Predicting diagnostic conversion from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder: an EHR based study from Colombia.

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe and chronic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of depression, mania, and/or hypomania. Most BD patients initially present with depressive symptoms, resulting in a delayed diagnosis of BD and poor clinical outcomes. This study leverages electronic health record (EHR) data from the Clínica San Juan de Dios Manizales in Colombia to identify features predictive of the transition from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) to BD. Analyzing EHR data from 13,607 patients diagnosed with MDD over 15 years, we identified 1,610 cases of conversion to BD. Using a multivariate Cox regression model, we identified severity of the initial MDD episode, the presence of psychosis and hospitalization at first episode, family history of mood or psychotic disorders, female gender to be predictive of the conversion to BD. Additionally, we observed associations with medication classes (prescriptions of mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants) and clinical features (delusions, suicide attempt, suicidal ideation, use of marijuana and alcohol use/abuse) derived from natural language processing (NLP) of clinical notes. Together, these risk factors predicted BD conversion within five years of the initial MDD diagnosis, with a recall of 72% and a precision of 38%. Our study confirms many previously identified risk factors identified through registry-based studies (such as female gender and psychotic depression at the index MDD episode), and identifies novel ones (specifically, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt extracted from clinical notes). These results simultaneously demonstrate the validity of using EHR data for predicting BD conversion as well as underscore its potential for the identification of novel risk factors and improving early diagnosis.

Ancestry component as a major predictor of lithium response in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar Disorder (BD) represents the seventh major cause of disability life-years-adjusted. Lithium remains as a first-line treatment, but clinical improvement occurs only in 30 % of treated patients. Studies suggest that genetics plays a major role in shaping the individual response of BD patients to lithium. METHODS: We used machine-learning techniques (Advance Recursive Partitioned Analysis, ARPA) to build a personalized prediction framework of BD lithium response using biological, clinical, and demographical data. Using the Alda scale, we classified 172 BD I-II patients as responders or non-responders to lithium treatment. ARPA methods were used to build individual prediction frameworks and to define variable importance. Two predictive models were evaluated: 1) demographic and clinical data, and 2) demographic, clinical and ancestry data. Model performance was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The predictive model including ancestry yield the best performance (sensibility = 84.6 %, specificity = 93.8 % and AUC = 89.2 %) compared to the model without ancestry (sensibility = 50 %, Specificity = 94.5 %, and AUC = 72.2 %). This ancestry component best predicted lithium individual response. Clinical variables such as disease duration, the number of depressive episodes, the total number of affective episodes, and the number of manic episodes were also important predictors. CONCLUSION: Ancestry component is a major predictor and significantly improves the definition of individual Lithium response in BD patients. We provide classification trees with potential bench application in the clinical setting. While this prediction framework might be applied in specific populations, the used methodology might be of general use in precision and translational medicine.

Distinct and shared contributions of diagnosis and symptom domains to cognitive performance in severe mental illness in the Paisa population: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Severe mental illness diagnoses have overlapping symptomatology and shared genetic risk, motivating cross-diagnostic investigations of disease-relevant quantitative measures. We analysed relationships between neurocognitive performance, symptom domains, and diagnoses in a large sample of people with severe mental illness not ascertained for a specific diagnosis (cases), and people without mental illness (controls) from a single, homogeneous population. METHODS: In this case-control study, cases with severe mental illness were ascertained through electronic medical records at Clínica San Juan de Dios de Manizales (Manizales, Caldas, Colombia) and the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación (Medellín, Antioquía, Colombia). Participants were assessed for speed and accuracy using the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB). Cases had structured interview-based diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar 1, bipolar 2, or major depressive disorder. Linear mixed models, using CNB tests as repeated measures, modelled neurocognition as a function of diagnosis, sex, and all interactions. Follow-up analyses in cases included symptom factor scores obtained from exploratory factor analysis of symptom data as main effects. FINDINGS: Between Oct 1, 2017, and Nov 1, 2019, 2406 participants (1689 cases [schizophrenia n=160; bipolar 1 disorder n=519; bipolar 2 disorder n=204; and major depressive disorder n=806] and 717 controls; mean age 39 years (SD 14); and 1533 female) were assessed. Participants with bipolar 1 disorder and schizophrenia had similar impairments in accuracy and speed across cognitive domains. Participants with bipolar 2 disorder and major depressive disorder performed similarly to controls, with subtle deficits in executive and social cognition. A three-factor model (psychosis, mania, and depression) best represented symptom data. Controlling for diagnosis, premorbid IQ, and disease severity, high lifetime psychosis scores were associated with reduced accuracy and speed across cognitive domains, whereas high depression scores were associated with increased social cognition accuracy. INTERPRETATION: Cross-diagnostic investigations showed that neurocognitive function in severe mental illness is characterised by two distinct profiles (bipolar 1 disorder and schizophrenia, and bipolar 2 disorder and major depressive disorder), and is associated with specific symptom domains. These results suggest the utility of this design for elucidating severe mental illness causes and trajectories. FUNDING: US National Institute of Mental Health.

