RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Social skills interventions are commonly deployed for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Because effective and appropriate social skills are determined by cultural factors that differ throughout the world, the effectiveness of these interventions relies on a good cultural fit. Therefore, the ACCEPT study examines the effectiveness of the Dutch Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS®) social skills intervention. METHODS/DESIGN: This study is a two-arm parallel group randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which adolescents are randomly assigned (after baseline assessment) to one of two group interventions (PEERS® vs. active control condition). In total, 150 adolescents are to be included, with multi-informant involvement of their parents and teachers. The ACCEPT study uses an active control condition (puberty psychoeducation group training, focussing on social-emotional development) and explores possible moderators and mediators in improving social skills. The primary outcome measure is the Contextual Assessment of Social Skills (CASS). The CASS assesses social skills performance in a face to face social interaction with an unfamiliar, typically developing peer, making this a valuable instrument to assess the social conversational skills targeted in PEERS®. In addition, to obtain a complete picture of social skills, self-, parent- and teacher-reported social skills are assessed using the Social Skills improvement System (SSiS-RS) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2). Secondary outcome measures (i.e. explorative mediators) include social knowledge, social cognition, social anxiety, social contacts and feelings of parenting competency of caregivers. Moreover, demographic and diagnostic measures are assessed as potential moderators of treatment effectiveness. Assessments of adolescents, parents, and teachers take place at baseline (week 0), intermediate (week 7), post intervention (week 14), and at follow-up (week 28). CONCLUSION: This is the first RCT on the effectiveness of the PEERS® parent-assisted curriculum which includes an active control condition. The outcome of social skills is assessed using observational assessments and multi-informant questionnaires. Additionally, factors related to social learning are assessed at several time points, which will enable us to explore potential mediators and moderators of treatment effect. TRAIL REGISTRATION: Dutch trail register NTR6255 (NL6117). Registered February 8th, 2017 - retrospectively registered.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/terapia , Relações Interpessoais , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto/métodos , Habilidades Sociais , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Países Baixos , Grupo Associado , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Urbanization is steadily increasing worldwide. Previous research indicated a higher incidence of mental health problems in more urban areas, however, very little is known regarding potential mechanisms underlying this association. We examined whether urbanicity was associated with mental health problems in children directly, and indirectly via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis functioning. METHODS: Utilizing data from two independent samples of children we examined the effects of current urbanicity (n = 306, ages seven to 12 years) and early childhood urbanicity (n = 141, followed from birth through age 7 years). Children's mothers reported on their mental health problems and their family's socioeconomic status. Salivary cortisol samples were collected during a psychosocial stress procedure to assess HPA axis reactivity to stress, and at home to assess basal HPA axis functioning. Neighborhood-level urbanicity and socioeconomic conditions were extracted from Statistics Netherlands. Path models were estimated using a bootstrapping procedure to detect indirect effects. RESULTS: We found no evidence for a direct effect of urbanicity on mental health problems, nor were there indirect effects of urbanicity through HPA axis functioning. Furthermore, we did not find evidence for an effect of urbanicity on HPA axis functioning or effects of HPA axis functioning on mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: Possibly, the effects of urbanicity on HPA axis functioning and mental health do not manifest until adolescence. An alternative explanation is a buffering effect of high family socioeconomic status as the majority of children were from families with an average or high socioeconomic status. Further studies remain necessary to conclude that urbanicity does not affect children's mental health via HPA axis functioning.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil , Emoções , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário , Transtornos Mentais , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Masculino , Países Baixos , Características de Residência , População UrbanaRESUMO
The current study was a 7-year follow-up of 74 6-12 year old children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. We examined the rates and 7 year stability of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses as ascertained with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children: Parent version at ages 6-12 and again at ages 12-20. Also, we examined childhood factors that predicted the stability of comorbid psychiatric disorders. The rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders dropped significantly from childhood (81 %) to adolescence (61 %). Higher levels of parent reported stereotyped behaviors and reduced social interest in childhood significantly predicted the stability of psychiatric comorbidity. Re-evaluation of psychiatric comorbidity should be considered in clinical practice, since several individuals shifted in comorbid diagnoses.
