Successful Use of Propofol After Failed Palliative Sedation in Patients With Refractory Symptoms.

Context: Propofol is a general anesthetic used in multiple clinical scenarios. Despite growing evidence supporting its use in palliative care, propofol is rarely used in palliative sedation. Reluctance toward the adoption of propofol as a sedative agent is often associated with fear of adverse events such as respiratory arrest. Objectives: We aimed to describe efficacy and safety of palliative sedation in refractory sedation with propofol using a protocol based on low, incremental dosing. Methods: A retrospective observational study featuring inpatients receiving sedative treatment with propofol in our palliative care unit in Madrid (Spain) between March 1, 2018 and February 28, 2023, following a newly developed protocol. Results: During the study period, 22 patients underwent sedation with propofol. Propofol was used successfully to control different refractory symptoms, mainly psychoexistential suffering and delirium. All patients had undergone previous failed attempts at sedation with other medications (midazolam or lemovepromazine) and presented risk factors for complicated sedation. All patients achieved satisfactory (profound) levels of sedation measured with the Ramsay Sedation Scale, but total doses varied greatly between patients. Most patients (17, 77%) received combined therapy with propofol and other sedative medications to harness synergies. The median time between start of sedation with propofol and death was 26.0 hours. No cases of apnea or death during induction were recorded. Conclusion: A protocol for palliative sedation with propofol based on low, incremental dosing, with the option of administering an initial induction bolus, shows excellent results regarding adequate levels of sedation, without observing apnea or respiratory depression. Our results promote the use of propofol to achieve palliative sedation in patients with refractory symptoms and risk factors for complicated sedation at the end of life.

Impact of dementia on 30-, 180-, and 365-day mortality during the first pandemic wave in older adults seen in spanish emergency departments diagnosed with or without COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether dementia is an independent predictor of death after a hospital emergency department (ED) visit by older adults with or without a COVID-19 diagnosis during the first pandemic wave. METHOD: We used data from the EDEN-Covid (Emergency Department and Elderly Needs during Covid) cohort formed by all patients ≥65 years seen in 52 Spanish EDs from March 30 to April 5, 2020. The association of prior history of dementia with mortality at 30, 180 and 365 d was evaluated in the overall sample and according to a COVID-19 or non COVID diagnosis. RESULTS: We included 9,770 patients aged 78.7 ± 8.3 years, 51.1% men, 1513 (15.5%) subjects with prior history of dementia and 3055 (31.3%) with COVID-19 diagnosis. 1399 patients (14.3%) died at 30 d, 2008 (20.6%) at 180 days and 2456 (25.1%) at 365 d. The adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR) for age, sex, comorbidity, disability and diagnosis for death associated with dementia were 1.16 (95% CI 1.01-1.34) at 30 d; 1.15 at 180 d (95% CI 1.03-1.30) and 1.19 at 365 d (95% CI 1.07-1.32), p < .001. In patients with COVID-19, the aHR were 1.26 (95% CI: 1.04-1.52) at 30 days; 1.29 at 180 d (95% CI: 1.09-1.53) and 1.35 at 365 d (95% CI: 1.15-1.58). CONCLUSION: Dementia in older adults attending Spanish EDs during the first pandemic wave was independently associated with 30-, 180- and 365-day mortality. This impact was lower when adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity and disability, and was greater in patients diagnosed with COVID-19.

A 14-year review (2007-2020) of helminthiasis epidemiology in a hospital in Southern Madrid, Spain.

