[Regulatory elements in the skin epithelium of Saccoglossus mereschkowskii (Enteropneusta, Hemichordata): electron microscopic and immunocytochemical study].

The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate the regulatory elements in the skin epithelium of Enteropneusta which are supposed to be related to the chordate ancestors. Using electron microscopy, it was found that in the skin epithelium of a representative of enteropneusts Saccoglossus mereschkowskii, the basal parts of some epitheliocytes took part in formation of a nerve layer. These cells were considered as receptor ciliated cells. The granular epithelial cells were shown to release secretion according to both exocrine and endocrine mechanism; these cells were characterized as endocrine-like regulatory cells. Fine granular cells possibly represent special receptor-endocrine-like cell type. The immunocytochemical detection of FMRFamid neuropeptide localization in histological sections confirmed the electron microscopic data on the presence of receptor and endocrine-like cells in the epithelium. It is suggested that the skin epithelium of Enteropneusta contains a peculiar neuro-endocrine regulatory system that is represented by receptor cells, receptor-endocrine-like cells of an open type and nerve elements of the nerve layer.

[Peculiarities of digital dermatoglyphics and the somatic status in female athletes engaged in fencing].

The article presents the morphogenetic performance of 31 female athlete aged 18-23 years specializing in fencing, compared to women of the same age group not involved in professional sports. The research program included: evaluation of a complex of anthropometric parameters (longitudinal, transverse, circumferential body sizes), somatotype diagnostics using of Heath-Carter method, evaluation of body composition, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of digital dermatoglyphics (pattern type, ridge count, delta index, a combination of phenotypic patterns), determination of sex chromatin content in the epithelial cells of the oral cavity mucous membrane. The study demonstrated that the somatic status of female fencers could be defined as a balanced mesomorphic somatotype with the prevailing mesomorphic vector. The proportion of muscular component in female athletes was higher, while that of the fat mass was lower than the similar parameters in the control group. The athletes were characterized by the peculiarities of dermatoglyphic constitution: high values of delta index and the total ridge count, higher proportion of complex patterns and minimal amount of simple patterns. In female athletes, significantly lower amounts of sex chromatin were demonstrated as compared to those not engaged in sports.

[Histochemical characterization and functional significance of the epidermal gland cells in some invertebrates in phylogenetic aspect].

This paper reviews the basic results of findings on the structure and function of the epidermal gland cells in some invertebrates of different levels of organization. These data are compared with the results on the higher animals. Histochemical affinities of the epidermal gland cells in different animals are considered. The presence of the universal (ancient) cell types also found in mammals and in human is suggested. Marine invertebrate groups considered in this paper are characterized by a presence of a simple ciliated surface epithelium which fulfills different functions: locomotor, secretory, receptor, barrier, protective and absorption. In the process of phylogenesis, the epidermis of chordates underwent structural changes and intensification of protective function took place with the appearance of new protective mechanisms. The conclusion is done that the evolutionary development of surface epithelium is determined by its adaptation to environmental conditions and by the level of general organization; it followed the direction of intensification of protective function with the help of different mechanisms - mucus production, increase of cell layers number, intensive formation of cytoplasmic filaments, appearance of special protective structures in the form of cuticle or corneous layer.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of the tubular histion in the system of nephron protein reabsorption in massive proteinuria].

18 puncture renal biopsies obtained from children aged 6-12 years with primary nephrotic syndrome were studied using electron microscopic to examine the components of tubular histion in the system of nephron protein reabsorption in massive proteinuria. The results indicate changes in the interstitial connective tissue associated with collagen formation. The endothelium of peritubular capillaries demonstrated both adaptive and destructive. One of the manifestations of adaptive reactions was an additional pinocytotic vesicular mechanism of protein transport through the endothelium, described in this paper. Fenestrations are regarded as specialized cellular structures which may be formed in different cytoplasmic areas. Evidence is presented to substantiate the cascade pattern in the development of changes in the proximal tubule epithelium-interstitial connective tissue-capillary endothelium system.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of reactive changes in the epithelium of the kidney proximal tubules in massive proteinuria in children]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia kharakteristika reaktivnykh izmneneii épiteliia proksimal'nykh kanal'tsev pochki pri massivnoi proteinurii u detei.

