[Micro- and ultrastructural characteristics of liver and nuclear endonuclease activity in hepatocytes after the combined exposure to industrial frequency magnetic field and continuous illumination].

The effects of combined action of the industrial frequency magnetic field (MF) and continuous illumination (CI) on microcirculation, ultrastructural features of liver cells and apoptosis were studied in Wistar rats (n=56). It was found that in the liver of rats exposed to MF, CI and CI+MF for 14 days, parenchyma relative area was reduced, and that occupied by the sinusoidal capillaries was increased together with the liver vascularization coefficient. Combined exposure resulted in most pronounced ultrastructural changes (plasma membrane lysis in hepatocytes and endothelial cells, doubling of osmiophilic layers in tight intercellular junctions). Hepatocytes revealed condensed cytoplasm, mitochondria with electron-dense matrix, nuclear chromatin disintegration and nucleolar compaction. Hepatocyte intranuclear endonucleases were activated.

Ultrastructural and stereological analysis of walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells at various stages of their differentiation.

Ultrastructural and stereological study of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells implanted into the femoral muscle of Wistar rats was performed. Two types of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells were distinguished and their ultrastructural analysis was carried out. Five differentiation stages were described for each of the two cell types. Differentiation of carcinosarcoma cells was associated with a decrease of the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, enlargement of the cell, and hyperplasia of granular cytoplasmic reticulum elements, fixed ribosomes, and mitochondria. Differences in the ultrastructure of the two cell types at similar differentiation stages were detected.

[Morphological characteristic of labyrinthine zone of rat allantoic placenta after exposure to vibration of industrial frequency].

The labyrinthine zone of allantoic placenta was studied after dosated exposure to vibration. The study was carried out in pregnant female Wistar rats (n=68). Rats were subjected to short-term vibration from Day 9 to Day 13 and long-term vibration from the Day 9 to Day 18 of pregnancy (taking into account embryogenesis periodization and the development period of extraembryonic organs). Vibration table with fixed parameters (frequency of 32 Hz and acceleration of 50 m/s2) was used. Placental and fetal mass were measured, labyrinthine zone components were evaluated using the morphometric methods, while labyrinthine cord and fetal vessels along Duval's sinus were studied ultrastructurally. Labyrinth was analyzed from the point of view of rapprochement of maternal and fetal bloodstreams. It was found that the exposure to vibration together with the development of compensatory adaptive mechanisms led to chronic placental insufficiency. Experimental group with short-term vibration exposure (Days 9-13) is of particular interest since chronic placental insufficiency in this group should be considered as decompensated.

[Morpho-functional characteristic of kidneys in mother, fetus and the offspring subjected to vibration of industrial frequency during gestation].

The aims of the present study were to investigate the nature of morpho-functional changes in the kidneys in mother, fetus and the offspring subjected to the dosed effect of vibration during gestation. The study was performed in pregnant female Wistar rats (n = 28), fetuses (n = 26) and the offspring aged 3 months (n = 20). Rats were subjected to vibration from Day 9 to Day 19 of gestation (the period of intensive metanephros development), using vibration test bench with fixed parameters: frequency of 32 Hz and acceleration of 50 m/s2. Renal structures were studied using morphometric methods, the ultrastructure of renal cells was examined. In pregnant females and in mature offspring, the nephrons of subcapsular, inrtacortical and juxtamedullary zones were studied. Taking into account organo- and histogenesis of embryonic kidney, in fetuses only nephrons of the last three stages of differentiation and S-shaped tubules were studied. It was found that in adult animals juxtamedullary and subcapsular renal zones were most sensitive to the effect of vibration. Morpho-functional signs of the damage to the filtration barrier were also noted. In the metanephros of fetuses, the maturation of nephrons was retarded, and the regular formation of intercellular junctions was disturbed. In the kidneys of immature offspring the number of nephrons was increased.

[Changes in liver and in some organs of immune system of animals exposed to twenty-four-hour illumination].

