Aspectos Morfológicos de la Mama. Una Revisión de la Literatura / Morphological Aspects of the Breast. A Literature Review

La glándula mamaria tiene su origen embriológico, posteriormente se diferencia histológica y anatómicamente; a lo largo del tiempo se han ido descubriendo nuevos hallazgos, además de nueva terminología. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en describir la actualización en los aspectos morfológicos de la glándula mamaria. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en diferentes fuentes primarias y secundarias de la literatura científica como: Pubmed, Embase, WOS, Scopus, Scielo obteniendo 623 publicaciones, seleccionado 53 para su revisión y 17 incluidos. La mama se ha ido actualizando en los aspectos morfológicos; Los conductos se ubican cercanos a la areola y al pezón donde desembocan directamente, las ramificaciones de los conductos se ubican cercanos a la areola; los pezones tienen entre 15 y 20 lóbulos, de los cuales sólo 5-9 son verdaderos orificios del conducto mamario, no existen senos lactíferos por lo que la leche desemboca directamente en el pezón, en cuanto a la inervación de la mama son inervados por las ramas cutáneas anterior y lateral de los nervios intercostales. La evidencia existente demuestra la necesidad de realizar estudios permanentes en el ámbito de la morfología, como fue descrito en este artículo de revisión sobre la mama. En diferentes aspectos, tales como términos, funciones y estructuras. Está información es importante para, la formación de pregrado, post grado, y su utilización en la clínica, identificación de patologías, clínicas de lactancia, entre otros.

SUMMARY: The mammary gland has its embryological origin, later it differentiates histologically and anatomically; over time new findings have been discovered, as well as new terminology. The aim of this work was to describe the update on the morphological aspects of the mammary gland. A search for articles was carried out in different primary and secondary sources of scientific literature such as: Pubmed, Embase, WOS, Scopus, Scielo, obtaining 623 publications, 53 selected for review and 17 included. The breast has been updated in morphological aspects; the ducts are located close to the areola and the nipple where they open directly, the branches of the ducts are located close to the areola; the nipples have between 15 and 20 lobes, of which only 5- 9 are true mammary duct orifices, there are no lactiferous sinuses, so the milk flows directly into the nipple, in terms of innervation of the breast they are innervated by the anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves. The existing evidence demonstrates the need for permanent studies in the field of morphology, as described in this review article on the breast. In different aspects, such as terms, functions and structures. This information is important for undergraduate and postgraduate training, and its use in the clinic, identification of pathologies, lactation clinics, among others.

Density-dependent effects of Caligus rogercresseyi infestation on the immune responses of Salmo salar.

Sea lice infestations are a particular concern in the salmonid aquaculture industry due to damaging effects on fish growth, disease/infection susceptibility, and survival. Despite the impacts of sea lice parasitism, few studies have determined corresponding physiological thresholds, or the quantity of sea lice that can trigger measurable effects in the host immune response. The present study evaluated the mRNA expressions of immune-related genes in Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) under infestation challenges with contrasting loads of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Specifically, two groups of S. salar were infected with either 35 (i.e. low parasitic load) or 100 (i.e. high parasitic load) copepodids per fish. At 14 days post-infestation, the mRNA levels of immune-related genes (e.g. related to oxidative stress, pro- and inflammatory responses, and the adaptive TH1/TH2 pathways) were assessed through RT-qPCR. Significant differences were found in relation to parasitic load, suggesting density-dependent effects that activated the S. salar immune system. Higher parasitic load promoted strong inflammatory and oxidative stress responses that were correlated with the TH1 immune response. This study highlights the molecular signatures for distinct parasitic loads, providing new perspectives towards fully understanding parasite-host interactions.