The investigation was designed to analyse the mechanism of the protein transport on the basis of the estimation of ultrastructural organization of the epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules of kidneys of the children, suffering from the nephritic form of glomerulonephritis for a long time. It was established that high tubular proteinuria (from 0.33 to 6.6 g/l) causes many changes in apical, central and basal parts of epithelial cells as well as in intercellular spaces. It was stated that massive proteinuria provoked adaptive processes in epithelial cells of proximal tubules. At the same time signs of exhaustion of adaptive capacities of proximal nephrocytes were demonstrated.

[The differentiation of the capsular epithelia of the renal capillary glomeruli in rats in ontogeny]. / Differentsirovka épiteliev kapsuly kapilliarnykh klubochkov pochek u krys v ontogeneze.

Data on glomerular capillary capsular epithelia differentiation and proliferation from d 18 of embryogenesis until birth in normal conditions and after protamine sulfate administration to pregnant female rats are presented. The correlation between proliferation and differentiation processes at the stages studied was established. Pathogenic influence on pregnant female rats are presented. The correlation between proliferation and differentiation processes at the stages studied was established. Pathogenic influence on pregnant rat exerted through mother-placenta system impairs differentiation of glomerular filtration barrier components in progeny.

[Changes in lymphocytopoiesis in the thymus gland of the progeny of rats receiving progesterone]. / Izmeneniia limfotsitopoéza v vilochkoi zheleze u potomstva krys, poluchavshikh progesteron.

Thymus cellular content was studied in newborns and 7- and 14-days pups whose mothers were treated with progesterone in different terms of pregnancy. Progesterone was administered daily in therapeutic (0.3 mg) and tenfold (3.0 mg) dozes. It was demonstrated that progesterone impact on the cellular content of the gland depends on the duration and terms of treatment. In short time introduction of progesterone in any dose changes of lymphopoiesis were observed either in newborns (in treatment from day 10 to day 12) or both in newborns and 7-days pups (in treatment from day 15 to day 17). In administration of progesterone through the entire pregnancy lymphopoiesis was changing in newborns and 7-days pups. No changes of poiesis were observed in 14-days pups in all cases. Long-term treatment with progesterone in tenfold doze caused extension of gestation up to 26-27 days fetal mortality and even some rats death. Significant alteration of cell content was found in thymus of newborns.

[The neuronal reaction of the rat neocortex to damage to the central serotoninergic system]. / Reaktsiia neironov neokorteksa krys na povrezhdenie tsentral'noi serotoninergicheskoi sistemy.

Pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex II-III layers developed degenerative alterations in response to a selective damage of the rat brain serotoninergic system, whereas those of the V-VI layers manifested adaptive changes. The finding could be due to a selective sensitivity of the target cells in respect to serotonin deficiency.

[Morphology of the kidneys in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (lipoid nephrosis) before and after hormone therapy, studied by biopsy (light and electron microscopy)]. / Morfologiia pochek u detei pri pervichnom nefroticheskom sindrome (lipoidnom nefroze) do i posle gormonoterapii po materialam biopsii (svetovaia i élektronnaia mikroskopiia).

Light and electron microscopies were employed to examine biopsy specimens from 15 children suffering from the primary nephrotic syndrome with minimal alterations in renal bodies. The studies were carried out at the height of the disease and in the stage of a clinical remission after prednisolone therapy. The author describes the development of ultrastructural changes in the glomerular filter, primarily of those in podocytes, under the conditions of highly selective proteinuria as well as during hormonal therapy that favours reparative processes and discontinuation of protein "leakage". It is assumed that the anionic layer of the glycocalyx of podocyte pedicles and l. rara ext. heparan sulfates of the basal membrane may play a role in the origin of selective proteinuria.

[Manifestations of adaptive processes in the epithelium of the renal glomerular filter]. / Proiavleniia adaptatsionno-prisposobitel'nykh protsessov v épitelii klubochkovogo fil'tra pochek.

Fifteen kidney biopsy samples+, obtained from children suffering from the primary nephrotic syndrome, characterized with a high selective proteinuria and non-inflammatory character of changes in the renal corpuscles have been investigated after hormonotherapy (11 cases before and 4 cases 2-3 weeks after it). In podocytes certain disturbances in the lysosomal-vascular apparatus develop with a successive appearance of degeneration, desquamation and even necrosis of these cells. After prednisolone++ treatment edema of cytoplasm of the cells and their processes disappears, amount and size of the filtration slits are partly restored.

[The catamnesis of patients with the minimal change nephrotic syndrome--lipoid nephrosis]. / Katamnez bol'nykh s nefroticheskim sindromom s minimal'nymi izmeneniiami--lipoidnym nefrozom.