The aim of this research was to study the morpho-functional organization of liver and some organs of immune system in animals exposed to continous twenty-four-hour illumination (CI) for 14 days. Using the methods of light and electron microscopy and morphometric analysis of histological preparations, liver and regional lymph nodes (hepatic in rats and iliac in mice) were studied. It was found that CI resulted in a state of dyschronosis, which was structurally manifested by the changes of diurnal variations of morphometric parameters of liver and its draining lymph nodes, disturbances of hemo- and lymphocirculation, destruction of cellular membranes. Response of central and peripheral organs of immune system to CI included the changes of diurnal variations of blast forms and mature lymphocytes, that was also indicative of dyschronosis development.

[Morpho-functional changes of liver and its regional lymph nodes after exposure to magnetic field of industrial frequency].

The aim of this research was to study the morpho-functional organization of liver and its regional lymph nodes, as well as of other organs of immune system, in animals exposed for 14 days to a magnetic field of industrial frequency (MFIF) with aperiodic oscillations of amplitude of magnetic induction in the range of 5-10 _Ts. The methods of light and electron microscopy were used. Damage to DNA in hepatocyte nuclei was determined using ethidium bromide. Quantitative analysis of the cells in the organs of immune system was performed, blood leukocyte formula was calculated and the activity of oxidative enzymes in blood cells was determined. It was found that MFIF caused micro- and ultrastructural changes in animal liver and its regional lymph nodes, which included the disturbances of hemo- and lymphocirculation, destruction of cellular membranes in some cells, dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, appearance of degenerate mitochondrial forms, glycogen depletion, that collectively indicated the development of tissue hypoxia. The increase in the activity of nuclear endonucleases was detected. Response of organs of immune system to MFIF was manifested by shifts of blast forms/ mature lymphocytes ratio in hepatic regional lymph nodes and by the changes of energy metabolism of blood lymphocytes.

[Modification of the Bilshovsky method for studies of nerve tissue paraffin sections]. / Modifikatsiia metoda Bil'shovskogo dlia izucheniia nervnoi tkani na parafinovykh srezakh.

The Bilshovsky method is often used for studies of the morphology of neuronal fibrillar system. The classical variant of this method requires sections made with a freezing microtome, which is sometimes inconvenient. Preparation of paraffin sections often gives unsatisfactory results. The authors managed to overcome this deficiency. Their modification consists in the following: after deparaffinization of paraffin sections glued to the slides they are repeatedly fixed in warm formalin and then treated with silver nitrate with heating. This modification is easily reproducible and essentially simplifies staining; no freezing microtome is needed.

Macrophage stimulation and antitumor effect of Ukrain.

It has previously been demonstrated that Ukrain administration (0.5 mg in mice of 20 g, five times) to A/Sn mice results in retardation of HA-1 tumor growth in the liver and a prolongation of lifespan compared with untreated controls. In the present study Ukrain was tested as a macrophage stimulator in intact mice and animals with HA-1 hepatoma. There were no changes to the carbon particles phagocytosis rate in the case of a single administration of Ukrain to intact mice. Significant secretion of procathepsin B into ascitic fluid was shown in tumor mice as well as marker enzyme of macrophages beta-hexosaminidase activity, suggesting an influx of macrophages into ascites. Single Ukrain administration increased this index, and repeated drug injections were followed by a tendency to normalization of secretion. The cytolytic effect of Ukrain against tumor cells (as a result of macrophage stimulation) is the most probable mechanism of its antitumor action, but this suggestion needs further experimental evidence with special attention paid to the balance of proteinases and endogenous proteinase inhibitors.

[Changes in the hepatocytes of adult male rats subjected to the action of 3,4-benzopyrene at different periods of ontogeny]. / Izmeneniia gepatotsitov u vzroslykh krys-samtsov, podvergnutykh deistviiu 3,4-benzpirena v razlichnye periody ontogeneza.

The effects of benzpyrene (BP) were studied in 32 male Wistar rats. Treatment of intact mature animals with benzpyrene causes transformations of hepatocytes. Antenatal treatment with BP initiates a complex of compensatory-adaptational reactions in the liver of progeny and the effect retains at the postnatal period. The combined ante- and postnatal administration of the toxic drug makes the liver prepared to liquidate the effect of the pathogenic action with the help of a complex of compensatory mechanisms with qualitative changes in cell metabolism.