Assuntos
Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Criança , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnósticoRESUMO
The current 7-year follow-up study investigated: (1) the stability of ASD severity, and (2) associations of ASD severity in adolescence with (a) childhood and concurrent psychiatric comorbidity, and (b) concurrent societal functioning. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children were administered in childhood (ages 6-12) and in adolescence (ages 12-20) to 72 individuals with a pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). ADOS calibrated severity scores showed a large stability (r = .51). Psychiatric comorbidity in childhood and adolescence were not associated with ASD severity in adolescence. Mental health care use (87 %) and special education needs were high (71 %). Reevaluation of ASD severity and psychiatric comorbidity later in life seem useful when PDD-NOS is diagnosed in childhood.
Assuntos
Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/diagnóstico , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/psicologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Social , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The goal of this study was to explore relations between teacher characteristics (i.e., competence and wellbeing); social classroom relationships (i.e., teacher-child and peer interactions); and children's social, emotional, and behavioral classroom adjustment. These relations were explored at both the individual and classroom levels among 414 children with emotional and behavioral disorders placed in special education. Two models were specified. In the first model, children's classroom adjustment was regressed on social relationships and teacher characteristics. In the second model, reversed links were examined by regressing teacher characteristics on social relationships and children's adjustment. Results of model 1 showed that, at the individual level, better social and emotional adjustment of children was predicted by higher levels of teacher-child closeness and better behavioral adjustment was predicted by both positive teacher-child and peer interactions. At the classroom level, positive social relationships were predicted by higher levels of teacher competence, which in turn were associated with lower classroom levels of social problems. Higher levels of teacher wellbeing were directly associated with classroom adaptive and maladaptive child outcomes. Results of model 2 showed that, at the individual and classroom levels, only the emotional and behavioral problems of children predicted social classroom relationships. At the classroom level, teacher competence was best predicted by positive teacher-child relationships and teacher wellbeing was best predicted by classroom levels of prosocial behavior. We discuss the importance of positive teacher-child and peer interactions for children placed in special education and suggest ways of improving classroom processes by targeting teacher competence.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Ajustamento Emocional , Docentes , Relações Interpessoais , Ajustamento Social , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Educação Inclusiva , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituições Acadêmicas , Meio SocialRESUMO
In mainstream education, positive relationships with teachers and peers have been found to positively influence children's behavioral development. However, high levels of classroom behavior problems may hinder the formation of such positive relationships. Therefore, findings from mainstream education cannot be generalized to special education. The present study investigated the developmental links between disobedience and positive as well as negative relationships with teachers and peers among boys in restrictive special educational settings. At three assessment waves across one school year, teacher-reports of teacher-child closeness and conflict, and peer-reports of peer acceptance, rejection and disobedience were collected among 340 boys (mean age = 10.1 years, SD = 1.58, range = 5-13) with psychiatric disorders receiving special education. Autoregressive cross-lagged models were fitted to explore the nature of these developmental links. The impact of boys' age was examined using multiple group analyses. Findings supported the importance of teacher-child conflict, but not closeness, and positive and negative peer relationships for the development of boys' disobedience, with a stronger effect of negative than positive relationships. However, teacher-child and peer relationships were not longitudinally related and the effect of boys' age was minimal. This study extends prior research by suggesting that, despite differences in educational setting and severity of behavior problems between children in mainstream and special education, reducing negative classroom interactional patterns is most important in preventing the development of problematic classroom behavior in boys with severe social-emotional and behavioral difficulties.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Educação Inclusiva , Relações Interpessoais , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Conflito Psicológico , Docentes , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo AssociadoRESUMO
Children born with a left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) can present with symptoms of left ventricular (LV) failure while ejection fraction (EF) is normal. A more sensitive parameter of systolic function might be obtained with speckle tracking echocardiography, which describes ventricular longitudinal deformation in strain values. It is presumed that despite a normal or only slight decrease in ejection fraction, patients with a LVOTO demonstrate aberrations in the longitudinal deformation of the left ventricle. In addition, it is expected that after a successful intervention, longitudinal deformation returns to normal values. Standard trans-thoracic echocardiography was performed on 33 consecutive patients with a LVOTO, either an isolated aortic coarctation (AoCo) or an isolated aortic stenosis (AoSt). Before intervention a significant decrease in strain values was observed compared with the control group (N = 40), with an additional decrease in strain values in the first week after intervention (N = 16). Strain values recovered after a mean follow-up period of 42 wk (N = 9), though normal values were never reached. In addition, patients with an AoCo had a smaller decrease in strain values compared with patients with AoSt. All strain values were measured with a concomitant ejection fraction between normal limits. It is concluded that patients with a congenital LVOTO have decreased ventricular systolic function measured as strain values, whereas their ejection fraction is within the normal range. Therefore, as ejection fraction may not be an accurate measure, speckle tracking-based strain may be significant in the identification of subtle changes in longitudinal deformation and may create opportunities for patients to benefit from early treatment for heart failure.
