Abundance and distribution of cigarette butts on the sand of five touristic beaches in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cigarette butts (CB) and cigarette butt fibers (CBF) are highly abundant and frequent residues on beach sand. Also, they are hazardous waste due to their significant toxicity and potential risk to the ecosystems' biota and the health of beach tourists. This study aimed to determine the abundance and density of CB and CBF found on the active, rest, and service zones of five pilot beaches in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico. The methodology involved collecting CB and CBF in 500 m2 transects of urban tourist beaches using a citizen science-adapted methodology between June 2021 and May 2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The abundance and density of CB and CBF, and the Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) were calculated. The highest proportion of CB was found in service and rest areas. Bocagrande (CO) reported the highest generation of CB and CBF and a severe CBPI.

Temporal population variability in local forest communities has mixed effects on tree species richness across a latitudinal gradient.

Among the local processes that determine species diversity in ecological communities, fluctuation-dependent mechanisms that are mediated by temporal variability in the abundances of species populations have received significant attention. Higher temporal variability in the abundances of species populations can increase the strength of temporal niche partitioning but can also increase the risk of species extinctions, such that the net effect on species coexistence is not clear. We quantified this temporal population variability for tree species in 21 large forest plots and found much greater variability for higher latitude plots with fewer tree species. A fitted mechanistic model showed that among the forest plots, the net effect of temporal population variability on tree species coexistence was usually negative, but sometimes positive or negligible. Therefore, our results suggest that temporal variability in the abundances of species populations has no clear negative or positive contribution to the latitudinal gradient in tree species richness.

The safety of afatinib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer tumors present EGFR mutations associated with an increased response rate to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Afatinib acts as an irreversible pan-ErbB-TKI. Areas covered: This review summarizes the results of clinical trials in NSCLC regarding its safety and efficacy. Expert opinion: Afatinib in 40 mg doses is highly effective in patients with NSCLC and EGFR mutations, improving progression-free survival and disease-related symptoms compared to chemotherapy. Additionally, afatinib has a better response rate and shows a small benefit in progression free survival compared to first-generation TKIs, and patients with exon 19 deletion could represent a subgroup with better prognosis and overall survival. Diarrhea, mucositis and rash are frequent adverse events induced by afatinib, these can impair quality of life and sometimes afatinib discontinuation is necessary. Management of adverse events, including early antidiarrheal treatment and prophylactic or early antibiotic management can reduce the gastrointestinal and cutaneous adverse events, respectively. Different risk factors, including malnourishment, sarcopenia, and low body surface might be associated with a higher toxicity risk, and these groups of patients could begin treatment with a low dose of afatinib followed by a close evaluation on tolerability and toxicity in order to slowly increase the dosage of afatinib.

Metformin use and its effect on survival in diabetic patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Previous population-based studies have demonstrated an association between metformin use and improved survival among diabetic patients with cancer. We sought to analyze the effects of diabetes and its treatment in terms of the survival of patients with lung cancer. METHODS: Overall, 1106 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (94.3 % with stage IV disease) were included. The outcomes were compared between the patients with (n = 186) and without diabetes (n = 920). The characteristics associated with antidiabetic treatment and proper glycemic control (defined as a mean plasma glucose <130 mg/dL) were examined at diagnosis. The overall survivals (OSs) of the different patient populations were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves, and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the influences of the patient and tumor characteristics on survival. RESULTS: The OS for the entire population was 18.3 months (95 % CI 16.1-20.4). There was no difference in the OSs of the diabetic and non-diabetic patients (18.5 vs 16.4 months, p = 0.62). The diabetic patients taking metformin exhibited a superior OS than did those on other antidiabetic treatments (25.6 vs 13.2 months, p = 0.017). Those with proper glycemic control had a better OS than did those without proper glycemic control and the non-diabetics (40.5 vs 13.2 and 18.5 months, respectively, p < 0.001). Both the use of metformin (HR 0.53, p < 0.0001 and HR 0.57, p = 0.017, respectively) and proper glycemic control (HR 0.49, p < 0.0001 and HR 0.40, p = 0.002, respectively) were significant protective factors in all and only diabetic patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The diabetic patients with proper glycemic control exhibited a better OS than did those without proper glycemic control and even exhibited a better OS than did the patients without diabetes mellitus. Metformin use was independently associated with a better OS.