Utilidad del strain sistólico pico longitudinal bidimensional en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de infarto del miocardio sin elevación del ST / Usefulness of two-dimensional longitudinal peak systolic strain in patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation

Resumen Objetivos: evaluar la utilidad del strain sistólico pico longitudinal bidimensional para detectar enfermedad coronaria significativa en pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio sin elevación del ST y su capacidad para identificar la arteria responsable del evento agudo. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal realizado entre marzo y noviembre de 2015 en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de infarto agudo del miocardio sin elevación del ST, a quienes se les evaluó el strain sistólico pico longitudinal bidimensional del ventrículo izquierdo, previo a la angiografía coronaria. Resultados: se evaluó el strain longitudinal en 28 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Por análisis de curvas ROC, se identificó un punto de corte para el strain global ≥ -18,8% con sensibilidad del 85% y especificidad del 75% para reconocer presencia de enfermedad coronaria angiográficamente significativa. Un punto de corte ≥ -17,8% de strain global, identificó lesiones significativas con especificidad del 100%. Para el análisis segmentario se estableció un punto de corte de ≥ 3 segmentos con strain ≥ -14%, encontrando una sensibilidad de 90% y una especificidad 87,5% para diagnóstico de enfermedad coronaria significativa. Conclusiones: la técnica ecocardiográfica evaluada, aplicada a pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de infarto del miocardio sin elevación del ST, mostró su utilidad para identificar enfermedad coronaria significativa, pero no permitió hallar el vaso culpable del evento agudo.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of two-dimensional longitudinal peak systolic strain to detect significant coronary disease in patients with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation, and its ability to identify the artery responsible for the coronary event. Methods: A descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted between March and November 2015 on patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation, and on whom the two-dimensional longitudinal peak systolic strain of the left ventricle was evaluated prior to coronary angiography. Results: The longitudinal strain was evaluated in 28 patients who fulfilled selection criteria. For the ROC curve analysis, a cut-off point of ≥ -18.8% for the overall strain was identified, with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 75% to recognise the presence of angiographically significant coronary disease. A cut-off point of ≥ -17.8% of overall strain identified significant lesions, with a specificity of 100%. For the segmental analysis, a cut-off point of ≥ 3 segments with a strain ≥ -14% was established, finding a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 87.5% for the diagnosis of significant coronary disease. Conclusions: The evaluated echocardiographic technique, when applied to patients with a clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction without ST elevation, was shown to be useful in identifying significant coronary disease, but was unable to find the vessel responsible for the acute event.

Miocardiopatía de takotsubo y la arteria coronaria única: una combinación excepcional / Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and single coronary artery: a unique combination

La miocardiopatía de takotsubo es una entidad que clínicamente simula un síndrome coronario agudo, siendo indispensable para su diagnóstico la exclusión de la enfermedad coronaria significativa. Se presenta el caso de una mujer postmenopáusica, quien durante un episodio de migraña desarrolla un cuadro clínico similar a un infarto del miocardio anterior, donde la ecocardiografía durante el evento agudo, orientó hacia el diagnóstico correcto de miocardiopatía de Takotsubo, encontrándose incidentalmente una arteria coronaria única sin enfermedad obstructiva.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a condition that clinically simulates an acute coronary syndrome, thus it remains indispensable for its diagnosis to exclude a significant coronary disease. We present the case of a postmenopausal woman who developed a clinical picture similar to an anterior myocardial infarction during a migraine episode, where the echocardiogram during the acute event oriented towards the correct diagnosis of a Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, incidentally finding a single coronary artery with no obstructive disease.

