[Tobacco consumption and bladder cancer mortality in Spain]. / Consumo de tabaco y mortalidad por cáncer vesical en España.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the trend of the bladder cancer adjusted mortality and its correlation with tobacco consumption in different Spanish Autonomic Communities over a 15 year period. METHODS: We evaluate the trends of mortality rates associated with bladder cancer between January 1st 1989 and December 31st 2002 in the geographic area of Spain, as well as the tendency of tobacco consumption. Demographic and mortality data were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, and consumption data were obtained from the Commissioner for the Tobacco Market in the Spanish Economics and Finances Ministry. We calculate the average number of cigarettes (1 package = 20 cigarettes) consumed per person; we also calculate bladder cancer adjusted mortality rates, presented as number of deaths for that cause per 100.000 persons year, and the ratio between number of packages of cigarettes consumed and adjusted mortality rate. We determine the yearly percentage increase over the whole period of study for both the mortality rate and tobacco consumption, and evaluate their correlation by the Spearman's coefficient. RESULTS: Mean adjusted bladder cancer mortality rate over the period of study was 9.4 deaths per 100.000 habitants year, and mean tobacco consumption was 109.7 packages per person year. There has been a 2.05% yearly increase of bladder cancer associated mortality, mean cigarette consumption has diminished 1.3% per year. The Spearman's test did not show any correlation between both factors (p = 0.722). CONCLUSIONS: Despite preventive measures for tobacco addiction in our country, there is an important continuous consumption. The increase in the incidence of bladder cancer does not seem to be related with higher tobacco consumption currently, therefore it may be related with other genetic or environmental factors.

[Renal cell renal carcinoma. Analysis of incidence and survival in a 90.000 citizens healthcare area]. / Carcinoma renal de células claras. Análisis de incidencia y supervivencia en un area sanitaria de 90,000 habitantes.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the most relevant epidemiological and survival data of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a 90.000 citizens geographic area, as well as its association with risk factors such as tobacco or diuretic drugs use. METHODS: All patients with the pathologic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma between January 1st 1987 and January 31st 2004 were included in the study. Adjusted incidence rates (standardized) per 100.000 inhabitants year, annual percentage increase, and epidemic index in the health-care area VIII in Ciudad Real (90.000 inhabitants) were calculated. For the population adjustment we used the data Published by the National Institute of Statistics. We evaluated the differences in mortality between males/females, as well as in relation to tobacco consumption, using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test, and the overall survival by a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Thirty-eight RCC were diagnosed, with a maximum incidence of 7.21 cases per 100.000 inhabitants year. There was an annual percentage increase of 2.06% over the whole period. There were no statistically significant differences in gender-associated mortality (p = 0.1), tumor stage (p = 0.063), tobacco consumption (p = 0.13), diuretic drugs consumption (p = 0.69), or both (p = 0.5). Mortality was significantly higher during the first 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of RCC is progressively increasing, and it is predictable that this trend will be maintained in the next years. Overall mortality (any cause) associated with RCC is higher in the first five years after diagnosis.

Carcinoma de células claras. Análisis de incidencia y supervivencia en un área sanitaria de 90.000 habitantes / Renal cell renal carcinoma. Analysis of incidence and survival in a 90.000 citizens healthcare area

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los datos epidemiológicos y de supervivencia más relevantes del carcinoma renal de células claras (CCR) en un área geográfica de 90,000 habitantes, así como su asociación a factores de riesgo como el tabaco o el uso de diuréticos. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma renal de células claras, entre el 1 de Enero de 1987 y el 31 de Enero de 2004. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia ajustada (estandarizada) por 100.000 habitantes y año en el área sanitaria VIII de Ciudad Real (90.000 habitantes), el incremento porcentual anual y el índice epidémico. Para el ajuste poblacional se utilizaron los datos publicados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Se evaluarán las diferencias de mortalidad entre ambos sexos, así como en función del consumo de tabaco, diuréticos o ambos, mediante el test de chi-cuadrado, o test exacto de Fischer,y la supervivencia global mediante un modelo de regresión de Cox. RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron 38 CCR, con una incidencia máxima de 7,21 casos por 100,000 habitantes y año. Se produjo un incremento porcentual anual durante todo el periodo de un 2,06%. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mortalidad asociada al sexo (p= 0,1), estadio tumoral (p=0,063), consumo de tabaco (p=0,13), diuréticos (p=0,69) o ambos (p=0,5). La mortalidad fue significativamente superior durante los primeros 5 años tras la intervención quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia del CCR está aumentando de forma progresiva, y es de preveer que esta tendencia se mantenga al alza en los próximos años. La mortalidad global (por cualquier causa) asociada al CCR es superior los primeros 5 años tras el diagnóstico