Value: Changes in the Detection and Recognition Thresholds of Three Basic Tastes in Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Cisplatin and Paclitaxel and Its Association with Nutritional and Quality of Life Parameters.

We evaluated the effects of cisplatin and paclitaxel on taste acuity and their associations with nutritional and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Forty chemotherapy (CT)-naïve patients were assessed at baseline and after two cycles of paclitaxel and cisplatin. The taste evaluation was performed using a rinsing technique to identify detection and recognition thresholds (DT and RT) of bitter, sweet, and umami tastes. At baseline, 37.5% of the patients reported dysgeusia. After CT, the patients showed lower medians DT (p = 0.017) and RT (p = 0.028) for umami taste. These decreases were associated with clinical neuropathy, worse HRQL, and a tendency toward increased appetite loss. Additionally, CT did not significantly reduce the median DT for sweet (p = 0.09), which is associated with lower intake of protein (p = 0.015), animal protein (p = 0.010), fat (p = 0.004), and iron (p = 0.047). CT decreased the median DT for bitter (p = 0.035); however, this decrease was not associated with nutritional parameters or with HRQL. Sensitivity to taste increased with paclitaxel and cisplatin CT, making foods more unpleasant, and it was associated with neuropathy, worse HRQL, and reduced nutrient intake in advanced NSCLC patients. The protocol was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01540045).

Use of 4ß-hydroxycholesterol in animal and human plasma samples as a biomarker for CYP3A induction.

BACKGROUND: 4ß-hydroxycholesterol (4ßHC) has recently been proposed as a potential endogenous biomarker for CYP3A activity. Developing bioanalytical assays for 4ßHC is challenging for several reasons, including endogenous background levels in plasma; the presence of free and ester forms; the inherent lack of MS sensitivity; and the presence of multiple positional isomers. RESULTS: Bioanalytical assays in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma were adapted and modified from a previous published human plasma assay for 4ßHC by using alkaline de-esterification, picolinic derivatization, a surrogate analyte (d7-4ßHC) in authentic matrices and chromatographic conditions that showed good separation from isobaric, positional isomers. CONCLUSION: These assays were applied to multiple studies and demonstrated potential applications of 4ßHC as a CYP3A biomarker across preclinical and clinical settings.

Nutritional Status, Body Surface, and Low Lean Body Mass/Body Mass Index Are Related to Dose Reduction and Severe Gastrointestinal Toxicity Induced by Afatinib in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The main reason for dose reduction of afatinib is gastrointestinal toxicity (GT). In a phase II study, we analyzed anthropometrical, nutritional, and biochemical factors associated with GT induced by afatinib. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer who progressed to prior chemotherapy received 40 mg of afatinib. Malnutrition was determined by Subjective Global Assessment, and lean body mass (LBM) was determined by computed tomography scan analysis using a pre-established Hounsfield unit threshold. Toxicity was obtained during four cycles by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients were enrolled. Afatinib was administered as the second, third, and fourth line of treatment in 54.8%, 38.1%, and 7.12% of patients, respectively. Severe diarrhea, mucositis, and overall severe GT were present in 38.9%, 28.8%, and 57.5%, respectively. Of the patients, 50% developed dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Patients with malnutrition have higher risk for severe GT. Patients with lower LBM and body mass index developed more DLT (71.4% vs. 18.8%). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition is associated with a higher risk of severe GT induced by afatinib. Determination of nutritional status and body composition are helpful in identifying patients at higher risk of severe GT and could allow initiating treatment with lower doses according to tolerance.

Effects of an oral nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid on nutritional and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional interventions have shown increased energy intake but not improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQL) or prognosis in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Eicosapentaenoic acid has been proposed to have anti-inflammatory, anticachectic and antitumoural effects. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of an oral EPA enriched supplement with an isocaloric diet on nutritional, clinical and inflammatory parameters and HRQL in advanced NSCLC patients. DESIGN: Patients with advanced NSCLC were randomized to receive diet plus oral nutritional supplement containing EPA (ONS-EPA) or only isocaloric diet (C). All patients received paclitaxel and cisplatin/carboplatin treatment. Weight, body composition, dietary intake, inflammatory parameters and HRQL were assessed at baseline and after the first and second cycles of chemotherapy. Response to chemotherapy and survival were evaluated. RESULTS: Ninety two patients were analysed (46 ONS-EPA,46 C). ONS-EPA group had significantly greater energy (p < 0.001) and protein (p < 0.001) intake compared with control. Compared with baseline, patients receiving the ONS-EPA gained 1.6 ± 5 kg of lean body mass (LBM) compared with a loss of -2.0 ± 6 kg in the control (p = 0.01). Fatigue, loss of appetite and neuropathy decreased in the ONS-EPA group (p ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in response rate or overall survival between groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with NSCLC receiving ONS-EPA significantly improves energy and protein intake, body composition. and decreased fatigue, loss of appetite and neuropathy. Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01048970).

Authorship of scientific articles within an ethical-legal framework:quantitative model / Autoría en artículos científicos dentro de un marco ético legal: modelo cuantitativo

En la ciencia moderna,interdisciplinaria e interinstitucional, definir quién es autor y el ordende autoría en artículos científicos se ha convertido en problema anivel ético y legal. No aclarar la autoría antes o durante la realizaciónde la investigación genera problemas entre los que se consideranautores. Este artículo propone un formato cuantitativo y cualitativopara determinar autorías dentro del marco científico, ético y legal.Los principios utilizados para la construcción de este formato sefundamentaron en 2 criterios: a) fases de investigación y métodocientífico; involucrando: 1. planificación y elaboración del proyectode investigación, 2. diseño y obtención de datos, 3. presentaciónde resultados, 4. interpretación de resultados, 5. preparación delmanuscrito para la difusión del nuevo conocimiento, y 6. administracióny gestión; y b) coeficientes de ponderación en cada fase, para tomardecisiones de autoría y titularidad de obra. De la misma manera elformato considera y diferencia que fase y actividad, realizada dentro dela creación de la obra y difusión del conocimiento, es aporte práctico ointelectual; lo cual contrasta y complementa lo que la ley de derechosde autor protege. El formato es aplicable apriori y a posteriori a larealización de un proyecto o manuscrito y adaptable a cualquier tipode investigación y publicación, resolviendo cuantitativamente: 1.Orden de autores (primer autor y orden de coautores), 2. Inclusión yexclusión de colaboradores considerando principios éticos y legales y3. Porcentajes de derecho patrimonial para cada autor...

Determining authorship and the order of authorship inscientific papers, in modern interdisciplinary and interinstitutionalscience, has become complex at a legal and ethical level. Failureto define authorship before or during the research, createssubsequent problems for those considered authors of a publicationor lead authors of a work, particularly so, once the project ormanuscript is completed. This article proposes a quantitativeand qualitative model to determine authorship within a scientific,ethical and legal frame. The principles used for the constructionof this design are based on 2 criteria: a) stages of research andscientific method involving: 1. Planning and development of theresearch project, 2. Design and data collection, 3. Presentationof results, 4. Interpretation of results, 5. Manuscript preparationto disseminate new knowledge to the scientific community, 6.Administration and management, and b) weighting coefficients ineach phase, to decide on authorship and ownership of the work.The model also considers and distinguishes whether the leveland activity performed during the creation of the work and thediffusion of knowledge is an intellectual or practical contribution;this distinction both contrasts and complements the elementsprotected by copyright laws. The format can be applied a prioriand a posteriori to the completion of a project or manuscript andcan conform to any research and publication type. The use ofthis format will quantitatively resolve: 1. The order of authorship(first author and co-author order), 2. Determine the inclusion andexclusion of contributors, taking into account ethical and legalprinciples, and 3. Percentages of economic rights for each authors...

Na ciência moderna, interdisciplinar e inter-institucional,a definição do que é um autor e da ordem de autoría em trabalhoscientíficos tornou-se um problema de ética e legal. A carência de definirautoría, antes ou durante a realização de pesquisas, gera problemasentre os autores considerados. Este artigo propõe um formatoquantitativo e qualitativo para determinar a autoría dentro de umaestrutura científica, ética e legal. Os princípios utilizados na construçãodeste formato basearam-se em dois critérios: a) as fases do método depesquisa científica, envolvendo: 1. planejamento e escrito da pesquisa,2. delineamento e coleta de dados, 3. apresentação dos resultados,4. interpretação dos resultados, 5. preparação do manuscrito para adivulgação de novos conhecimentos, e 6. administração e gestão, e, b)as fases ponderadas, para tomar decisões de autoría e de propriedadeda obra. O formato considera e inclui a diferença entre fase e atividade,realizadas dentro da criação da obra e disseminação do conhecimento,a contribuição intelectual ou prática, que contrasta e complementa oque a lei protege em direitos de autor. O formato se aplica apriori ea posteriori à conclusão de um projeto ou manuscrito e é adaptável aqualquer tipo de pesquisa e publicação, resolvendo quantitativamente:1. a ordem de autores (primeiro autor e co-autores), 2. inclusão eexclusão de contribuintes, considerando os princípios éticos e legais, e3. os percentuais de direitos econômicos para cada autor...

Multi-enzyme production by pure and mixed cultures of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts during wine fermentation.

Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts release enzymes that are able to transform neutral compounds of grape berries into active aromatic compounds, a process that enhances the sensory attributes of wines. So far, there exists only little information about enzymatic activity in mixed cultures of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces during grape must fermentations. The aim of the present work was to determine the ability of yeasts to produce extracellular enzymes of enological relevance (ß-glucosidases, pectinases, proteases, amylases or xylanases) in pure and mixed Saccharomyces/non-Saccharomyces cultures during fermentation. Pure and mixed cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BSc562, Hanseniaspora vinae BHv438 and Torulaspora delbrueckii BTd259 were assayed: 1% S. cerevisiae/99% H. vinae, 10% S. cerevisiae/90% H. vinae, 1% S. cerevisiae/99% T. delbrueckii and 10% S. cerevisiae/90% T. delbrueckii. Microvinifications were carried out with fresh must without pressing from Vitis vinifera L. c.v. Pedro Jiménez, an autochthonous variety from Argentina. Non-Saccharomyces species survived during 15-18days (BTd259) or until the end of the fermentation (BHv438) and influenced enzymatic profiles of mixed cultures. The results suggest that high concentrations of sugars did not affect enzymatic activity. ß-Glucosidase and pectinase activities seemed to be adversely affected by an increase in ethanol: activity diminished with increasing fermentation time. Throughout the fermentation, Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces isolates assayed produced a broad range of enzymes of enological interest that catalyze hydrolysis of polymers present in grape juice. Vinifications carried out by a pure or mixed culture of BTd259 (99% of T. delbrueckii) showed the highest production of all enzymes assayed except for ß-glucosidase. In mixed cultures, S. cerevisiae outgrew H. vinae, and T. delbrueckii was only detected until halfway the fermentation process. Nevertheless, their secreted enzymes could be detected throughout the fermentation process. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the microbial interactions and the influence of some enzymes on vinification environments.

