Impaired action-safety learning and excessive relief during avoidance in patients with anxiety disorders.

Anxiety-related disorders are characterized by high levels of avoidance, but experimental research into avoidance learning in patients is scarce. To fill this gap, we compared healthy controls (HC, n = 47) with patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD, n = 33), panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA, n = 40), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 66) in a computer-based avoidance learning task, in order to examine (1) differences in rates of avoidance responses, (2) differences in action-safety learning during avoidance, and (3) differences in subjective relief following successful avoidance. The task comprised aversive negative pictures (unconditional stimulus, US) that followed pictures of two colored lamps (conditional stimuli, CS+), but not a third colored lamp (safety stimulus, CS-), and could be avoided by pressing a button during one CS+ (CS+ avoidable) but not the other (CS+ unavoidable). Participants rated their US-expectancy and level of relief on a trial-by-trial basis. Compared to the HC group, patient groups displayed higher levels of avoidance to the safety stimulus, and higher levels of US-expectancy and relief following the safety and avoidable danger stimulus. We propose that patients with anxiety disorders have low confidence in the safety consequences of avoidance actions, which induces increased relief during US omissions that reinforce the avoidance action.

[Exposure in the treatment of anxiety in oral care practice]. / Exposure bij de angstbehandeling in de mondzorgpraktijk.

For dental anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy is the treatment of choice and exposure therapy is a major part of this treatment program. This article describes the underlying working mechanism of exposure therapy. Exposure should be directed toward the patient's harm expectancies. Moreover, the patient needs to be ensured that their harm expectation will not be violated, despite being challenged to the maximum. In addition, it is important that patients perform exposure exercises in as many different contexts as possible and to ensure a lot of repetition. Combining different fear-inducing stimuli during exposure sessions is also recommended. Currently, the inhibition model is the best explanatory working mechanism model and this article contrasts the new inhibition model with the older habituation model, that is still often used in clinical practice. The most important clinical implications of the inhibition model are described and illustrated with practical examples.

Fully remote intensive trauma-focused treatment for PTSD and Complex PTSD.

Background: It is unknown whether remotely delivered intensive trauma-focused therapy not only is an effective treatment for PTSD, but also for Complex PTSD. Objective: Testing the hypothesis that a brief, fully remotely administered intensive trauma-focused treatment programme for individuals with PTSD and Complex PTSD would be safe, and associated with a significant decline of the corresponding symptoms and diagnostic status. Method: The treatment sample consisted of 73 consecutive patients diagnosed with PTSD according to the CAPS-5. According to the ITQ (n = 70) 33 (47.1%) patients also fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of Complex PTSD. The 4-day treatment programme contained a combination of prolonged exposure, EMDR therapy, physical activities and psycho-education. Treatment response was measured using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5), the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for classifying Complex PTSD and indexing disturbances in self-organization (DSO). Results: Overall CAPS-5, PCL-5, and ITQ-DSO scores decreased significantly from pre- to post-treatment (Cohen's ds 2.12, 1.59, and 1.18, respectively), while the decrease was maintained to six months follow-up. At post-treatment, 60 patients (82.2%) no longer met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD, while the proportion of patients with Complex PTSD decreased from 47.1% to 10.1%. No drop out, and no personal adverse events occurred. Conclusions: The results support the notion that intensive, trauma-focused treatment is feasible, safe and associated with a large decrease in PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms, even when it is brief, and applied fully remote. HIGHLIGHTS Second study to examine the effectiveness of a fully remote intensive trauma-focused treatment for PTSD and Complex PTSD.Significant decrease of DSO symptoms.Over 80 percent of the patients no longer met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD and Complex PTSD following treatment.