[Early post-toxic defects in hepatocyte membranes revealed by electron microscopy with the aid of a lanthanum transmembrane tracer]. / Rannie posttoksicheskie defekty v membranakh gepatotsitov, vyiavliaemye élektronno-mikroskopicheski s pomoshch'iu lantanovogo transmembrannogo treisera.

At early stages of CCl4 treatment defects of hepatocyte membranes are formed as a result of free radical oxidation lipids and Ca2+ accumulation by cells from extracellular media. The formation of membrane's pores precedes the development of ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes during CCl4 treatment and this is the result of membrane damage.

[Effect of the lysosomotropic preparation suramin on the ultrastructural and functional characteristics of rat liver cells in acute toxic hepatitis]. / Vliianie lizosomotropnogo preparata suramina na ul'trastrukturnye i funktsional'nye osobennosti kletok pecheni krys pri ostrom toksicheskom gepatite.

A study was made of the influence of suramin and of a combination of suramin and CCl4 on the ultrastructure of hepatocytes, structural and functional state of lysosomes and functional activity of the rat's liver. The latter was characterized by alanine aminotransferase level in blood. Increasing amounts of autophagosomes as well as lysosomal fusion disturbances were registered 24 and 48 hours after a single suramin administration. The combined suramin and CCl4 administration resulted even in a higher damage of hepatocytes. A decrease in the intralysosomal rate of proteolysis in hepatocytes, was also shown in addition to the impairment of liver functional activity. Some ultrastructural features of compensation of the insufficiency of the hepatocyte vacuolar apparatus were noted during suramin and CCl4 administration. Changes in the nucleolar structure were noticed in hepatocytes administered both suramin and CCl4. It is suggested that these changes may involve a compensatory increase in nucleologenesis due to the decrease in the activity of the protein-synthesizing apparatus in hepatocytes.

[Tubulointerstitial component of chronic glomerulonephritis. Clinico-morphological comparisons]. / Tubulo-interstitsial'nyi komponent khronicheskogo glomerulonefrita. Kliniko-morfologicheskie sopostavleniia.

A total of 179 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis were examined for the development of the tubulo-interstitial component (TIC) of the disease. It was established that the rate of the development and intensity of the TIC are linked with different morphological variants of GN and increase successively in mesangiomembranous, membranous, mesangioproliferative, mesangiocapillary (and lobular) GN, reaching a maximum in diffuse fibroplastic GN. In patients with no TIC, the hematuric and latent forms of CGN were mostly encountered. The disease took a stable course, with a frequent occurrence of improvements and remission. The 5-year survival was 100%. In patients with a moderate TIC, the nephrotic form of CGN was encountered more often than in other patients. As regards other characteristics, this form occupied an intermediate position, with the 5-year survival rate amounting to 91%. Patients with a pronounced TIC were marked by progressive CGN, which was largely observed in the hypertonic and mixed patterns of the disease. The three-year survival amounted to 34% in this case. The TIC of CGN is an important prognostic factor and the dissimilar course of different morphological variants of CGN is accounted, to a considerable degree, for by the dissimilar rate of TIC development.

[Ultrastructural and cellular functional activity changes in the zona fasciculata of the rat adrenal cortex resulting form the prolonged administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone]. / Izmenenila ul'trastruktury i funktsional'noi aktivnosti kletok puchkovoi zony kory nadpochechnikov krys v rezul'tate dlitel'nogo vvedeniia im adrenokortikotropnogo gormona.

The fasciculata zone cell ultrastructure has been studied in addition to the level of steroidogenesis of rat adrenal glands on days 2,7 and 13 after the administration of ACTH with prolonged action. The marked changes in the ultrastructure of different cells have been noticed, some of which suggest a compensatory stimulation of hormone production, and the others indicate irreversible subcellular injuries. Changes in the cell ultrastructure show the phase character in time to correlate with changes in the activity of the corticosteroid synthesis and secretion.

[Changes in the ultrastructure and functional parameters of rat adrenal cortex cells in the course of reparative regeneration]. / Izmeneniia ul'trastrukturnykh i funktsional'nykh parametrov kletok kory nadpochechnikov krys v dinamike reparativnoi regeneratsii.