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the most relevant epidemiological and survival data of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a 90.000 citizens geographic area, as well as its association with risk factors such as tobacco or diuretic drugs use. METHODS: All patients with the pathologic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma between January 1st 1987 and January 31st 2004 were included in the study. Adjusted incidence rates (standardized) per 100.000 inhabitants year, annual percentage increase, and epidemic index in the health-care area VIII in Ciudad Real (90.000 inhabitants) were calculated. For the population adjustment we used the data Published by the National Institute of Statistics. We evaluated the differences in mortality between males/females, as well as in relation to tobacco consumption, using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test, and the overall survival by a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Thirty-eight RCC were diagnosed, with a maximum incidence of 7.21 cases per 100.000 inhabitants year. There was an annual percentage increase of 2.06% over the whole period. There were no statistically significant differences in gender-associated mortality (p = 0.1), tumor stage (p = 0.063), tobacco consumption (p = 0.13), diuretic drugs consumption (p = 0.69), or both (p = 0.5). Mortality was significantly higher during the first 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of RCC is progressively increasing, and it is predictable that this trend will be maintained in the next years. Overall mortality (any cause) associated with RCC is higher in the first five years after diagnosis

Consumo de tabaco y mortalidad por cáncer vesical en España / Tobacco consumption and bladder cancer mortality

OBJETIVO: Determinar la tendencia de la mortalidad ajustada por cáncer vesical y establecer una correlación con el consumo de tabaco en las diferentes Comunidades españolas a lo largo de un periodo de quince años.MÉTODOS: Se evaluarán las tendencias de mortalidad asociada al cáncer vesical en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de Enero de 1989 y el 31 de Diciembre de 2002, en el área geográfica de España, así como las tendencias en el consumo de tabaco durante el mismo periodo. Los datos demográficos y de mortalidad se obtuvierondel Instituto Nacional de Estadística y los datos de consumo de tabaco se obtuvieron del Comisionado para el Mercado de Tabacos del Ministerio de Economiay Hacienda.Se calcularán el número medio de cajetillasde cigarrillos (1 cajetilla equivale a 20 cigarrillos) consumidas por persona; así como las tasas de mortalidadajustadas por cáncer de vejiga expresada como fallecimientos por dicha causa por 100.000 personas y año, y el ratio entre las cajetillas de cigarrillos consumidosy la tasa de mortalidad ajustada.Se determinará el incremento porcentual anual durante todo el periodo, tanto para la tasa de mortalidad como para el consumo de tabaco, y se evaluará la correlación entre ambas tendencias mediante el coeficiente de Spearman.RESULTADOS: Durante todo el periodo a estudio, la tasa media de mortalidad ajustada por cáncer vesical fue de 9,4 fallecidos por cada 100,000 habitantes y año, y el consumo medio de tabaco fue de 109,7 cajetillas por persona y año. Se ha producido un incremento de la mortalidad asociada a cáncer vesical de un 2,05 % anual, mientras que el consumo de cigarrillos ha disminuidoun 1,3 % al año. El test de Spearman no muestra correlación entre ambos factores (p=0,722).CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de las medidas de prevencióndel tabaquismo en nuetro medio, continúa produciéndoseun importante consumo del mismo. El incrementoen la incidencia de cáncer vesical no parece estar en relación con un mayor consumo de tabaco en la actualidad, por lo que puede estar en relación con otros factores genéticos o ambientales

OBJECTIVES: To establish the trend of the bladder cancer adjusted mortality and its correlation with tobacco consumption in different Spanish Autonomic Communities over a 15 year period. METHODS: We evaluate the trends of mortality rates associated with bladder cancer between January 1st 1989 and December 31st 2002 in the geographic area of Spain, as well as the tendency of tobacco consumption. Demographic and mortality data were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, and consumption data were obtained from the Commissioner for the Tobacco Market in the Spanish Economics and Finances Ministry. We calculate the average number of cigarettes (1 package = 20 cigarettes) consumed per person; we also calculate bladder cancer adjusted mortality rates, presented as number of deaths for that cause per 100.000 persons year, and the ratio between number of packages of cigarettes consumed and adjusted mortality rate. We determine the yearly percentage increase over the whole period of study for both the mortality rate and tobacco consumption, and evaluate their correlation by the Spearman’s coefficient. RESULTS: Mean adjusted bladder cancer mortality rate over the period of study was 9.4 deaths per 100.000 habitants year, and mean tobacco consumption was 109.7 packages per person year. There has been a 2.05% yearly increase of bladder cancer associated mortality, mean cigarette consumption has diminished 1.3% per year. The Spearman’s test did not show any correlation between both factors (p = 0.722). CONCLUSIONS: Despite preventive measures for tobacco addiction in our country, there is an important continuous consumption. The increase in the incidence of bladder cancer does not seem to be related with higher tobacco consumption currently, therefore it may be related with other genetic or environmental factors

[Circumcision in religious art]. / La circuncisión en el arte religioso.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to perform a historical journey through the topic of circumcision from the Italian Renaissance to the Spanish Baroque. METHODS: We evaluated the paintings about circumcision between both periods, including their most representative works. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Circumcision is a frequent topic in the religious painting in both periods.

La circuncisión en el arte religioso / Circumcision in religious art

OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio es hacer un recorrido histórico de la circuncisión en la pintura desde el Renacimiento Italiano al Barroco Español. METODOS: Se evaluaron las pinturas sobre el tema de la circuncisión entre ambos períodos, incluyéndose las obras más representativas. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: La circuncisión es un tema ampliamente tratado en la pintura religiosa en estos períodos

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to perform a historical journey through the topic of circumcision from the Italian Renaissance to the Spanish Baroque. METHODS: We evaluated the paintings about circumcision between both periods, including their most representative works. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Circumcision is a frequent topic in the religious painting in both periods