An integrated bioanalytical method development and validation approach: case studies.

We proposed an integrated bioanalytical method development and validation approach: (1) method screening based on analyte's physicochemical properties and metabolism information to determine the most appropriate extraction/analysis conditions; (2) preliminary stability evaluation using both quality control and incurred samples to establish sample collection, storage and processing conditions; (3) mock validation to examine method accuracy and precision and incurred sample reproducibility; and (4) method validation to confirm the results obtained during method development. This integrated approach was applied to the determination of compound I in rat plasma and compound II in rat and dog plasma. The effectiveness of the approach was demonstrated by the superior quality of three method validations: (1) a zero run failure rate; (2) >93% of quality control results within 10% of nominal values; and (3) 99% incurred sample within 9.2% of the original values. In addition, rat and dog plasma methods for compound II were successfully applied to analyze more than 900 plasma samples obtained from Investigational New Drug (IND) toxicology studies in rats and dogs with near perfect results: (1) a zero run failure rate; (2) excellent accuracy and precision for standards and quality controls; and (3) 98% incurred samples within 15% of the original values.

Assessing evidence for a pervasive alteration in tropical tree communities.

In Amazonian tropical forests, recent studies have reported increases in aboveground biomass and in primary productivity, as well as shifts in plant species composition favouring fast-growing species over slow-growing ones. This pervasive alteration of mature tropical forests was attributed to global environmental change, such as an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, nutrient deposition, temperature, drought frequency, and/or irradiance. We used standardized, repeated measurements of over 2 million trees in ten large (16-52 ha each) forest plots on three continents to evaluate the generality of these findings across tropical forests. Aboveground biomass increased at seven of our ten plots, significantly so at four plots, and showed a large decrease at a single plot. Carbon accumulation pooled across sites was significant (+0.24 MgC ha(-1) y(-1), 95% confidence intervals [0.07, 0.39] MgC ha(-1) y(-1)), but lower than reported previously for Amazonia. At three sites for which we had data for multiple census intervals, we found no concerted increase in biomass gain, in conflict with the increased productivity hypothesis. Over all ten plots, the fastest-growing quartile of species gained biomass (+0.33 [0.09, 0.55] % y(-1)) compared with the tree community as a whole (+0.15 % y(-1)); however, this significant trend was due to a single plot. Biomass of slow-growing species increased significantly when calculated over all plots (+0.21 [0.02, 0.37] % y(-1)), and in half of our plots when calculated individually. Our results do not support the hypothesis that fast-growing species are consistently increasing in dominance in tropical tree communities. Instead, they suggest that our plots may be simultaneously recovering from past disturbances and affected by changes in resource availability. More long-term studies are necessary to clarify the contribution of global change to the functioning of tropical forests.

Clinical and microbiological aspects of linezolid resistance mediated by the cfr gene encoding a 23S rRNA methyltransferase.

The cfr (chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance) gene encodes a 23S rRNA methyltransferase that confers resistance to linezolid. Detection of linezolid resistance was evaluated in the first cfr-carrying human hospital isolate of linezolid and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (designated MRSA CM-05) by dilution and diffusion methods (including Etest). The presence of cfr was investigated in isolates of staphylococci colonizing the patient's household contacts and clinical isolates recovered from patients in the same unit where MRSA CM-05 was isolated. Additionally, 68 chloramphenicol-resistant Colombian MRSA isolates recovered from hospitals between 2001 and 2004 were screened for the presence of the cfr gene. In addition to erm(B), the erm(A) gene was also detected in CM-05. The isolate belonged to sequence type 5 and carried staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec type I. We were unable to detect the cfr gene in any of the human staphylococci screened (either clinical or colonizing isolates). Agar and broth dilution methods detected linezolid resistance in CM-05. However, the Etest and disk diffusion methods failed to detect resistance after 24 h of incubation. Oxazolidinone resistance mediated by the cfr gene is rare, and acquisition by a human isolate appears to be a recent event in Colombia. The detection of cfr-mediated linezolid resistance might be compromised by the use of the disk diffusion or Etest method.

Soil nutrients influence spatial distributions of tropical tree species.

The importance of niche vs. neutral assembly mechanisms in structuring tropical tree communities remains an important unsettled question in community ecology [Bell G (2005) Ecology 86:1757-1770]. There is ample evidence that species distributions are determined by soils and habitat factors at landscape (<10(4) km(2)) and regional scales. At local scales (<1 km(2)), however, habitat factors and species distributions show comparable spatial aggregation, making it difficult to disentangle the importance of niche and dispersal processes. In this article, we test soil resource-based niche assembly at a local scale, using species and soil nutrient distributions obtained at high spatial resolution in three diverse neotropical forest plots in Colombia (La Planada), Ecuador (Yasuni), and Panama (Barro Colorado Island). Using spatial distribution maps of >0.5 million individual trees of 1,400 species and 10 essential plant nutrients, we used Monte Carlo simulations of species distributions to test plant-soil associations against null expectations based on dispersal assembly. We found that the spatial distributions of 36-51% of tree species at these sites show strong associations to soil nutrient distributions. Neutral dispersal assembly cannot account for these plant-soil associations or the observed niche breadths of these species. These results indicate that belowground resource availability plays an important role in the assembly of tropical tree communities at local scales and provide the basis for future investigations on the mechanisms of resource competition among tropical tree species.

The importance of demographic niches to tree diversity.

Most ecological hypotheses about species coexistence hinge on species differences, but quantifying trait differences across species in diverse communities is often unfeasible. We examined the variation of demographic traits using a global tropical forest data set covering 4500 species in 10 large-scale tree inventories. With a hierarchical Bayesian approach, we quantified the distribution of mortality and growth rates of all tree species at each site. This allowed us to test the prediction that demographic differences facilitate species richness, as suggested by the theory that a tradeoff between high growth and high survival allows species to coexist. Contrary to the prediction, the most diverse forests had the least demographic variation. Although demographic differences may foster coexistence, they do not explain any of the 16-fold variation in tree species richness observed across the tropics.

Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests.

The theory of metabolic ecology predicts specific relationships among tree stem diameter, biomass, height, growth and mortality. As demographic rates are important to estimates of carbon fluxes in forests, this theory might offer important insights into the global carbon budget, and deserves careful assessment. We assembled data from 10 old-growth tropical forests encompassing censuses of 367 ha and > 1.7 million trees to test the theory's predictions. We also developed a set of alternative predictions that retained some assumptions of metabolic ecology while also considering how availability of a key limiting resource, light, changes with tree size. Our results show that there are no universal scaling relationships of growth or mortality with size among trees in tropical forests. Observed patterns were consistent with our alternative model in the one site where we had the data necessary to evaluate it, and were inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology in all forests.

Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models.

Tropical forests vary substantially in the densities of trees of different sizes and thus in above-ground biomass and carbon stores. However, these tree size distributions show fundamental similarities suggestive of underlying general principles. The theory of metabolic ecology predicts that tree abundances will scale as the -2 power of diameter. Demographic equilibrium theory explains tree abundances in terms of the scaling of growth and mortality. We use demographic equilibrium theory to derive analytic predictions for tree size distributions corresponding to different growth and mortality functions. We test both sets of predictions using data from 14 large-scale tropical forest plots encompassing censuses of 473 ha and > 2 million trees. The data are uniformly inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology. In most forests, size distributions are much closer to the predictions of demographic equilibrium, and thus, intersite variation in size distributions is explained partly by intersite variation in growth and mortality.