Assuntos
Coartação Aórtica/complicações , Coartação Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/complicações , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/métodos , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/diagnóstico por imagem , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/etiologia , Criança , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prognóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
Non-union of a fracture is a phenomenon that may complicate bone healing. Consolidation of a fracture can be divided into three phases: inflammation, reconstruction, and remodeling. Both the complement system and the coagulation cascade interact at various steps throughout these phases. Several complement components are specifically associated with the inflammation phase of bone healing. However, in which way complement components influence the remodeling phase has not been established yet. Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) and its associated serine protease MASP-2 (Mannanbinding lectin serine protease-2) are important initiating proteins of the complement system and have also been implicated in coagulation. With respect to the characteristics and interactions of MBL, it is likely to assume a considerable influence of MBL in the remodeling phase of bone healing. A deficiency in MBL then, caused by a genetic variation, may disturb this particular process during bone healing, due to either an accumulation of apoptotic cells or to a diminished scaffold of fibrin molecules. The next step would be early identification of patients with a deficiency of MBL, allowing for early therapeutic intervention or even non-union preventive measures. This review aims to discuss the true and hypothesized role of MBL in bone healing and the consequences of a depletion of the protein in the etiology of fracture non-union.
Assuntos
Lectina de Ligação a Manose da Via do Complemento/fisiologia , Consolidação da Fratura/fisiologia , Lectina de Ligação a Manose/metabolismo , Regeneração Óssea , Remodelação Óssea , Humanos , Serina Proteases Associadas a Proteína de Ligação a Manose/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine continuities of mental health problems of children across a 24-year follow-up period. METHOD: In 1983, parent ratings of emotional and behavioral problems were collected with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in a general population sample of 2076 children. Twenty-four years later, 1365 participants completed Adult Self-Reports (ASR) to assess emotional and behavioral problems. RESULTS: Of the participants who were classified as deviant in childhood, 22.2% were also classified as deviant in adulthood. Both homotypic and heterotypic continuity was found. Childhood aggressive, delinquent, and anxious/depressed problems were associated with most adult psychopathology. Attention problems did not predict later problems independently. CONCLUSION: Even though assessed with parent-reports in childhood and analogous self-reports in adulthood, and over a large period of 24 years, continuity of psychopathology was found from childhood into adulthood. Anxious/depressed problems, delinquent behavior and aggressive behavior in childhood are core predictors for adult psychopathology.
Assuntos
Agressão , Transtorno da Conduta/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Delinquência Juvenil/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Transtorno da Conduta/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic, shared and nonshared environmental contributions to self-reported and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing problems in a follow-up study of intercountry adopted young adults. Young Adult Self-Report ratings were obtained from 1475 adoptees aged 22-32 years and Young Adult Behavior Checklist ratings from 1115 adoptive parents. For the genetic analyses, a subset of 143 adopted biologically related and 295 unrelated siblings was used. The data were subjected to model fitting decomposing three sources of variance: genetic factors (A) shared environment (C) and nonshared environment (E). Genetic factors were of more importance in both self-reported (A(2)= 54%, C(2)= 0, and E(2)= 46%) and parent-reported (A(2)= 76%, C(2)= 15% and E(2)= 9%) internalizing problems. Environmental factors were of more importance in both self-reported (A(2)= 33%, C(2)= 17% and E(2)= 50%) and parent-reported (A(2)= 28%, C(2)= 27% and E(2)= 45%) externalizing problems. This was in contrast with findings from the first and second assessments in the same sample during adolescence when genetic factors were more important in explaining externalizing problems compared with internalizing problems. Our results suggest a developmental reversal in genetic and environmental influences on behavior problems from early adolescence into adulthood, which could be related to different underlying developmental trajectories.
Assuntos
Adoção/psicologia , Controle Interno-Externo , Transtornos Mentais/genética , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Determinação da Personalidade , Inventário de Personalidade , Meio Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Agressão/psicologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/genética , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/genética , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Modelos Anatômicos , Países Baixos , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Irmãos/psicologia , Isolamento SocialRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Psychotic disorders are more common in people from ethnic minorities. If psychosis exists as a continuous phenotype, ethnic disparities in psychotic disorder will be accompanied by similar ethnic disparities in the rate of psychotic symptoms. This study examined ethnic disparities in self-reported hallucinations in a population sample of young adults. MethodA cross-sectional population survey (n=2258) was carried out in the south-west Netherlands. Seven ethnic groups were delineated: Dutch natives, Turks, Moroccans, Surinamese/Antilleans, Indonesians, other non-Western immigrants (mostly from Africa or Asia) and Western immigrants (mostly from Western Europe). Self-reported auditory and visual hallucinations were assessed with the Adult Self-Report (ASR). Indicators of social adversity included social difficulties and a significant drop in financial resources. RESULTS: Compared to Dutch natives, Turkish females [odds ratio (OR) 13.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.97-30.42], Moroccan males (OR 8.36, 95% CI 3.29-21.22), Surinamese/Antilleans (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.05-4.58), Indonesians (OR 4.15, 95% CI 1.69-10.19) and other non-Western immigrants (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.62-7.85) were more likely to report hallucinations, whereas Western immigrants, Turkish males and Moroccan females did not differ from their Dutch counterparts. When adjusting for social adversity, the ORs for self-reported hallucinations among the non-Western immigrant groups showed considerable reductions of 28% to 52%. CONCLUSIONS: In a general population sample, several non-Western immigrant groups reported hallucinations more often than Dutch natives, which is consistent with the higher incidence of psychotic disorders in most of these groups. The associations between ethnicity and hallucinations diminished after adjustment for social adversity, which supports the view that adverse social experiences contribute to the higher rate of psychosis among migrants.
Assuntos
Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Alucinações/etnologia , Autorrevelação , Adulto , Feminino , Alucinações/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Vigilância da PopulaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The long-term consequences of child and adolescent externalizing problems often involve a wide spectrum of social maladaptation in adult life. The purpose of this study was to describe the predictive link of child and adolescent externalizing developmental trajectories to social functioning in adulthood. METHOD: Social functioning was predicted from developmental trajectories of parent-reported aggression, opposition, property violations and status violations that were defined in a longitudinal multiple birth cohort study of 2,076 males and females aged 4-18 years. Social functioning was assessed using self-reports by young adults aged 18-30 years. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to describe the extent to which developmental trajectories are prospectively related to social functioning. RESULTS: Children with high-level trajectories of opposition and status violations reported more impaired social functioning as young adults than children with high-level trajectories of aggression and property violations. Young adults who showed onset of problems in adolescence reported overall less impaired social functioning than individuals with high-level externalizing problems starting in childhood. Overall, males reported more impaired social functioning in adulthood than females. However, females with persistent high-level externalizing behaviour reported more impairment in relationships than males with persistent high-level externalizing behaviour. CONCLUSION: The long-term consequences of high levels of opposition and status violations in childhood to serious social problems during adulthood are much stronger than for individuals who show only high levels of aggressive antisocial behaviours.
Assuntos
Agressão/psicologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Controle Interno-Externo , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Escolaridade , Feminino , Previsões , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Delinquência Juvenil/psicologia , Delinquência Juvenil/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Socialização , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Violência/psicologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Research into changes in the prevalence of children's psychiatric diagnoses has indicated an increase in recent decades. However, methodological problems may have influenced results. This study compared children's emotional and behavioral problem levels across three population samples from different time points across 20 years, assessed with identical methodologies. METHOD: We compared Child Behavior Checklists and Teacher's Report Forms across three population samples of 6- to 16-year olds, assessed in 1983, 1993, and 2003. RESULTS: We found evidence for small increases in the mean population levels of parent-reported problems, and in the percentages of children with serious problems. These changes concerned mostly internalizing problems. Teacher reports showed less changes. Decreases in scores were found on several areas of competence. Changes were the strongest between 1993 and 2003. CONCLUSION: We found evidence for small increases in Dutch children's problems. Further developments must be monitored, as this trend may continue and have serious societal consequences.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Transtornos do Humor/etnologia , Mudança Social , Adolescente , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos do Humor/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Humor/epidemiologia , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of growing up with a parent with a bipolar disorder. First, we compared parental rearing behavior perceived by young adult offspring of bipolar parents with parental rearing behavior perceived by same aged young adults from the general population. Secondly, we examined the associations between perceived parental rearing behavior and parental psychopathology and psychopathology in offspring. METHOD: Subjects were 129 offspring of 80 bipolar parents and their spouses and 1122 young adults from the general population. In offspring the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was used to assess DSM-IV diagnoses and the EMBU was used to assess perceived parental rearing in both groups. RESULTS: In general, offspring growing up in a family with a bipolar parent perceived their mothers as less rejecting, more emotionally warm and less overprotecting and their fathers as less emotionally warm and less overprotecting compared with young adults from the general population. Perceived rejection was related to psychopathology in offspring. CONCLUSION: Overall, parental rearing in families with a parent with a bipolar disorder is not more dysfunctional, as perceived by their offspring, than in families from the general population. Offspring with a bipolar disorder perceive their parents as more rejecting.
Assuntos
Filhos Adultos/psicologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Relações Pai-Filho , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Relações Mãe-Filho , Países Baixos , Apego ao Objeto , Determinação da Personalidade , Psicopatologia , Valores de Referência , Rejeição em Psicologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate if parent-teacher discrepancies in reports of behavioral/emotional problems in children predict poor outcome. METHOD: A total of 1154 4- to 12-year-old children from the general population were followed up. At the first assessment, parent and teacher ratings were obtained with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher's Report Form (TRF). Fourteen years later, DSM-IV diagnoses were assessed, and ratings of self-reported and parent-rated behavioral and emotional problems were obtained. RESULTS: CBCL and TRF scores predicted most of the outcomes, but in general, discrepancies between CBCL and TRF scores did not. There were some exceptions. For instance, higher parental vs. teacher ratings of aggressive behaviors increased the risk of suicide attempts/self-mutilation. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for self-mutilating behaviors may be supplemented with parent-reported aggressive behaviors that are not observed by the teachers. In general, whereas CBCL and TRF scale scores were useful predictors of outcome, parent-teacher discrepancies were not.