PURPOSE: Vast majority of helminth diseases remain neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), causing significant morbidity. The widespread and periodic distribution of antiparasitic drugs, remains the cornerstone for controlling these diseases. In Spain, most helminthiasis cases are imported, and suspicion and diagnosis have become increasingly important. Our primary objective is to present the epidemiological landscape of helminthiasis diagnoses within our facility, while also detailing the demographic characteristics of the affected population. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted at the Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa (HUSO) from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2020, encompassing all diagnosed cases of helminthiasis during this period. Comprehensive epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data were gathered for all diagnosed patients. The study population comprised patients receiving treatment at the HUSO, as well as those receiving treatment at the Leganés and Fuenlabrada Primary Care Units. Subsequently, descriptive and comparative statistics were performed, comparing Spanish and foreign patients. RESULTS: During this period, a total of 952 patients were diagnosed with some form of helminthiasis. Among them, 495 were Spanish, and 457 were foreign. The total number of helminths identified, including patients with multiple infections, was 1,010. Significant differences were observed between Africans and Americans in terms of age distribution, with a higher prevalence among Africans in the 0-15 age range and among Americans in the 31-60 age range. Variations were noted in the distribution of helminths, with S. stercoralis significantly affecting Americans. For Spanish patients, the presence of Trichuris trichiura and S. stercoralis was significantly associated with eosinophilia, whereas among foreign patients, it was associated with Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides among others. Regarding symptoms, skin manifestations were more frequent among Spanish, while digestive were more common among foreigners. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers crucial epidemiological insights into helminth infections observed over time in a Madrid hospital. Although the prevalence of helminth infections has been decreasing, there is still a need for screening and diagnosing foreign patients.

Study EDEN-12: Analysis of access to intensive care units of patients older than 65 years requiring emergency hospitalization.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the age of an urgently hospitalized patient and his or her probability of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: Observational, retrospective, multicenter study. SETTING: 42 Emergency Departments from Spain. TIME-PERIOD: April 1-7, 2019. PATIENTS: Patients aged ≥65 years hospitalized from Spanish emergency departments. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: ICU admission, age sex, comorbidity, functional dependence and cognitive impairment. RESULTS: 6120 patients were analyzed (median age: 76 years; males: 52%. 309 (5%) were admitted to ICU (186 from ED, 123 from hospitalization). Patients admitted to the ICU were younger, male, and with less comorbidity, dependence and cognitive impairment, but there were no differences between those admitted from the ED and from hospitalization. The OR for ICU-admission adjusted by sex, comorbidity, dependence and dementia reached statistical significance >83 years (OR: 0.67; 95%CI: 0.45-0.49). In patients admitted to the ICU from ED, the OR did not begin to decrease until 79 years, and was significant >85 years (OR: 0.56, 95%CI: 0.34-0.92); while in those admitted to ICU from hospitalization, the decrease began 65 years of age, and were significant from 85 years (OR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.30-0.99). Sex, comorbidity, dependency and cognitive deterioration of the patient did not modify the association between age and ICU-admission (overall, from the ED or hospitalization). CONCLUSIONS: After taking into account other factors that influence admission to the ICU (comorbidity, dependence, dementia), the chances of admission to the ICU of older patients hospitalized on an emergency basis begin to decrease significantly after 83 years of age. There may be differences in the probability of admission to the ICU from the ED or from hospitalization according to age.

Sedación paliativa con propofol en una unidad de cuidados paliativos de un hospital de tercer nivel / Palliative sedation in a palliative care unit at a tertiary hospital: is emotional or existential suffering frequent?