Estudio descriptivo sobre infarto agudo de miocardio en el Hospital de Caldas ESE entre 1996-2002 / Descriptive study of the acute myocardial infarction in the Caldas Hospital, 1996-2002

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen hoy la primera causa de muerte, siendo las más representativas la cardiopatía isquémica y el infarto agudo de miocardio (IMA). Es importante averiguar en el Hospital de Caldas ESE, Manizales, Colombia, la incidencia de mortalidad intrahospitalaria causada por esta enfermedad, por ser un centro de referencia a escala regional, complementando estudios anteriores realizados en este mismo centro. Objetivos: Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron describir las características generales del IMA, analizar la repercusión de los factores de riesgo, identificar el tiempo de estancia intrahospitalaria, la frecuencia en ambos sexos y el grado de mortalidad según su localización. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo entre los años 1996 y 2002 de 784 historias clínicas de pacientes con IMA, del Servicio de Estadística del Hospital de Caldas. Se analizaron 686 historias clínicas evaluándose variables demográficas, detalles del IMA y algunos factores de riesgo. Resultados: Como resultado sobresaliente se encontró una mortalidad total de 14.7/100 mostrando un porcentaje de 7.7/100 para hombres y 7/100 mujeres. Se presentaron 122 casos con dolor atípico de los cuales 40 representaba la población diabética. La mayor mortalidad en este estudio se vio en los primeros siete días de hospitalización, constituyéndose en una mortalidad precoz los primeros diez días del infarto. Se encontró una diferencia significativa (p=0.0001 según la prueba t) en la edad promedio de presentación del IMA comparando ambos sexos, siendo más frecuente la presentación en mujeres a edades más avanzadas (64 años) que en hombres (59 años).Conclusiones: La incidencia de IMA ha aumentado en las mujeres, presentándose un aumento en la mortalidad precoz y siendo más frecuente en las personas de sexo femenino mayores de 64 años y sexo masculino mayores de 59 añosx

Presencia de pliegue palmar transverso y variaciones en escolares normales / Presence of transversal palmar fold and variations in normal school population

Por mucho tiempo la presencia del pliegue palmar transverso o pliegue simiano ha sido de interés para los clínicos. Uchida y Solton describern 40% en individuos mongólicos y 4% en normales. Otras series hasta 10%. No tiene valor diagnóstico, siendo sólo un signo de sospecha, describiéndose además en otras alteraciones cromosómicas. Motivados por esto, decidimos estudiar su presencia en escolares normales, pesquisando además los patrones Sidney y Transición que tendrían también igual significado. Se toman al azar 187 escolares del control de Salud (8- básico), obteniéndose datos como: edad, peso, talla, rendimiento escolar, presencia de patología, además del examen clínico de ambas manos, considerando patrón normal, simiano, Sidney y Transición. Se realizan análisis estadísticos. La mayoría se distribuyeron en perceptibles adecuados de peso-talla-edad, con rendimiento escolar regular y adecuado, sin patologías mayores. Se encontró pliegues simianos en 13 (7%), correspondiendo 10 (5,3%) unilateral y 3 (1,6%) bilateral. La modalidad Sidney en 28 (15%), correspondiendo 16 (8,6%), unilateral y 12 (6,4%) bilateral. Transición se observó en 15 (8%), 10 (5,3%) unilateral y 5 (2,7%) bilateral, lo que expresado en N- total fueron 56 casos (30%). Llama la atención el alto porcentaje de patrones "anormales" encontrados, los cuales son a expensas de Sidney y Transición: ¿alteraciones cromosómicas no detectadas?, pero para sacar conclusiones esperamos tener mayor muestra y además comparar con patrones encontrados en escolares de Educación Diferencial, lo cual se está realizando