Matrix metalloproteinase 9 polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with systemic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that involves multiple organs and is characterized by persistent systemic inflammation. Among the effects of inflammatory mediators, the induction of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be important in the development of SLE. In this study, the possible association between MMP-9 and MMP-2 functional promoter polymorphism, stress, and inflammatory markers with development of severe cardiovascular disease (CVD), high blood pressure (HBP), and lupus nephropathy (LN) in SLE patients was investigated. The present case-control study consisted of 109 SLE patients with and without CVD, HBP and LN and 101 gender- and age-matched unrelated healthy controls from a population in western Iran. MMP-2 -G1575A and MMP-9 -C1562T polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP, serum MMP-2 and MMP-9, neopterin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid levels were determined by ELISA, HPLC and enzyme assay, respectively. We found that MMP-9 -C1562 T and MMP-2 -G1575A alleles act synergistically to increase the risk of SLE by 2.98 times (p = 0.015). Findings of this study also demonstrated that there is a significant increase in the serum levels of MMP-2, neopterin and MDA and a significant decrease in serum level of MMP-9 in the presence of MMP-9-C1562 T and MMP-2 -G1575A alleles in SLE patients compared to controls. Further, SLE patients with MMP-9 (C/T + T/T) genotype had significantly higher serum concentrations of MMP-2, neopterin, MDA and LDL-C, but lower serum MMP-9 and HDL-C levels than corresponding members of the control group. MMP-9 (C/T + T/T) genotype increased risk of hypertension in SLE patients 2.71-fold. This study for the first time not only suggests that MMP-9 -C1562 T and MMP-2 -G1575A alleles synergistically increase the risk of SLE but also high serum levels of MDA, neopterin, and circulatory levels of MMP-2 and lower MMP-9 in SLE patients. This information may be important in the evaluation of SLE progression and in the elucidation of the mechanisms of the disease pathogenesis.

Synergistic effects of BuChE non-UU phenotype and paraoxonase (PON1) 55 M allele on the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: influence on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and oxidative stress, preliminary report.

There is some evidence indicating lipid peroxidation can affect progression of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) are two major bioscavenger enzymes that are associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Hyperlipidemia, increase in lipid oxidation reactions and defects in antioxidant status may lead to increased oxidative stress and high frequency of CVDs in SLE. It has also been suggested that deficiency in the function of the antioxidant system and an increase in reactive oxygen release (ROS) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE. This study is the first investigation to examine the association of BuChE phenotypes, PON1 (L55M; PON-55-M) polymorphism, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), neopterin, lipid-lipoprotein and activities of BuChE and arylesterase activity (ARE) of PON with severity of SLE. The present case-control study consisted of 109 SLE patients and 101 gender- and age-matched, unrelated healthy control subjects from the population of west Iran. We found that the PON-55-M allele and BuChE non-UU act synergistically to increase the risk of SLE by 2.5 times (1.03-6.7, p = 0.044). There was a significant negative correlation between severity of SLE with serum BuChE activity (R = -0.31, p < 0.001) and positive correlation with serum neopterin level. The SLE patients with the PON-55-M (M/L + M/M) allele or with BuChE non-UU phenotype had significantly lower serum ARE and BuChE activities than those with PON-55-L/L or BuChE-UU phenotypes, respectively. In addition, their serum levels of MDA, neopterin and LDL-C were significantly elevated, suggesting that these individuals are more susceptible to CVD. However, further studies are needed to shed more light on the contribution of the M allele of PON1 and non-UU phenotypes of BuChE in the development of SLE in different ethnicities.

Methylentetrahydrofolatereductase (rs1801133) polymorphism and psoriasis: contribution to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and correlation with vascular adhesion protein 1, preliminary report.

BACKGROUND: Psoriatic patients are at greater risk of oxidative stress and inflammation which is associated with abnormal plasma lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation.There is not any information about the clinical significance of relation between methylentetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR) 677-T allele with malondialdehyde (MDA), lipids, apolipoproteins and vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) partakes in the migration process of lymphocytes into sites of inflammation. OBJECTIVES: This study is the first investigation to examine the association of MTHFR (rs1801133) C677T polymorphism, serum level of MDA, VAP-1, lipid-lipoprotein and apolipoproteins with the risk of psoriasis. METHODS: The present case-control study consisted of 100 psoriatic patients and 100 gender- and age-matched unrelated healthy controls from west population of Iran. MTHFR-C677T (rs1801133) polymorphisms were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), VAP-1 by ELISA, apolipoproteins by immunoprecipitation, lipid and apolipoproteins by spectrophotometery and MDA by HPLC. RESULTS: We found that dominant/recessive model (CC + CT/TT) and T allele of MTHFR-677 alleles significantly 7.45 and 1.76 times increased risk of psoriasis, respectively. The psoriasis patients with MTHFR-677-T (C/T + T/T) allele had significantly higher serum MDA, VAP-1 and apolipoproteinsAPOB concentrations and ratio of APOB/APOA1 than the control subjects.The MTHFR-677-T allele frequencies in psoriasis patients were significantly higher than that in control group (28.5% vs. 18.5%; P = 0.018).We found a significant positive correlation between VAP-1 with MDA (P = 0.047) and LP (a) (P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that the psoriasis patients with MTHFR-677-T (C/T + T/T) allele had higher serum levels of MDA, VAP-1, APOB and ratio of APOB/APOA1 and dominant/recessive model (CC+CT/TT) and T allele of MTHFR-677 are significantly more common in psoriasis and increased risk of psoriasis by 7.45 and 1.76 fold, respectively. These data suggest that psoriasis patients carrying of TT genotypes and T allele of MTHFR-677 may be more susceptible to cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction.