Legume Proteins as a Promising Source of Anti-Inflammatory Peptides.

Legume proteins are precursors of bioactive components, such as peptides. In the present paper, different types of legume as sources of bioactive peptides and hydrolysates are considered and discussed based on their anti-inflammatory effect. Peptides with anti-inflammatory activity were included from in vitro and in vivo studies. Current strategies for obtaining bioactive peptides, as well as their structure and impact on health, were also reviewed. It was discovered that peptides derived from legume protein, mainly soybean and bean, can regulate several inflammatory markers, which include prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX- 2), cytokines, and chemokines. So far, lunasin, VPY and γ-glutamyl peptides have been identified with anti-inflammatory activity but their mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, it is necessary to gather more information about hydrolysates containing peptides and single peptides with antiinflammatory activity. Considering the wide diversity, legume may be promising components to produce peptides efficient to ameliorate inflammatory disorders.

Consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos: efectos a nivel celular y metabólico / Consumption of Non-nutritive Sweeteners: Cellular and Metabolic Effects

Resumen Antecedentes: la función principal de los edulcorantes no nutritivos es proveer al consumidor un producto dulce sin la carga calórica del azúcar. El consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos se relaciona con alteraciones en el ADN, con apoptosis y con la síntesis de precursores de cáncer. Además, su consumo también se relaciona recientemente con un incremento de tejido adiposo. Objetivo: analizar el efecto de los edulcorantes no nutritivos a largo plazo, evaluando el riesgo de estos compuestos. Materiales y métodos: búsqueda en bases de datos, PubMed, SciELO y Redalyc, y análisis de bibliografía relacionada con efectos tóxicos y metabólicos del consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos. Resultados: el consumo de estos edulcorantes presentó efectos citotóxicos en diferentes modelos de estudio. Parece existir una relación con el incremento en la síntesis de tejido adiposo, que provoca obesidad y enfermedades derivadas. Los edulcorantes sintéticos fueron los que presentaron más alteraciones citotóxicas, mientras que edulcorantes naturales, a excepción de los esteviósidos, no presentaron efectos adversos. Múltiples investigaciones explican el efecto del consumo de estos edulcorantes en el metabolismo y los efectos citotóxicos. Conclusiones: el tema de edulcorantes es controversial, por ello la información recopilada en esta revisión busca proporcionar un panorama que ayude a comprender la respuesta a nivel celular y metabólico sobre su consumo.

Abstract Background: The primary function of non-nutritive sweeteners is to provide the consumer with a sweet product without the caloric load of sugar. The consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners is related to alterations in DNA, apoptosis, and the synthesis of cancer precursors. Recently, its consumption has been related to an increase in adipose tissue. Objective: To analyze the effect of long-term consumption of these sweeteners and evaluate the risk of these related factors. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Scielo and Redalyc database search and analysis of references related to toxic and metabolic effects of consumption of non-nutritrive sweeteners. Results: The consumption presents cytotoxic effects in different study models. There appears to be a relationship with an increase in synthesis of adipose tissue, which causes obesity and derived diseases. Synthetic sweeteners have the most cytotoxic alterations, whereas natural sweeteners, except steviosides, do not present adverse effects. Multiple investigations explain the impact of non-nutritive sweetener consumption on metabolism and related cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: The issue of sweeteners is controversial; therefore the information compiled in this review seeks to provide a panorama that helps understand the cellular and metabolic level responses of their consumption.