El proceso investigativo desde una mirada cuestionadora, problematizadora y dialéctica / The research process from a questioning, problematizing and dialectical perspective

RESUMEN Introducción: la investigación resulta un proceso complejo si las personas que la realizan son maestros noveles que intentan dar solución a problemas identificados en su práctica pedagógica. Objetivo: analizar desde una mirada problematizadora y dialéctica el proceso investigativo tomando como referencia "los seis humildes sirvientes" de Rudyard Kipling. Métodos: se presenta el resultado de la experiencia de las autoras obtenido a través de su participación en eventos, discusiones, debates científicos, asesoría de tesis de maestrías y tribunales en defensa de doctorados. Se consultaron textos de Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), de donde se seleccionó el analizado, artículos elaborados por las autoras y publicados en revistas internacionales; además de otras fuentes impresas y digitalizadas de pertinencia con el tema, utilizando buscadores reconocidos. Desarrollo: se enfatiza en la necesidad de enfrentar el proceso investigativo desde el inicio con una actitud cuestionadora que encamine un proceso de problematización desde la práctica y la teoría. Las autoras se apoyan en las seis preguntas básicas formuladas por Kipling quien, aunque no las formuló con el propósito de orientar el trabajo de investigación, les atribuyó un valor inapreciable en la adquisición del conocimiento y han sido utilizadas con este fin por diversos autores en disímiles ramas y especialidades. Conclusiones: se demostró la eficacia de aplicar "los seis humildes sirvientes" del escritor inglés Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) al vincularlos con categorías específicas de la investigación y su utilidad para emprender este difícil proceso, sobre todo dirigido a maestros noveles que intentan dar solución a problemas identificados en su práctica pedagógica pero sin experiencia como investigadores.

ABSTRACT Background: researching is a complex process if the people who carry it out are new teachers who try to solve problems identified in their pedagogical practice. Objective: to analyze the researching process from a problem-solving and dialectical perspective, taking as reference "the six humble servants" of Rudyard Kipling. Methods: the result of the experience of the authors obtained through their participation in events, discussions, scientific debates, advice on master´s thesis and examining boards in defense of doctorates is presented. Texts by Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) were consulted, from which the analyzed one was selected, articles prepared by the authors and published in international journals; In addition to other printed and electronic sources of relevance to the subject, using recognized search engines. Development: the need to face the researching process from the beginning is emphasized with a questioning attitude that guides a problem-solving process from practice and theory. The authors rely on the six basic questions asked by Kipling who, although he did not ask them for the purpose of guiding the research work, he attributed them an invaluable value in the acquisition of knowledge and they have been used for this purpose by various authors in dissimilar branches and specialties. Conclusions: the effectiveness of applying "the six humble servants" of the English writer Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) was demonstrated by linking them to specific categories of research and their usefulness to undertake this difficult process, especially aimed at novice teachers trying to give solution to problems identified in their pedagogical practice but without experience as researchers.

Early leaf removal applied in warm climatic conditions: Impact on Tempranillo wine volatiles.

Defoliation is a cultural practice with demonstrated benefits in grape and wine quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of early leaf removal applied in warm climatic conditions on volatile composition of Tempranillo wines. During three consecutive vintages (2009-2011) wine volatile compounds (alcohols, C6-compounds, ethyl esters, acetates, volatile acids, lactones and carbonyl compounds) from defoliated and non-defoliated vines were identified and quantified by GC-MS. Early leaf removal induced the increase of the concentration of all families of volatile compound quantified with exception of lactones. Significant increase was observed for 23 out 34 volatile compounds analyzed. The vintage effect also was shown, where the highest effect of defoliation was exhibited in 2009 vintage. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a good separation of defoliation, non-defoliation and vintage according to wine volatile composition. The analysis of odour activity value (OAV) exhibited an increase of fruity and floral odour on Tempranillo wines when early defoliation was applied.

The combined effect of water status and crop level on Tempranillo wine volatiles.

BACKGROUND: The effect of water status and crop level on the volatile composition of Tempranillo wine was investigated over two growing seasons (2010-2011) in Extremadura (Spain). Three water status treatments (T0, Rainfed control; T1, Early regulated deficit irrigation; T2, Late regulated deficit irrigation) were combined with two crop levels treatments (TH, cluster thinning; C, control). RESULTS: Crop level treatment had a higher effect on individual volatiles analyzed in Tempranillo wine than water status. The combinations of water status and crop level treatments showed effects on all families of compounds with the exception of acetates and volatile fatty acids. Alcohols, C6 compounds and phenol volatiles produced the highest concentrations at the lower level of available water and when cluster thinning was applied (T0-TH). However, ethyl ester and lactones showed higher concentrations in regulated deficit irrigation (T1 and T2) and when cluster thinning was not applied. CONCLUSION: The combined effect of rainfed and cluster-thinning treatments (T0-TH) increased the majority of individual aromatic compounds quantified in Tempranillo wines and also showed the highest total odor activity value. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity increase after the intake of a grape juice cv. Tempranillo stabilized with HHP.

Red grapes contain elevated amounts of antioxidant compounds (polyphenols) that may potentially prevent cell aging, cardiovascular disease and oxidation-related disorders. Since functional drinks are presently one of the most dynamic sectors of the market, the present work was aimed at evaluating the possible antioxidant effect of an experimental grape juice in terms of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6-s) and total antioxidant capacity in young (20 ± 10 yr-old), middle-aged (45 ± 10 yr-old) and elderly (75 ± 10 yr-old) individuals. Grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo) were de-stemmed, racked and pressed. The juice was subsequently stabilized by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Participants consumed 200 mL of grape juice twice a day (as the lunch and dinner desserts) for 5 days. First-void morning urines were collected before treatment (basal values), the day immediately after the last ingestion of juice (assay), and one day afterwards (post-assay). aMT6-s and total antioxidant capacity were quantified using commercial ELISA and colorimetric assay kits, respectively. The intake of grape juice cv. Tempranillo induced a significant increase of urinary aMT6-s and total antioxidant capacity in the three groups of age analyzed as compared to their corresponding basal and post-assay values. These functional/nutraceutical properties may be of interest for a prospective commercialization of the grape juice. The novel technology used for juice stabilization may be suitable for introducing into the market a product with high sensory and nutritional quality, as it has been shown in this study.