Histological Transformation to Small Cell Carcinoma of an Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Lung With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation in Exons 20 and 21 After Treatment With Erlotinib: Case Report.

Lung carcinoma currently represents 1 of the leading causes of death from cancer worldwide and regionally. The molecular identification of sensitive mutations of targeted treatment have changed the strategies of pharmacologic management in non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, mechanisms of resistance have been described, among them the change of histological type to small cell carcinoma. We present the case of a 46-year-old male patient, non-smoker, with a clinical history of a mass in the upper lobe of the right lung and an initial histological diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung, with the presence of mutations for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in exons 20 (S768I) and 21 (L858R). He received treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Erlotinib) with good clinical and radiological response. However, 1 year after the start of the medication, he consulted for a progressive onset of constitutional symptoms and respiratory symptoms, with radiographic worsening and new biopsy with a diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma with the adenocarcinoma component transformed to small cell carcinoma, with persistence of EGFR mutation. We describe the clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics as well as the outcome of this case. To conclude, among the mechanisms of resistance described to the treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with carcinomas with mutated EGFR, the transformation to small cell carcinoma besides being infrequent is particular, requiring a different diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Artificial Neural Networks as an alternative to traditional fall detection methods.

Falls are common events among older adults and may have serious consequences. Automatic fall detection systems are becoming a popular tool to rapidly detect such events, helping family or health personal to rapidly help the person that falls. This paper presents the results obtained in the process of testing a new fall detection method, based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). This method intends to improve fall detection accuracy, by avoiding the traditional threshold - based fall detection methods, and introducing ANN as a suitable option on this application.Also ANN have low computational cost, this characteristic makes them easy to implement on a portable device, comfortable to be wear by the patient.

Migración errática de Ascaris lumbricoides a escroto / Erratic migration of Ascaris lumbricoides to scrotum

Introducción. La ascaridiasis es una de las principales parasitosis que afectan a los niños. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer el caso de un niño con migración errática de Ascaris lumbricoides adjunto al testículo, en la túnica vaginalis, secundario a divertículo de Meckel perforado. Caso clínico. Se trató de un paciente masculino escolar con cuadro de abdomen agudo. Se realizó laparotomía exploradora y se encontró divertículo de Meckel perforado con Ascaris lumbricoides libres en cavidad abdominal, y con migración a escroto de áscaris lumbricoides hembra adulto a través de hernia inguinal. Conclusiones. Se discutió acerca de la epidemiología y la presentación clínica del abdomen agudo, de la ascariasis y de los hallazgos transoperatorios.

Background. Ascaridiasis is one of the main parasitosis affecting children. The main objective is to demonstrate the case of a child with erratic migration of Ascaris lumbricoides found next to the testis in the vaginalis tunic secondary to a perforation of Meckel diverticulum. Case report. We present the case of a school-age male patient who was treated at our clinic due to acute abdomen. Laparotomy was carried out, revealing a perforation of Meckel diverticulum with Ascaris lumbricoides free in the abdominal cavity and with migration to scrotum of female adult Ascaris lumbricoides by way of an inguinal hernia. Conclusions. We discuss the epidemiology and clinical presentation ofacute abdomen of Ascaridiasis and intraoperative study.

[Clinical factors that predict malignancy in cervical lymph node biopsies]. / Factores clínicos predictores de malignidad en biopsia de ganglios cervicales en pediatría.

OBJECTIVE: To present the clinical data that would anticipate the risk of malignancy in children subject to a lymph node biopsy for cervical lymphadenopathy. METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study that included 43 patients who were seen for cervical adenopathy in a 10-year period at the Hospital del Niño "Dr. Rodolfo Nieto Padrón." RESULTS: 23 cases turned out to be malignant disease (Hodgking disease being the most frequent) and 20 non-malignant diseases (infectious or reactive). The age at the moment of the diagnosis, duration of clinical progression and the number of nodes involved (2 or more) and the size of the lymph node biopsied were the risk factors for malignancy. Non-associated risk factors were sex, age of the patient, fever and spleen enlargement. CONCLUSION: Hodgkin disease was the most common that affected boys in school age. The size of the lymph node bigger than 3 cm and bilateral cervical lymph nodes and the progression of the disease shorter than 6 months, were the most significant differences between malignant and benign adenopathy.