Antecedentes: Se desconoce si la terapia centrada en el trauma intensiva entregada remotamente no es solo un tratamiento efectivo para el TEPT, sino que también para el TEPT Complejo.Objetivo: Testear la hipótesis de que un programa de tratamiento centrado en el trauma para individuos con TEPT y con TEPT Complejo, intensivo, administrado completamente de forma remota y breve es seguro, y se asocia con una disminución significativa de los síntomas correspondientes y el cambio del estado diagnóstico.Método: La muestra del tratamiento consistió en 73 pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados con TEPT de acuerdo a la entrevista CAPS-5. De acuerdo al ITQ (n = 70), 33 (47.1%) pacientes también cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos para TEPT Complejo. El programa de tratamiento de cuatro días comprende una combinación de exposición prolongada, terapia EMDR, actividades físicas y psicoeducación. La respuesta al tratamiento fue medida usando la Escala de TEPT Administrada por el Clínico para el DSM-5 (CAPS-5 en su sigla en inglés), la Lista de Chequeo de TEPT para el DSM-5 (PCL-5 en su sigla en inglés), y el Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma (ITQ en su sigla en inglés) para clasificar TEPT Complejo y las distorsiones en la auto-organización (DSO en su sigla en inglés) asociadas.Resultados: En general, los puntajes de CAPS-5, PCL-5, y ITQ-DSO disminuyeron significativamente desde el pre al post tratamiento (Cohen's ds 2.12, 1.59, and 1.18, respectivamente), mientras que la disminución se mantuvo en el seguimiento de los seis meses. Al término del tratamiento, 60 pacientes (82.2%) ya no cumplieron con los criterios diagnósticos de TEPT, mientras que la proporción de pacientes con TEPT Complejo disminuyó desde 47.1% a 10.1%. No ocurrieron abandonos ni eventos adversos personales.Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan la noción de que tratamiento centrado en el trauma intensivo es factible, seguro y está asociado con una gran disminución en los síntomas de TEPT y TEPT Complejo, incluso cuando es breve, y es aplicado de forma completamente remota.

Augmenting PTSD treatment with physical activity: study protocol of the APPART study (Augmentation for PTSD with Physical Activity in a Randomized Trial).

Background: New intensive trauma-focused treatment (TFT) programmes that incorporate physical activity have been developed for people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the unique contribution of physical activity within these intensive TFT programmes has never been investigated in a controlled manner. Objectives: This randomized controlled trial will investigate the effectiveness of physical activity added to an intensive TFT programme. In addition, the study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the effects of physical activity on the change in PTSD symptoms. Methods: Individuals with PTSD (N = 120) will be randomly allocated to two conditions: a physical activity or a non-physical active control condition. All participants will receive the same intensive TFT lasting eight days within two consecutive weeks, in which daily prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy sessions, and psycho-education are combined. The amount of physical activity will differ per condition. While the physical activity condition induces daily physical activities with moderate intensity, in the non-physical active control condition no physical activity is prescribed; but instead, a controlled mixture of guided (creative) tasks is performed. The two primary outcome measures are change in PTSD symptoms from pre- to post-treatment and at six months follow-up, measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Additionally, self-reported sleep problems, depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, dissociation symptoms and anxiety sensitivity will be measured as potential underlying mechanisms. Conclusions: This study will contribute to the research field of augmentation strategies for PTSD treatment by investigating the effectiveness of physical activity added to intensive TFT. Trial registration: This trial is registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (Trial NL9120).

Antecedentes: Se han desarrollado para personas con TEPT nuevos programas de tratamiento intensivos centrados en trauma (TFT por sus siglas en inglés) que incorporan actividad física. Sin embargo, la contribución única de la actividad física dentro de estos programas de TFT intensivos nunca se ha investigado de manera controlada.Objetivos: Este ensayo controlado aleatorizado investigará la efectividad de la actividad física agregada a un programa intensivo de TFT. Además, el estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los mecanismos subyacentes de los efectos de la actividad física sobre el cambio en los síntomas de TEPT.Métodos: Las personas con TEPT serán asignadas en forma aleatoria a dos condiciones: una actividad física o una condición de control activo no físico. Todos los participantes recibirán la misma TFT intensiva que durará 8 días dentro de dos semanas consecutivas, en las que se combinarán diariamente la exposición prolongada y las sesiones de terapia EMDR y psicoeducación. La cantidad de actividad física diferirá según la condición. Mientras que la condición de actividad física induce actividades físicas diarias de moderada intensidad, en la condición de control activo no físico no se prescribe actividad física, sino que se realiza una mezcla controlada de tareas guiadas (creativa). Las dos medidas de resultado primarias son el cambio en los síntomas de TEPT antes y después del tratamiento y a los seis meses de seguimiento, medidos con la Escala de TEPT administrada por el clínico (CAPS-5) y la Lista de verificación de TEPT del DSM-5 (PCL-5). Adicionalmente, los problemas del sueño autoinformados, los síntomas depresivos, la regulación de emociones, los síntomas disociativos y la sensibilidad a la ansiedad se medirán como potenciales mecanismos subyacentes.Conclusiones: Este estudio contribuirá al campo de la investigación de las estrategias de potenciación para el tratamiento del TEPT al investigar la efectividad de la actividad física agregada a la TFT intensiva.Registro de ensayo: este ensayo esta registrado en el Registro de ensayos de los Países Bajos (ensayo NL 9120).