Metadato de la Colección Biológica de Corales (Escleractinia) del Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural Lorenzo Uribe S. J / Coral Collection Metadata (Scleractinia) from the Museo de Historia Natural Lorenzo Uribe S. J

Día a día surge la necesidad de divulgar a la comunidad científica nacional e internacional la información existente en las colecciones biológicas de los museos, particularmente cuando son pocas para un taxa en elpaís, o cuando es difícil acceder a ellas. Aunque las bases de datos en general compilan información de formasistemática, las pertenecientes a las colecciones biológicas del Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural LorenzoUribe S.J. (MUJ) aún no están estandarizadas de manera tal que puedan ser divulgadas para una consulta universal. Para solucionar este problema en el MUJ se ha hecho uso de herramientas como los metadatos, datos sobre datos, que a partir de la base de datos de la colección de corales resume información de su contenido, calidad, donde fue colectado y condición; brindando acceso a información en un lenguaje homogéneo. Los pasos seguidos para generar el metadato de la colección de corales referenciados en el MUJ fueron: revisión, digitación, organización, depuración y estandarización a nivel taxonómico y geográfico de la información de cada uno de los datos de los registros biológicos, tomando como base estándares internacionales. El metadato condensó información sobre: 1. Géneros de Scleractinios del MUJ, 2. Citación del autor del metadato y del listado de Scleractinios; 3. Cobertura geográfica de colecta; 4. Condiciones de acceso y uso; y 5. Información temporal e hipervínculos, entre otros aspectos. Así mismo se aplicó el índice de biodiversidad de metadatos para cualificar interoperabilidad con otros metadatos y su divulgación. El metadato de corales del MUJ es eficaz (76.6) porciento porque facilita la búsqueda eficiente, específica y completa de la información sobre corales en el Caribe colombiano, ya que solo existen dos colecciones referenciadas en el país. Además, da a conocer parte del patrimonio y biodiversidad y permite comparar e intercambiar información existente a nivel internacional vía electrónica.

Aplicación de indicadores de conocimiento sobre biodiversidad para el diagnostico y comparación de colecciones biológicas / Application of indicators of knowledge on biodiversity for the diagnosis and comparison of biological collections

La mayoría de colecciones biológicas de los museos en Colombia carecen de elementos de diagnóstico, lo que impide analizarlas y determinar su estado en términos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Para suplir esta carenciase proponen indicadores de biodiversidad aplicables a las bases de datos de las colecciones biológicas que permitan a los museos definir sus condiciones, prioridades y registrar su aporte a la biodiversidad. Es así, como existen criterios básicos para elaborar dichos indicadores: validez científica, disponibilidad y fiabilidad de los datos, este último incluye; representatividad, sensibilidad a cambios, sencillez, comparabilidad, relevancia y utilidad entre otros. Estos criterios son necesarios para soportar cada indicador como parte de la hoja metodológica. Los indicadores de conocimiento sobre biodiversidad propuestos sirven para comparar el mismo grupo biológico: (i) entre diferentes colecciones, como el caso de estudio escleractinios del Museo Javeriano - MUJ y Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia- MHNMC; (ii) comparar una colección frente a un total reportado para el país o el mundo. Los indicadores usados fueron los de: representatividad y complementariedad, tanto taxonómica como geográfica, especies en peligro, identificación taxonómica, completitud de datos, intensidad de muestreo e índice de metadatos. Los indicadores utilizados arrojaron los siguientes resultados para la colección del MUJ: especies con las que cuenta, 30 corales hermatípicos; carece de, 52 corales ahermatípicos en muestreos en 3 ecorregiones del país; distribución temporal de colecta, 91.6 porciento de las colectas recientes; distribución espacial de colecta, 6 ecorregiones a lo largo del Caribe colombiano; representatividad taxonómica 50 porciento frente al MHNMC y 26 porcientofrente al total reportado en el Caribe; nivel de curatoría, 94.4 porciento ejemplares identificados hasta especie; especies en amenaza presentes, 17.6 porciento; familia con mas repeticio...