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: El aumento de pacientes paliativos genera más situaciones de sedación paliativa complicada. Múltiples factores influyen en la dificultad para realizar una sedación: tolerancia farmacológica, interacciones medicamentosas, afrontamiento emocional... En situaciones de resistencia a fármacos sedantes habituales se precisan otros fármacos como el propofol. El objetivo principal es revisar el uso de propofol en cuidados paliativos y describir varios pacientes que precisaron sedación paliativa con propofol en una Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos (UCP). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se incluyeron, durante 10 meses, los pacientes que precisaron propofol por una sedación complicada y dos pacientes que fallecieron durante la inducción con propofol. Se registraron múltiples variables y comentarios de las historias clínicas para aclarar el motivo de precisar propofol. RESULTADOS: Existe poca literatura acerca del uso de propofol en cuidados paliativos, basada en casos clínicos aislados o series cortas de pacientes. Cuatro pacientes de nuestra revisión precisaron sedación con propofol. Estos casos fueron significativamente más jóvenes (55,5 años; p = 0,01) y la sedación fue más prolongada (7,5 días; p = 0,05). Los principales motivos para la sedación fueron sintomatología física múltiple o sufrimiento emocional. Todos los pacientes habían precisado dosis altas de otros fármacos sedantes y tuvieron mala respuesta a rescates de otros sedantes en las horas previas. Se propone una guía clínica para el uso de propofol en cuidados paliativos. CONCLUSIONES: - El propofol es un fármaco poco usado en cuidados paliativos, en general con buenos resultados. - Los pacientes que precisaron propofol por una sedación complicada fueron más jóvenes y tuvieron una sedación más prolongada. Destaca el intenso sufrimiento emocional. - Existen factores de sedación complicada o resistencia al midazolam que pueden ayudar a iniciar lo antes posible otro fármaco sedante más eficaz. - Se propone un protocolo para el uso de propofol en paliativos, recomendando comenzar con dosis bajas. - Es necesaria una mayor difusión en el empleo del propofol en una sedación complicada. - Son necesarios estudios que aclaren aspectos dudosos en el uso del propofol

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The more patients cared for in palliative care, the more complicated situations arise - for example, palliative sedation due to a refractory symptom. Many factors may complicate a difficult sedation because of drug tolerance or interactions and psychological assessment. Resistance to usual sedative medications is frequent in these situations, and other pharmaceuticals like propofol, with limited use in a palliative care unit (PCU), are needed. The main objectives of this study were to research the available literature, and to report various PCU cases in a tertiary hospital where palliative sedation with propofol was needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was performed during 10 months. Sedated patients with propofol were included. Also, two patients who died when induction doses of propofol were administered. Many variables were recorded. The clinical records of patients were also reviewed to elucidate the reason why propofol sedation was needed. RESULTS: Few studies exist examining the use of propofol in palliative care based on case reports or small series of cases. Four patients required sedation with propofol. These patients were younger (average age, 55.5, p = 0.01) and had a longer time between sedation onset and death (average time, 7.5 days, p = 0.05). The main symptoms motivating sedation were multifactorial and emotional suffering. All patients receiving propofol needed high-dose maintenance sedation with other sedative medications, and had responded minimally or not at all to rescue doses in previous hours. Updated guidelines for propofol use in PCUs have been drafted, with recommendations and dosages in case of complicated sedation. CONCLUSIONS: - Propofol use is limited in palliative care, usually with good results. Patients where propofol was needed were younger and sedation was longer. There was high emotional suffering in these patients. - There are factors responsible for complicated sedation or limited response to midazolam. Knowledge of these factors might help in providing earlier, more effective sedation. - Guidelines for propofol use in the PCU setting are proposed, recommending low maintenance doses initially. - A more widespread use of propofol as sedative medication in PCUs is recommended when complicated sedation occurs. - Further studies are needed to clarify many aspects of propofol use

Sedación paliativa en una unidad de cuidados paliativos de un hospital de tercer nivel: ¿es habitual el sufrimiento emocional o existencial? / Palliative sedation in a palliative care unit at a tertiary hospital: is emotional or existential suffering frequent?

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: Hoy en día la mayor difusión de los cuidados paliativos deriva en más pacientes atendidos y, por tanto, mayor complejidad en la sintomatología a tratar. En una situación de agonía puede haber síntomas refractarios que precisan sedación. El sufrimiento emocional, psicológico o existencial como causa de sedación no está muy claro entre los diferentes profesionales. Los objetivos de este estudio son: a) conocer la frecuencia de sedación en la agonía en una unidad de cuidados paliativos (UCP), la relación con el tipo de enfermedad del paciente y el motivo que la justificaba; b) revisar los fármacos y dosis empleadas, y el tiempo hasta el fallecimiento; c) valorar la necesidad de opioides en el momento del fallecimiento; d) analizar los pacientes que precisaron sedación por sufrimiento emocional o existencial. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes fallecidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos del Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz entre el 1 diciembre de 2015 y el 30 de septiembre de 2016. Se registraron: edad, tipo de enfermedad, necesidad de sedación en la agonía, síntoma principal que justificaba la sedación, fármacos empleados, dosis empleadas en el momento del fallecimiento, tiempo entre el inicio de la sedación y el fallecimiento, tipo de opioide y dosis en el momento del fallecimiento. Se registraron comentarios de la historia clínica de los pacientes con sufrimiento emocional o existencial refractarios que precisaron una sedación, y se revisó si habían precisado valoración por psicología o psiquiatría, y quién tomaba la decisión para iniciar la sedación. Se aplicó el test exacto de Fisher para las variables dicotómicas, y la t de Student para comparar las medias en grupos independientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 299 pacientes (edad media 75,8 años, DS 11,2). Se registraron 234 pacientes con enfermedad oncológica (78 %), y 63 pacientes (21 %) con enfermedad no oncológica. Dos pacientes presentaban criterios de ambas. Precisaron sedación en la agonía 92 pacientes (31 %): 84 oncológicos y 8 no oncológicos. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,001) entre la necesidad de sedación en los pacientes oncológicos y no oncológicos. Los principales motivos que justificaron una sedación fueron: delirium (34 pacientes, 37 %), sufrimiento espiritual (15 pacientes, 16 %) y multifactorial (14 pacientes, 15 %). Los principales fármacos empleados en la sedación fueron midazolam (93 %) y de forma combinada midazolam con un neuroléptico (67 %). La dosis en el momento del fallecimiento fueron 40,6 mg de midazolam y 90,5 mg levomepromazina. El tiempo entre el inicio de la sedación y el fallecimiento fue de 2,4 días (DS 1,7). El 95 % de los pacientes sedados recibían opioides en el momento del fallecimiento, principalmente cloruro mórfico parenteral, con una dosis media de 41,7 mg. La edad media de los pacientes que precisaron sedación por sufrimiento emocional o existencial fue 67,07 años (DS 10,20). El 87 % de estos pacientes recibieron valoración por psicología o psiquiatría, lo que facilitó que la mayoría de ellos (80 %) dieran su consentimiento para el inicio de la sedación. CONCLUSIONES: Casi un tercio de los pacientes que fallecieron en la UCP precisaron sedación. Los pacientes oncológicos precisaron sedación con mayor frecuencia que los pacientes no oncológicos, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa. El delirium y el sufrimiento emocional fueron las causas más frecuentes que justificaron una sedación en la agonía. Es frecuente el uso combinado de benzodiacepinas y neurolépticos en una sedación en la agonía. Las dosis medias de midazolam y levomepromazina en el momento del fallecimiento en pacientes sedados fueron similares a las registradas en otros estudios. El tiempo entre el inicio de la sedación y el fallecimiento fue de pocos días. El opioide más utilizado en el momento del fallecimiento de los pacientes sedados fue cloruro mórfico parenteral, aunque no todos los pacientes los precisaron. La sedación por sufrimiento emocional o existencial refractario es habitual en las UCP, aunque genera controversia entre los diferentes profesionales. Se recomienda hacer un abordaje multidisciplinar en cuidados paliativos para mejorar la atención a los pacientes con sufrimiento psicoexistencial