A catamnestic study was made of 188 patients suffering from the nephrotic syndrome with minimum changes (NSMC) in order to examine the characteristic features of its course and outcome. The patients' age ranged from 3 to 26 years, with the disease standing being from 1 to 22 years. The authors explored the anamnestic and clinico-laboratory data together with the morphological findings (in 6.9% of cases). Estimated the results of the treatment. Described the NSMC outcome in 188 children.

[The dynamics of the changes in the ultrastructural organization of the podocytes in the primary nephrotic syndrome in children]. / Dinamika izmenenii ul'trastrukturnoi organizatsii podotsitov pri pervichnom nefroticheskom sindrome u detei.

Combined clinico-morphological (including electronmicroscopy) study of kidney biopsies from 68 children has been performed. A group of 15 children, aged from 3 to 12 years suffering from nephrotic syndrome with minimal glomerular changes was separated. The biopsies were taken at the beginning of the disease, in the period of the most pronounced symptoms of nephrotic syndrome and during the clinical remission after the disappearance of proteinuria at the end of hormonotherapy (prednisolone). The reactive changes of the podocyte ultrastructural organization under functional stress are described as well as disturbance of membranous and non-membranous organellas of these cells in the course of the degenerative changes and necrosis development that corresponded to the breakdown of the compensatory-adaptive mechanisms in the high proteinuria of a long duration. The signs of the podocyte repair in the period of clinical remission resulting from the prednisolone therapy are described.

[Colony-forming units of the bone marrow and spleen of immunodeficient mice after stimulation of the cells with thymalin]. / Kolonieobrazuiushchie edinitsy kostnogo mozga i selezenki immunodefitsitnykh myshei v usloviiakh stimuliatsii kletok timalinom.

It has been previously demonstrated by the authors that histological characteristics of colony-forming units (CFUs) in normal mice prove a certain shift in their differentiation in erythroid direction comparing to the bone marrow CFUs. Thymectomy of mature animals is accompanied with weakening growth of granular colonies at cloning of the bone marrow CFUs and with loss of stability in direction of splenic CFUs differentiation. Polypeptide preparation of the thymus--thymalin stimulates growth of the granulocytic colonies from the splenic CFUs in thymectomized mice both in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Differentiation of the bone marrow CFUs is normalized under the effect of thymalin in in vivo experiment only. The data obtained confirm the suggestion made by R. V. Petrov on existence of T-cell clone, enhancing CFUs differentiation in granulocytic direction. Activation of this clone in the spleen is revealed at thymectomy and stimulation of the cells with thymalin both in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Thus, affirmations are obtained on differences of clonic T-cell regulation of the CFUs differentiation in the bone marrow and in the spleen.

[Changes in the myocardium of fetuses and newborn infants as a result of hypoxia]. / Izmeneniia miokarda u plodov i novorozhdennykh detei v usloviiakh gipoksii.

Myocardium has been investigated in 68 human fetuses and newborns suffered from intrauterine acute and prolonged hypoxia, occurred as a result of various maternal, fetal and placental diseases. Under acute hypoxia only reactive changes of the contractile myocardium appear. They are demonstrated as degeneration of muscle fibers and appearance of scattered foci of necrosis in cardiomyocytes. Under a prolonged hypoxia, besides analogous reactive changes, compensatory hypertrophy of some part of cardiomyocytes is noted; this is manifestation of a compensatory-adaptive reaction of the myocardium.

[Early differentiation of supporting cells of the convoluted seminiferous tubules in man (ultrastructural manifestations)]. / Ranniaia differentsirovka podderzhivaiushchikh kletok izvitykh semennykh kanal'tsev u cheloveka (ul'trastrukturnye proiavleniia).

By means of the electron microscopy method, testes of the human fetuses 6--9 weeks of the intrauterine development (the period, when the gonadal structure differentiates according to the sex) have been studied. In 6--7-week-old fetuses the anlages of the convoluted seminiferous tubules are formed, most of the cells being the supporting ones. They adjoin the basal membrane, while the germ cells do not contact with it and are divided from the latter with a thin processes of the supporting cells cytolasm. Already at early stages of the gonad formation according to the masculine type, many supporting cells form specific processes with a long thin peduncle and a pin-like dilatation at the end. They are situated, as a rule, in the intercellular spaces, sometimes--project into the cytoplasmic recess of the neighbouring supporting cell. These structures have common structural features with the tubulobulbar complexes occurring among the supporting cells of a mature testis. Since in the fetus there is no spermatogenesis, the formation mentioned should be considered as a morphological manifestation of specific differentiation of the supporting cells.