Effects of intensive trauma-focused treatment of individuals with both post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder.

Background: Research indicates that intensive trauma-focused therapy can be effective in alleviating symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, these studies have relied on self-report of BPD symptoms and follow-up data are scarce.Objective: The purpose of this feasibility study was to determine the effects of an intensive trauma-focused treatment programme on the severity of PTSD and BPD symptoms and the diagnostic status up to a 12-month follow-up.Methods: A total of 45 (60% female) individuals meeting the diagnostic criteria of both PTSD and BPD participated in an intensive eight-day trauma-focused treatment programme which combined prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy in an inpatient treatment setting. Severity of PTSD and BPD symptoms were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, 6 months, and 12 months after treatment (CAPS-5, BPDSI-IV). Diagnostic status was determined using clinical interviews (CAPS-5 and SCID-5-P) at pre-treatment and 12-month follow-up.Results: Of all participants, 93.3% had been exposed to physical abuse, and 71.1% to sexual abuse prior to the age of 12 years. PTSD and BPD symptom severity significantly decreased from pre- to post-treatment (Cohen's ds: 1.58 and 0.98, respectively), and these results were maintained at 6- (ds: 1.20 and 1.01) and 12-month follow-up (ds: 1.53 and 1.36). Based upon CAPS-5, 69.2% no longer met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD at 12-month follow-up, while according to the SCID-5-P 73.1% no longer fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of BPD at that time. No significant worsening of symptoms occurred.Conclusion: The findings of this study, which is the first to examine the effects of psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD on the presence of a borderline personality disorder one year after treatment, add support to the notion that a brief intensive trauma-focused treatment can be a valuable option for individuals suffering from both PTSD and BPD.

Investigated the effects of trauma-focused treatment on BPD.First study that evaluated the status of BPD diagnosis one year after treatment.Trauma-focused treatment proved to be a feasible and safe treatment for patients diagnosed with both PTSD and BPD.

Impact of dissociation on the effectiveness of psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience dissociative symptoms. The question of whether these dissociative symptoms negatively influence the effectiveness of psychotherapy for PTSD is unresolved. AIMS: To determine the influence of dissociative symptoms on psychotherapy outcome in PTSD. METHOD: We conducted a systematic search in Cochrane, Embase, PILOTS, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science for relevant clinical trials. A random-effects meta-analysis examined the impact of dissociation on psychotherapy outcome in PTSD (pre-registered at Prospero CRD42018086575). RESULTS: Twenty-one trials (of which nine were randomised controlled trials) with 1714 patients were included. Pre-treatment dissociation was not related to treatment effectiveness in patients with PTSD (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.04, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.13). Between-study heterogeneity was high but was not explained by moderators such as trauma focus of the psychotherapy or risk of bias score. There was no indication for publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that dissociation moderates the effectiveness of psychotherapy for PTSD. The quality of some of the included studies was relatively low, emphasising the need for high-quality clinical trials in patients with PTSD. The results suggest that pre-treatment dissociation does not determine psychotherapy outcome in PTSD.

Do emotion regulation difficulties affect outcome of intensive trauma-focused treatment of patients with severe PTSD?