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nowadays palliative care treatments are well recognized, and many patients are referred with intractable symptoms. Patients in agony with refractory symptoms require sedation. The use of sedation for purely emotional or existential suffering is controversial. The objectives of this study are: a) to report the frequency of sedation in agony in a Palliative Care Unit (PCU), the relationship with the underlying disease, and the symptoms motivating sedation; b) to review the medications and dosage used to implement sedation, and to quantify the time from sedation to death; c) to describe the use and dosage of opioids at the end of life; d) to analyze the cases of patients undergoing sedation due to emotional or existential suffering. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of deceased patients at the PCU at Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital between December 1, 2015 and September 30, 2016 was performed. Registered variables included age, type of underlying disease, need of sedation during agony, main symptoms motivating sedation, medication used for sedation, dosage at the time of death, time between beginning of sedation and death, use of opioids and dosage of opioids at the time of death. The medical records of patients sedated due to emotional or existential suffering were reviewed, and the psychiatric and psychological assessment, as well as the decision-making process for sedation, were described. We used data query in Access XP, and the statistical analysis software package SPSS v15.0 in order to analyze results. Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test were used to prove statistical significance

Prevalence of submicroscopic malaria infection in immigrants living in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The importance of submicroscopic malaria infections in high-transmission areas could contribute to maintain the parasite cycle. Regarding non-endemic areas, its importance remains barely understood because parasitaemia in these afebrile patients is usually below the detection limits for microscopy, hence molecular techniques are often needed for its diagnosis. In addition to this, the lack of standardized protocols for the screening of submicroscopic malaria in immigrants from endemic areas may underestimate the infection with Plasmodium spp. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of submicroscopic malaria in afebrile immigrants living in a non-endemic area. METHODS: A prospective, observational, multicentre study was conducted. Afebrile immigrants were included, microscopic observation of Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears, and two different molecular techniques detecting Plasmodium spp. were performed. Patients with submicroscopic malaria were defined as patients with negative blood smears and detection of DNA of Plasmodium spp. with one or both molecular techniques. Demographic, clinical, analytical and microbiological features were recorded and univariate analysis by subgroups was carried out with STATA v15. RESULTS: A total of 244 afebrile immigrants were included in the study. Of them, 14 had a submicroscopic malaria infection, yielding a prevalence of 5.7% (95% confidence interval 3.45-9.40). In 71.4% of the positive PCR/negative microscopy cases, Plasmodium falciparum alone was the main detected species (10 out of the 14 patients) and in 4 cases (28.6%) Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale were detected. One patient had a mixed infection including three different species. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of submicroscopic malaria in afebrile immigrants was similar to that previously described in Spain. Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale were detected in almost a third of the submicroscopic infections. Screening protocols for afebrile immigrants with molecular techniques could be useful for a proper management of these patients.

Enfermedades emergentes e importadas diagnosticadas en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital de Madrid / Emerging and imported diseases diagnosed in the emergency department of a hospital in Madrid

Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes diagnosticados de malaria, dengue, zika y chikungunya en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH), así como el valor de diagnóstico de las técnicas de las que se disponen en el SUH. Método. Estudio descriptivo, observacional, en el que se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedades infecciosas tropicales a partir de pruebas solicitadas desde un SUH. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron cuatro casos de dengue, siete casos de zika, tres casos de malaria y dos casos de coinfección (malaria + dengue y malaria + chikungunya). Conclusiones. La mayoría de los pacientes valorados son varones, nativos de zonas endémicas. Aunque se realice un diagnóstico precoz de malaria, es necesario descartar coinfección por distintos arbovirus. Para estudio de virus zika, hay que solicitar una prueba de PCR en orina, además de serología y PCR en suero

Objectives. To describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients diagnosed with malaria, dengue fever, and Zika or chikungunya virus infections in a hospital emergency department. To describe the usefulness of the department's diagnostic resources. Methods. Descriptive observational study of patients diagnosed with infectious tropical diseases on the basis of samples collected in the emergency department. Results. The department diagnosed 4 cases of dengue fever, 7 cases of Zika virus infection, 7 of malaria, and 2 concomitant infections (malaria plus dengue fever and malaria plus chikungunya infection). Conclusions. Most patients with these infections were males and natives of areas where the diseases were endemic. Even when malaria is diagnosed early, the possibility of concomitant infection by other arboviruses must be ruled out. Serology is necessary to rule out Zika virus infection; polymerase chain reaction testing of urine and serum should be included

