RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tobacco-related products, containing the highly addictive nicotine together with numerous other harmful toxicants and carcinogens, have been clearly associated with coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and other heart diseases. Among the mechanisms by which nicotine contributes to heart disease is elevation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity. Nicotine, and its major metabolite in humans cotinine, have been reported to induce RAAS activation, resulting in aldosterone elevation in smokers. Aldosterone has various direct and indirect adverse cardiac effects. It is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II (AngII) activating AngII type 1 receptors. RAAS activity increases in chronic smokers, causing raised aldosterone levels (nicotine exposure causes the same in rats). AngII receptors exert their cellular effects via either G proteins or the two ßarrestins (ßarrestin1 and-2). AIM: Since adrenal ßarrestin1 is essential for adrenal aldosterone production and nicotine/cotinine elevate circulating aldosterone levels in humans, we hypothesized that nicotine activates adrenal ßarrestin1, which contributes to RAAS activation and heart disease development. METHODS: We studied human adrenocortical zona glomerulosa H295R cells and found that nicotine and cotinine upregulate ßarrestin1 mRNA and protein levels, thereby enhancing AngII-dependent aldosterone synthesis and secretion. RESULTS: In contrast, siRNA-mediated ßarrestin1 knockdown reversed the effects of nicotine on AngII-induced aldosterone production in H295R cells. Importantly, nicotine promotes hyperaldosteronism via adrenal ßarrestin1, thereby precipitating cardiac dysfunction, also in vivo, since nicotine-exposed experimental rats with adrenal-specific ßarrestin1 knockdown display lower circulating aldosterone levels and better cardiac function than nicotine-exposed control animals with normal adrenal ßarrestin1 expression. CONCLUSION: Adrenal ßarrestin1 upregulation is one of the mechanisms by which tobacco compounds, like nicotine, promote cardio-toxic hyperaldosteronism in vitro and in vivo. Thus, adrenal ßarrestin1 represents a novel therapeutic target for tobacco-related heart disease prevention or mitigation.