Background: There is ongoing debate as to whether emotion regulation problems should be improved first in order to profit from trauma-focused treatment, or will diminish after successful trauma processing. Objective: To enhance our understanding about the importance of emotion regulation difficulties in relation to treatment outcomes of trauma-focused therapy of adult patients with severe PTSD, whereby we made a distinction between people who reported sexual abuse before the age of 12, those who were 12 years or older at the onset of the abuse, individuals who met the criteria for the dissociative subtype of PTSD, and those who did not. Methods: Sixty-two patients with severe PTSD were treated using an intensive eight-day treatment programme, combining two first-line trauma-focused treatments for PTSD (i.e. prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy) without preceding interventions that targeted emotion regulation difficulties. PTSD symptom scores (CAPS-5) and emotion regulation difficulties (DERS) were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and six month follow-up. Results: PTSD severity and emotion regulation difficulties significantly decreased following trauma-focused treatment. While PTSD severity scores significantly increased from post-treatment until six month follow-up, emotion regulation difficulties did not. Treatment response and relapse was not predicted by emotion-regulation difficulties. Survivors of childhood sexual abuse before the age of 12 and those who were sexually abused later in life improved equally well with regard to emotion regulation difficulties. Individuals who fulfilled criteria of the dissociative subtype of PTSD showed a similar decrease on emotion regulation difficulties during treatment than those who did not. Conclusion: The results support the notion that the severity of emotion regulation difficulties is not associated with worse trauma-focused treatment outcomes for PTSD nor with relapse after completing treatment. Further, emotion regulation difficulties improved after trauma-focused treatment, even for individuals who had been exposed to early childhood sexual trauma and individuals with dissociative subtype.

Antecedentes: hay un debate en curso sobre si los problemas de regulación de las emociones deben mejorar primero para beneficiarse del tratamiento centrado en el trauma o si disminuirán después del procesamiento exitoso del trauma.Objetivo: mejorar nuestra comprensión sobre la importancia de las dificultades de la regulación emocional en relación con los resultados del tratamiento de la terapia centrada en el trauma de pacientes adultos con trastorno de estrés postraumático grave, para lo cual hicimos una distinción entre las personas que informaron abuso sexual antes de los 12 años, aquellas que tenían 12 o más años al inicio del abuso, personas que cumplieron con los criterios para el subtipo disociativo de TEPT y aquellos que no lo hicieron.Métodos: Sesenta y dos pacientes con trastorno de estrés postraumático grave fueron tratados mediante un programa de tratamiento intensivo de ocho días, que combina dos tratamientos de primera línea centrados en el trauma para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (exposición prolongada y EMDR) sin intervenciones previas dirigidas a las dificultades de regulación emocional. Los puntajes de síntomas de TEPT (CAPS-5) y las dificultades de regulación emocional (DERS) se evaluaron antes, después del tratamiento y a los seis meses de seguimiento.Resultados: la severidad del TEPT y las dificultades de regulación emocional disminuyeron significativamente después del tratamiento centrado en el trauma. Si bien los puntajes de severidad del TEPT aumentaron significativamente desde el postratamiento hasta los seis meses de seguimiento, las dificultades de regulación emocional no lo hicieron. La respuesta al tratamiento y la recaída no fueron precedidas por las dificultades de regulación de las emociones. Los sobrevivientes de abuso sexual infantil antes de los 12 años y aquellos que fueron abusados sexualmente más tarde en la vida mejoraron igualmente bien con respecto a las dificultades de regulación de las emociones. Las personas que cumplieron con los criterios del subtipo disociativo de TEPT mostraron una mayor disminución en las dificultades de regulación emocional durante el tratamiento que aquellos que no lo hicieron.Conclusión: Los resultados apoyan la noción de que la gravedad de las dificultades de regulación de las emociones no se asocia con peores resultados del tratamiento centrado en el trauma para el TEPT ni con recaídas después de completar el tratamiento. Además, las dificultades de regulación de las emociones mejoraron después del tratamiento centrado en el trauma, incluso para las personas que habían estado expuestas a traumas sexuales en la primera infancia y las personas con subtipo disociativo.

The impact of brief intensive trauma-focused treatment for PTSD on symptoms of borderline personality disorder.

Background: It is generally recommended to exercise caution in applying trauma-focused treatment to individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD). Objective: To investigate the effects of a brief, intensive, direct trauma-focused treatment programme for individuals with PTSD on BPD symptom severity. Methods: Individuals (n = 72) with severe PTSD (87.5% had one or more comorbidities; 52.8% fulfilled the criteria for the dissociative subtype of PTSD) due to multiple traumas (e.g. 90.3% sexual abuse) participated in an intensive eight-day trauma-focused treatment programme consisting of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, physical activity, and psychoeducation. Treatment did not include any form of stabilization (e.g. emotion regulation training) prior to trauma-focused therapy. Assessments took place at pre- and post-treatment (Borderline Symptom List, BSL-23; PTSD symptom severity, Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5, CAPS-5), and across the eight treatment days (PTSD Checklist, PCL-5). Results: Treatment resulted in significant decreases of BPD symptoms (Cohen's d = 0.70). Of the 35 patients with a positive screen for BPD at pre-treatment, 32.7% lost their positive screen at post-treatment. No adverse events nor dropouts occurred during the study time frame, and none of the patients experienced symptom deterioration in response to treatment. Conclusion: The results suggest that an intensive trauma-focused treatment is a feasible and safe treatment for PTSD patients with clinically elevated symptoms of BPD, and that BPD symptoms decrease along with the PTSD symptoms.