Emerging and imported diseases diagnosed in the emergency department of a hospital in Madrid. / Enfermedades emergentes e importadas diagnosticadas en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital de Madrid.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients diagnosed with malaria, dengue fever, and Zika or chikungunya virus infections in a hospital emergency department. To describe the usefulness of the department's diagnostic resources. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive observational study of patients diagnosed with infectious tropical diseases on the basis of samples collected in the emergency department. RESULTS: The department diagnosed 4 cases of dengue fever, 7 cases of Zika virus infection, 7 of malaria, and 2 concomitant infections (malaria plus dengue fever and malaria plus chikungunya infection). CONCLUSION: Most patients with these infections were males and natives of areas where the diseases were endemic. Even when malaria is diagnosed early, the possibility of concomitant infection by other arboviruses must be ruled out. Serology is necessary to rule out Zika virus infection; polymerase chain reaction testing of urine and serum should be included.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes diagnosticados de malaria, dengue, zika y chikungunya en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH), así como el valor de diagnóstico de las técnicas de las que se disponen en el SUH. METODO: . Estudio descriptivo, observacional, en el que se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedades infecciosas tropicales a partir de pruebas solicitadas desde un SUH. RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron cuatro casos de dengue, siete casos de zika, tres casos de malaria y dos casos de coinfección (malaria + dengue y malaria + chikungunya). CONCLUSIONES: . La mayoría de los pacientes valorados son varones, nativos de zonas endémicas. Aunque se realice un diagnóstico precoz de malaria, es necesario descartar coinfección por distintos arbovirus. Para estudio de virus zika, hay que solicitar una prueba de PCR en orina, además de serología y PCR en suero.

Primer caso documentado de infección autóctona por virus Zika en España. Transmisión por vía sexual / Zika virus infection acquired through sexual contact: first documented case of local transmission in Spain

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Compresión medular por sarcoma granulocítico primario / Spinal cord compression due to nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma

El sarcoma granulocítico (SG) es una lesión poco frecuente asociada a síndromes mielodisplásicos, mieloproliferativos o leucemias, aunque puede ser el primer hallazgo en un paciente previamente sano. Presentamos un SG que comenzó como compresión medular, en un paciente sin patología hematológica previa. Las imágenes radiológicas demostraron una lesión lítica en L1 que precisó cirugía urgente. Fue preciso realizar inmunohistoquímica de la muestra para llegar al diagnóstico. El aspirado medular no mostró evidencia de patología hematológica, siendo el SG la primera manifestación. El paciente recibió posteriormente tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia, falleciendo 20 meses después del diagnóstico de una sepsis Pseudomonas aeruginosa intratratamiento de una leucemia mieloblástica. En resumen, el SG primario es un tumor infrecuente de difícil diagnóstico. Es necesario tener un alto grado de sospecha y solicitar amplios estudios inmunohistoquímicos para un diagnóstico correcto. El tratamiento debe ser precoz, agresivo e individualizado, ya que tiene mal pronóstico.

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an infrequent lesion associated with myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative disorders or leukemia, although it may be the first finding in an otherwise healthy patient. A case of GS is described that presented as spinal cord compression, in a patient with no underlying hematological disorder. Imaging studies disclosed a single lytic lesion in L1, which required emergency surgery. Immunohistochemical staining of the surgical biopsy sample was needed for diagnosis. Bone marrow aspirate was unremarkable. The patient received chemo-radiotherapy, dying 20 months after diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis during treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. In short, primary GS is an infrequent and difficult to diagnose tumor. A high degree of suspicion, along with extensive immunohistochemical studies are necessary for diagnosis. Treatment should be prompt, aggressive and individualized, since the prognosis is very poor.