Assuntos
Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/diagnóstico , Determinação da Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Sintomas Afetivos/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Controle Interno-Externo , Masculino , Países Baixos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Prognóstico , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicopatologia , Fatores de Risco , Automutilação/diagnóstico , Automutilação/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Tentativa de Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study investigates whether neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage may contribute to child behavioural and emotional problems, beyond the effects of parental socioeconomic status. It also examines the influence of neighbourhood disadvantage on changes in the frequency of behavioural problems from late childhood into early adolescence. DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was conducted in a large community sample in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. An index of neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage was calculated for each of the city's 74 neighbourhoods. Multilevel regression analysis estimated effects of neighbourhood disadvantage and individual variables (parental socioeconomic status, child's gender, and age) on behavioural problems reported by children (Youth Self-Report) and parents (Child Behavior Checklist) and on changes in these scores over a two year follow up. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of all children born in 1978 and living in Rotterdam. Of those eligible, 73% (n=2587) participated in the first measurement (T1), at 10-12 years; 71% of the T1 respondents participated again two years later (T2), at 12-14 years. MAIN RESULTS: Neighbourhood disadvantage was associated with higher Total, Internalising, and Externalising Problems, as assessed with both the Child Behavior Checklist and the Youth Self-Report, even after controlling for parental socioeconomic status. Neighbourhood disadvantage also seemed to contribute to increases in Total Problems over the follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood is associated with greater behavioural problems and may lead to an exacerbation of problems as children move from childhood into adolescence. Public health interventions to improve child mental health must take the neighbourhood environment into account.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/etiologia , Classe Social , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Países Baixos , Áreas de Pobreza , Psicometria , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescents from the general population. METHOD: The sample consisted of 914 adolescents between ages 11-18 participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. The participation rate from the original sample was 70%. Responses on the Youth Self-Report questionnaire were used to ascertain hallucinations in adolescents. Eight years later, Axis 1 DSM-IV diagnoses were assessed using the 12-month version Composite International Diagnostic Interview in 783 (86%) of 914 study subjects. No subjects were diagnosed with schizophreniform disorders or schizophrenia. RESULTS: Hallucinations were reported by 6% of adolescents and 3% of young adults. Self-reported hallucinations were associated with concurrent non-psychotic psychiatric problems in both age groups. Adolescents who reported auditory, but not visual, hallucinations, had higher rates of depressive disorders and substance use disorders, but not psychotic disorders, at follow-up, compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported auditory hallucinations in adolescents are markers of concurrent and future psychiatric impairment due to non-psychotic Axis 1 disorders and possibly Axis 2 disorders. It cannot be excluded that there was selective attrition of children and adolescents who developed Schizophrenic or other psychotic disorders later in life.
Assuntos
Alucinações/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Feminino , Alucinações/epidemiologia , Alucinações/psicologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Estudos de AmostragemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer questions concerning origins and prognosis of psychopathology across a wide age range. AIMS: To investigate the 10-year course and predictive value of self-reported problems in adolescence in relation to psychopathology in adulthood. METHOD: Subjects from the general population, aged 11-19 years, were assessed with the Youth Self-Report (YSR) at initial assessment, and with the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and three sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) 10 years later. RESULTS: Of the subjects with deviant YSR total problem scores, 23% (males) and 22% (females) had deviant YASR total problem scores at follow-up. Subjects with initial deviant YSR total problem, internalising and externalising scores had higher prevalences of DSM-IV diagnoses at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent problems tended to persist into adulthood to a moderate degree. High rates of problems during adolescence are risk factors for psychiatric disorders in adulthood.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Autorrevelação , Fatores Sexuais , Problemas Sociais , SíndromeRESUMO
The Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour (SIB), a multidimensional, self-report measure of state assertiveness, was administered to a nationwide sample of 2375 undergraduates enrolled at 11 colleges and universities across the USA. The SIB was developed in the Netherlands for the independent assessment of both distress associated with self-assertion in a variety of social situations and the likelihood of engaging in a specific assertive response. This is done with four factorially-derived, first-order dimensions: (i) Display of negative feelings (Negative assertion); (ii) Expression of and dealing with personal limitations; (iii) Initiating assertiveness; and (iv) Praising others and the ability to deal with compliments/praise of others (Positive assertion). The present study was designed to determine the cross-national invariance of the original Dutch factors and the construct validity of the corresponding dimensions. It also set out to develop norms for a nationwide sample of US students. The results provide further support for the reliability, factorial and construct validity of the SIB. Compared to their Dutch equivalents, US students had meaningfully higher distress in assertiveness scores on all SIB scales (medium to large effect sizes), whereas differences on the performance scales reflected small effect sizes. The cross-national differences in distress scores were hypothesized to have originated from the American culture being more socially demanding with respect to interpersonal competence than the Dutch, and from the perceived threats and related cognitive appraisals that are associated with such demands.