Antecedentes: generalmente se recomienda tener precaución al aplicar un tratamiento centrado en el trauma a las personas con trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y trastorno de personalidad límite comórbido (TPL).Objetivo: Investigar los efectos de un programa de tratamiento breve, intensivo y directo centrado en el trauma para personas con TEPT sobre la gravedad de los síntomas de TPL.Métodos: los participantes (n = 72) con TEPT grave (87.5% tenían una o más comorbilidades; 52.8% cumplieron los criterios para el subtipo disociativo de TEPT) debido a múltiples traumas (por ejemplo, 90.3% abuso sexual) participaron en un programa intensivo de ocho días de tratamiento centrado en el trauma, consistente en EMDR, terapia de exposición prolongada (PE), actividad física y psicoeducación. El tratamiento no incluyó ninguna forma de estabilización (por ejemplo, entrenamiento de regulación emocional) antes de la terapia centrada en el trauma. Las evaluaciones se realizaron antes y después del tratamiento (Lista de síntomas límite, BSL-23; severidad de los síntomas de TEPT, Escala de TEPT administrada por clínicos para DSM-5, CAPS-5) y durante los ocho días de tratamiento (Lista de verificación de TEPT, PCL-5).Resultados: el tratamiento resultó en una disminución significativa de los síntomas de TPL (d de Cohen = 0.70). De los 35 pacientes con un tamizaje positivo de TPL en el pretratamiento, el 32,7% perdió su tamizaje positivo en el postratamiento. No ocurrieron eventos adversos ni abandonos durante el período de tiempo del estudio, y ninguno de los pacientes experimentó deterioro de los síntomas en respuesta al tratamiento.Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que un tratamiento intensivo centrado en el trauma es un tratamiento factible y seguro para pacientes con TEPT con síntomas clínicamente elevados de TPL, y que los síntomas de TLP disminuyen junto con los síntomas de TEPT.

Improving treatment for patients with childhood abuse related posttraumatic stress disorder (IMPACT study): protocol for a multicenter randomized trial comparing prolonged exposure with intensified prolonged exposure and phase-based treatment.

BACKGROUND: Childhood abuse related posttraumatic stress disorder (CA-PTSD) is associated with a high burden of disease and with treatment response rates that leave room for improvement. One of the treatments for PTSD, prolonged exposure (PE), is effective but has high drop-out rates and remission rates are relatively low. An intensified form of PE (iPE) was associated with good response and low drop-out rates in PTSD and has not yet been tested in a controlled trial in CA-PTSD. Phase-based treatment (PBT), in which PE is preceded by skills training may improve overall outcomes in this population. We will assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of standard PE, iPE and PBT in patients with CA-PTSD. METHODS/DESIGN: Multi-center randomized controlled trial. Treatment conditions are: prolonged exposure (PE; maximum of 16 sessions in 16 weeks); intensified PE (iPE; maximum of 12 sessions in four weeks and two booster sessions); phase-based treatment (PBT; maximum of eight sessions skills training followed by eight sessions PE in 16 weeks). PRIMARY OUTCOME: Clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: loss of PTSD diagnosis, self-reported PTSD symptom severity, comorbid symptom severity and quality of life. Moreover, we will examine cost-effectiveness and moderators and mediators of treatment outcome. TARGET POPULATION: adults with CA-PTSD (N = 150). Assessments in weeks 0, 4, 8, 16, 26 and 52. DISCUSSION: Given that no consensus yet exists about the treatment guidelines for patients with CA-PTSD, the present study may have important implications for the treatment of CA-PTSD. TRAIL REGISTRATION: Registered at C.C.M.O. on Sept 7, 2016 (NL57984.058.16); retrospectively registered at June 21, 2017 at clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03194113 .

Effectiveness of an intensive treatment programme combining prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for severe post-traumatic stress disorder.