On the tenth and twenty-first days after bilateral enucleation of adrenal glands of Wistar rat-males their regeneration and mitochondria have been studied biochemically and with the electron microscope. The signs of transformation of glomerular zone cells into cells of lower gland zones have been found. The process of vertical zone transformation for glomerular cells remained under the gland capsule after the operation is shown to be accompanied by functional cell reconstruction. During the process of cell differentiation the adrenal gland cells are supposed to function by means of golocrinical secretion of some of the regenerated cells.

[Ultrastructural and functional features of the reversibility of sclerotic liver changes in rats treated with exogenous organ specific RNA]. / Ul'trastrukturnye i funktsional'nye osobennosti obratimosti skleroticheskikh izmenenii pecheni krys pod vliianiem ékzogennoi organospetsificheskoi RNK.

Ultrastructural peculiarities of hepatocytes and Kupffer's cells in rats during the spontaneous reversibility of the experimental cirrhosis of the liver under the usual conditions and also under the influence of exogenous RNA, administered by different methods, were studied. The changes in cell ultrastructure proved to correlate with those of the quantitative indices of the protein synthesizing the liver function during the hepatic cirrhosis reversibility. A positive role of the RNA influence of short duration on the intracellular reparative hepatocytes regeneration, and a negative one in case of RNA influence of long duration was revealed. Participation in the resorption of collagen both of the parenchymal cells and of the stroma was shown.

[Effect of sex and phase of the estrous cycle on the intensity of the damage and recovery processes in the liver of rats following acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning]. / Vliianie pola i fazy éstral'nogo tsikla na intensivnost' protsessov povrezhdeniia i vosstanovleniia v pecheni krys posle ostroi intoksikatsii chetyrekhkhloristym uglerodom.

Morphometric, histochemical, and electron microscope methods were applied to the study of peculiarities of Wistar rat liver damage and recovery, depending on sex and phase of the estrous cycle, and also under conditions of deficiency of sex hormones and after the beta-estradiol injection to ovariectomized animals. A marked increase of the structural alterations caused by CCl4 and inhibition of the restoration reactions in the liver of female animals, both during the natural increase of blood estrogen concentration and under the effect of exogenous estradiol, as well as the protective effect of ovariectomy were demonstrated. As for male rats, the structural damage in the liver was more expressed than in the females with a low blood estrogen level and differed but little from the changes in the female animals during increased sex steroids secretion.

[Effect of triton WR 1339 on the ultrastructure of liver parenchymal and stromal cells in rats with chronic toxic hepatitis]. / Vliianie tritona WR 1339 na ul'trastrukturu kletok parenkhimy i stromy pecheni krys pri khronicheskom toksicheskom gepatite.

A preliminary injection of triton WR 1339 protectively influenced the chronic toxic CCl4-hepatitis. The ultrastructural peculiarities were close to the normal ones in hepatocytes, in addition to the increased triglyceride rejection from cells by means of autophagy. The revealed stimulation signs of pinocytosis in hepatocytes and the Kupfer cells are accompanied by the activation of the Golgi complex and, probably, by the increased protein catabolism in lysosomes. The signs of phagocytosis increase in the Kupfer cells were determined. It is supposed that the marked ultrastructural peculiarities of liver cells reflect a more effective restoration or a lesser injury under the influence of triton WR 1339.

[A substrate-type induction of liver microsomal monooxygenases by phenobarbital]. / Substratnyi tip induktsii fenobarbitalom mikrosomal'nykh monooksigenaz v pecheni.

A possibility of step-wise induction of microsomal monooxygenases after injection of phenobarbital in the presence of 3-methylcholanthrene-caused induction was studied. It was found that the ratio of the high- and low-spin types of cytochrome, rather than the position of the CO-peak of its reduced form is a criterion for functional specificity of hemoprotein. Induction by phenobarbital appears possible under conditions when the inductor binding to microsomal hemoprotein is lacking, since cytochrome P-488 has no binding sites for phenobarbital. It is assumed that under microsomal monooxygenases induction by phenobarbital activation of genome and subsequent protein synthesis are operated by the substrate rather than by products of its primary metabolism in microsomes.