Divertículo de Meckel asociado a divertículo ileal en un niño

Introducción. Un espectro de hallazgos patológicos se puede relacionar con la falta de involución completa del conducto onfalomesentérico, incluyendo el divertículo de Meckel. El propósito de este trabajo es la presentación de un caso clínico de divertículo de Meckel asociado a divertículo ileal en un niño. Caso clínico. Paciente masculino de 9 años que acudió con cuadro doloroso abdominal de 3 días de evolución, presentando abdomen agudo, con diagnóstico preoperatorio de apendicitis aguda y diagnóstico postoperatorio de divertículo de Meckel perforado con peritonitis generalizada. En los hallazgos de la pieza quirúrgica y la descripción microscópica y macroscópica por anatomía patológica se confirmó la presencia de divertículo de Meckel y otro divertículo ileal a 2 cm de distancia. Conclusión. La importancia del caso es la presentación inusual de la asociación de un divertículo ileal acompañado de uno de Meckel, no habiendo ningún reporte en la literatura.

Introduction. A wide spectrum of disorders have been related to involution failure of the onfalo-mesenteric duct; among them Meckel's diverticulum is commonly observed. In this work we present a case of Meckel's diverticulum associated to an ileal diverticulum. Case report. A 9 years old male was admitted because an acute abdominal picture of 3 days of evolution. At exploring laparotomy, generalized peritonitis, a Meckel's diverticulum at 60 cm of the ileo-local valve as well as another profusion at 2 cm of the first were found; 17 cm of ileon were resected and the histopathological study disclosed 2 ileal diverticuli. The patient was discharged well 8 days after surgery. Conclusion. An unusual case of Meckel's diverticulums associated with an ileal diverticulum is presented.

Apendicitis aguda asociada a parásitos en el apéndice / Parasites associated to acute appendicitis

Introducción. La patogénesis de apendicitis se desencadena por la obstrucción de su luz, generalmente causada por fecalitos. En ocasiones semillas, parásitos y huevos de parásitos son la causa de tal obstrucción. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo durante 1991-1995, con el fin de analizar la frecuencia y distribución de parásitos o huevos en las laminillas de muestras de apéndices de pacientes postoperados de apendicitis aguda. Las variables analizadas incluyeron: edad, sexo, cuadro clínico, diagnóstico preoperatorio y postoperatorio, complicaciones y morbilidad que pudiera estar asociada. Resultados. Se analizaron 479 pacientes que presentaron apendicitis aguda. Solamente 36 casos tenían huevos o parásitos intraluminales en las muestras histopatológicas. Los huevos de parásitos más frecuentes fueron Ascaris lumbricoides (17) y Enterobius vermicularis (8), y el parásito más común fue A. lumbricoides en 4 pacientes. El resto de los pacientes presento 2 o más huevos de diferentes parásitos en la luz apendicular: En estos 36 pacientes se asociaron 8 complicaciones: 4 abscesos de pared, 1 absceso pélvico y 3 subclusiones intestinales por A. lumbricoides en el postoperatorio inmediato. Conclusión. La apendicitis aguda asociada a parasitos intraluminales, como causa o en asociación, se presenta en nuestro medio más frecuentemente que lo reportado en la literatura. La distribución más frecuente por edad de esta asociación resultó ser la etapa escolar: Debido a la identificación de A. lumbricoides en el postoperatorio para disminuir complicaciones asociadas

La inmunogenetica en medicina clinica: parte II. Bases de la inmunogenetica actual y su aplicabilidad en la clinica / Immunogenetics in clinical medicine part II. Bases of current immunogenetics and its clinical applications

The immune system is an important part of general health maintenance mechanisms. For this purpose, it requires a very refined network of regulatory steps that allow for recognition, processing, amplification and or suppression of the immune response. This review discusses in detail this refined and sophisticated system

La inmunogenetica en medicina clinica / Immunogenetics in clinical medicine

Esta revision,relata la historia de la inmunogenetica y describe sus contribuciones y aplicaciones practicas en medicina clinica.