatorial confirmatória do NEO-FFI utilizando parcelização de itens e método bootstrap / Confirmatory factor analysis of NEO-FFI using item parceling and bootstrap method

La teoría de los cinco grandes factores (FFM) constituye actualmente uno de los modelos teóricos de mayor aceptación en el estudio de la personalidad. En argentina se cuenta con la versión española de un instrumento que permite medir los 5 grandes factores, el NEO-PIR y su versión abreviada, el NEO-FFI. El presente trabajo se propuso realizar un análisis factorial confirmatorio en una muestra de 396 estudiantes universitarios argentinos a los fines de evaluar la estructura factorial del NEO-FFI. Asimismo se complementó el análisis con métodos de parcelización de ítems y con bootstrap. Se observó que el modelo construido con parcelas estadísticas y que contempla a los factores como oblicuos, si bien presentaron los mejores índices de ajuste en comparación al resto de los modelos evaluados, no fueron óptimas. Finalmente se sugieren estudios adicionales para mejorar el funcionamiento de algunos ítems, especialmente los del factor Amabilidad.

A teoria dos cinco grandes fatores (FFM) constitui atualmente um dos modelos teóricos de maior aceitação no estudo da personalidade. Na Argentina, se usa a versão espanhola de um instrumento que permite medir os 5 grandes fatores, o NEOPIR e sua versão abreviada, o NEO-FFI. O presente trabalho se propôs a realizar uma análise fatorial confirmatória em uma amostra de 396 estudantes universitários argentinos para avaliar a estrutura fatorial do NEO-FFI. A análise foi complementada com métodos de parcelização de itens e com bootstrap. Observou-se que o modelo construído com parcelas estatísticas e que contempla os fatores como oblíquos, embora tenha apresentado os melhores índices de ajuste em comparação ao resto dos modelos avaliados, não foram ótimas. Finalmente, são sugeridos estudos adicionais para melhorar o funcionamento de alguns itens, especialmente os do fator Amabilidade.

The Five Factor Model represents currently one of the biggest developments in the study of the personality. In Argentina, there is the spanish version of an instrument which allows assess the five big factors, the NEO-PIR and his abbreviated version, the NEO-FFI. The present study has proposed to carry out a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 396 argentine university students to evaluate the factor structure of the NEO-FFI. Also the analysis was complemented with item parceling methods and bootstrap. It was observed that the model built with statistics parcels and that considers the factors as oblique, although having higher rates of adjustment, these are not optimal. Finally, further studies are suggested to improve the performance of some items, especially those of the Amiability factor.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio del NEO-FFI utilizando parcelización de ítems y método bootstrap / Análise fatorial confirmatória do NEO-FFI utilizando parcelização de itens e método bootstrap / Confirmatory factor analysis of NEO-FFI using item parceling and bootstrap method

La teoría de los cinco grandes factores (FFM) constituye actualmente uno de los modelos teóricos de mayor aceptación en el estudio de la personalidad. En argentina se cuenta con la versión española de un instrumento que permite medir los 5 grandes factores, el NEO-PIR y su versión abreviada, el NEO-FFI. El presente trabajo se propuso realizar un análisis factorial confirmatorio en una muestra de 396 estudiantes universitarios argentinos a los fines de evaluar la estructura factorial del NEO-FFI. Asimismo se complementó el análisis con métodos de parcelización de ítems y con bootstrap. Se observó que el modelo construido con parcelas estadísticas y que contempla a los factores como oblicuos, si bien presentaron los mejores índices de ajuste en comparación al resto de los modelos evaluados, no fueron óptimas. Finalmente se sugieren estudios adicionales para mejorar el funcionamiento de algunos ítems, especialmente los del factor Amabilidad.(AU)

A teoria dos cinco grandes fatores (FFM) constitui atualmente um dos modelos teóricos de maior aceitação no estudo da personalidade. Na Argentina, se usa a versão espanhola de um instrumento que permite medir os 5 grandes fatores, o NEOPIR e sua versão abreviada, o NEO-FFI. O presente trabalho se propôs a realizar uma análise fatorial confirmatória em uma amostra de 396 estudantes universitários argentinos para avaliar a estrutura fatorial do NEO-FFI. A análise foi complementada com métodos de parcelização de itens e com bootstrap. Observou-se que o modelo construído com parcelas estatísticas e que contempla os fatores como oblíquos, embora tenha apresentado os melhores índices de ajuste em comparação ao resto dos modelos avaliados, não foram ótimas. Finalmente, são sugeridos estudos adicionais para melhorar o funcionamento de alguns itens, especialmente os do fator Amabilidade.(AU)

The Five Factor Model represents currently one of the biggest developments in the study of the personality. In Argentina, there is the spanish version of an instrument which allows assess the five big factors, the NEO-PIR and his abbreviated version, the NEO-FFI. The present study has proposed to carry out a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 396 argentine university students to evaluate the factor structure of the NEO-FFI. Also the analysis was complemented with item parceling methods and bootstrap. It was observed that the model built with statistics parcels and that considers the factors as oblique, although having higher rates of adjustment, these are not optimal. Finally, further studies are suggested to improve the performance of some items, especially those of the Amiability factor.(AU)