A survey on a rural in-hospital population diagnosed with Atrial Fibrillation in west Shewa region, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. It has been extensively studied in Western countries but less is known about developing countries. METHODS: We collected data on a rural population afferent to Wolisso hospital in Ethiopia, analysing epidemiology, clinical and cardiac ultrasound profile.We enrolled 54 patients with first diagnosis of AF who undertook cardiac ultrasound and a questionnaire about personal and clinical profile. RESULTS: Enrolled patients were younger than reported in the African urban population (mean age 51 years) and females were symptomatic at a younger age than males (61.8% of females were <50 years old versus 30% of males) and had complicated disease (100% of females had CHF). Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) was found in 38.9% of patients, especially in females (41.1%) and young patients, whereas hypertension (HTN) and degenerative valvular disease were predisposing to AF in old patients. CONCLUSION: Low socio-economic level may explain findings we observed, particularly male to female ratio, more relevant than in urban subsets. RHD and HTN are many etiological factors of AF in our small population, so low-cost strategies to prevent their complications are surely cost-effective in rural catchment area of Wolisso hospital.

Translaryngeal Tracheostomy Needle Introducer: a simple device to improve safety and reduce complications during Fantoni's translaryngeal tracheostomy procedure: trial on human cadavers.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) is the most frequently performed procedure in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. A crucial step in such procedures is needle insertion into the trachea. To simplify this procedure and increase its safety, we developed a new device, the translaryngeal Tracheostomy Needle Introducer (tTNI), for use with Fantoni's method. This cadaver study was designed to assess the performance of the tTNI on human anatomy. METHODS: We tested the tTNI in a cadaver laboratory; the operators included two experts trained in PDT and three without specific training in the procedure. We performed 58 needle insertion attempts on 13 cadavers. We compared the tTNI technique with the standard needle insertion approach using external landmarks. We recorded the number of attempts needed to optimise needle insertion, time required in seconds, final position of the needle and complications related to needle insertion. RESULTS: tTNI use resulted in fewer puncture attempts (1.91 ± 1.34 vs. 1.19 ± 0.5, p < 0.001), less time (36.8 ± 51.6 s vs. 13.14 ± 15.57 s, p < 0,001) and increased precision on the first puncture (18.87 ± 25.38° vs. 7.5 ± 12.95°, p < 0,005). We did not observe any complication with tTNI use, whereas complications found using the standard method were in line with the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The tTNI is a device that simplifies needle insertion by enhancing the accuracy of insertion with fewer attempts and higher precision, even when used by less experienced operators. Clinical testing is required to evaluate the device performance in patients.

Pre-hospital oily chloramphenicol treatment in meningitis outbreaks in low resources environments.

Bacterial meningitis is an important cause of death and disability in sub-Saharan Africa and, with pre-treatment in peripheral health centres, the poorest populations could avoid early death, especially if they live far from hospital. During the 2001 meningitis epidemic in south Chad, Moyen Chari sanitary district peripheral health centres were equipped with oily chloramphenicol (CAP) to administer before hospital referral in suspected cases of meningitis. Eighty-six patients treated with CAP in whom the diagnosis was definitively confirmed subsequently in hospital were compared with patients receiving CAP at hospital admission during the same period. A statistically significant reduction in lethality rate, need of second line treatment or adjunctive antibiotics, and mean hospital stay were confirmed in pre-treated patients.

A rare case of reactive pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade subsequent to meningococcal meningitis.

We report a case of cardiac tamponade in a child with meningococcal disease. Although purulent meningococcal pericarditis is more frequent in children, we found a reactive pericardial effusion responsive to steroids and consistent with a rare immune-complex associated pericardial involvement.

Suggestive criteria for pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries.

Tuberculosis (TB) represents a major problem in developing countries. Diagnosis is often difficult and mainly relies on clinical criteria and simple laboratory examinations, as cultural methods and molecular biology are not available in most health facilities. In order to evaluate the reliability of clinical criteria to suggest pulmonary TB, a prospective survey was conducted in Wolisso Hospital, South-West Shewa region, Ethiopia. During the period from April 2006 to September 2008, data from 117 consecutive patients from which the diagnosis of TB was made by either positive sputum examination or by typical chest X-ray were examined. The objective was to identify simple and reproducible clinical and laboratory criteria related to pulmonary TB in low-resource health facilities. Patients' symptoms strongly suggesting pulmonary TB were found to be long-lasting cough (>1month), dyspnoea, chest pain, weight loss, fever, weakness and night sweats; typical TB patients' physical examination showed emaciated condition, with low systolic blood pressure (BP) and low body mass index (BMI); simple laboratory examinations suggestive of TB were high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and normocytic anaemia. Absence of both known TB contact and bloody sputum was not significant to rule out TB, and total and differential white blood cells (WBC) count did not help in the diagnosis.

Demographic and geographic vascular risk factor differences in European young adults with ischemic stroke: the 15 cities young stroke study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We compared among young patients with ischemic stroke the distribution of vascular risk factors among sex, age groups, and 3 distinct geographic regions in Europe. METHODS: We included patients with first-ever ischemic stroke aged 15 to 49 years from existing hospital- or population-based prospective or consecutive young stroke registries involving 15 cities in 12 countries. Geographic regions were defined as northern (Finland, Norway), central (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Switzerland), and southern (Greece, Italy, Turkey) Europe. Hierarchical regression models were used for comparisons. RESULTS: In the study cohort (n=3944), the 3 most frequent risk factors were current smoking (48.7%), dyslipidemia (45.8%), and hypertension (35.9%). Compared with central (n=1868; median age, 43 years) and northern (n=1330; median age, 44 years) European patients, southern Europeans (n=746; median age, 41 years) were younger. No sex difference emerged between the regions, male:female ratio being 0.7 in those aged <34 years and reaching 1.7 in those aged 45 to 49 years. After accounting for confounders, no risk-factor differences emerged at the region level. Compared with females, males were older and they more frequently had dyslipidemia or coronary heart disease, or were smokers, irrespective of region. In both sexes, prevalence of family history of stroke, dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and atrial fibrillation positively correlated with age across all regions. CONCLUSIONS: Primary preventive strategies for ischemic stroke in young adults-having high rate of modifiable risk factors-should be targeted according to sex and age at continental level.