Background: There is room for improvement regarding the treatment of severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intensifying treatment to increase patient retention is a promising development. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an intensive trauma-focused treatment programme over 8 days for individuals suffering from severe PTSD. Method: Treatment was provided for 347 PTSD patients (70% women; mean age = 38.32 years, SD = 11.69) and consisted of daily sessions of prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (16 sessions in total), physical activity, and psycho-education. All participants had experienced multiple traumas, including sexual abuse (74.4%), and suffered from multiple comorbidities (e.g. 87.5% had a mood disorder). Suicidal ideation was frequent (73.9%). PTSD symptom severity was assessed by both clinician-rated [Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)] and self-report [PTSD Symptom Scale Self Report (PSS-SR) and Impact of Event Scale (IES)] inventories. For a subsample (n = 109), follow-up data at 6 months were available. Results: A significant decline in symptom severity was found (e.g. CAPS intention-to-treat sample Cohen's d = 1.64). At post-treatment, 82.9% showed a clinically meaningful response and 54.9% a loss of diagnosis. Dropout was very low (2.3%). Conclusions: Intensive trauma-focused treatment programmes including prolonged exposure, EMDR therapy, and physical activity can be effective for patients suffering from severe PTSD and are associated with low dropout rates.

Antecedentes: Hay un margen de mejora con respecto al tratamiento del trastorno de estrés postraumático severo (TEPT). Intensificar el tratamiento para aumentar la retención de paciente es un desarrollo prometedor.Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de un programa de tratamiento intensivo centrado en trauma durante 8 días para personas que presentan TEPT severo.Método: Se proporcionó tratamiento a 347 pacientes con TEPT (70,0% mujeres, edad media = 38,32 años, DE = 11,69) y consistió en sesiones diarias de exposición prolongada y terapia EMDR (16 sesiones en total), actividad física, y psico-educación. Todos los participantes habían experimentado múltiples traumas, incluido abuso sexual (74,4%), y padecían múltiples comorbilidades (por ejemplo, 87,5% trastorno anímico). La ideación suicida fue frecuente (73,9%). La gravedad de los síntomas de TEPT fue evaluada tanto por el clínico con inventarios calificados (CAPS) como por auto-reporte (PSS-SR y IES). Para una submuestra (N=109) se dispuso de datos de seguimiento a los seis meses.Resultados: Se encontró una disminución significativa en la gravedad de los síntomas (por ejemplo, en la muestra CAPS ITT d = 1,64 de Cohen). En el post tratamiento, el 82,9% mostró una respuesta clínicamente significativa y el 54,9% una pérdida del diagnóstico. El abandono fue muy bajo (2,3%).Conclusiones: Los programas intensivos de tratamientos centrados en trauma, incluido la terapia de exposición prolongada, la terapia EMDR y la actividad física, pueden ser efectivos para los pacientes que sufren de trastorno de estrés postraumático severo y se asocian con bajas tasas de abandono.

Effectiveness of trauma-focused treatment for patients with psychosis with and without the dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder.

This study presents secondary analyses of a recently published trial in which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients with psychosis (n = 108) underwent 8 sessions of trauma-focused treatment, either prolonged exposure (PE) or eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. 24.1% fulfilled the criteria for the dissociative subtype, a newly introduced PTSD subtype in DSM-5. Treatment outcome was compared for patients with and without the dissociative subtype of PTSD. Patients with the dissociative subtype of PTSD showed large reductions in clinician-administered PTSD scale (CAPS) score, comparable with patients without the dissociative subtype of PTSD. It is concluded that even in a population with severe mental illness, patients with the dissociative subtype of PTSD do benefit from trauma-focused treatments without a pre-phase of emotion regulation skill training and should not be excluded from these treatments.

Prolonged exposure and EMDR for PTSD v. a PTSD waiting-list condition: effects on symptoms of psychosis, depression and social functioning in patients with chronic psychotic disorders.

BACKGROUND: In patients with psychotic disorders, the effects of psychological post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment on symptoms of psychosis, depression and social functioning are largely unknown METHOD: In a single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) 155 outpatients in treatment for psychosis (61.3% schizophrenic disorder, 29% schizoaffective disorder) were randomized to eight sessions prolonged exposure (PE; n = 53) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (n = 55), or a waiting-list condition (WL, n = 47) for treatment of their co-morbid PTSD. Measures were performed on (1) psychosis: severity of delusions (PSYRATS-DRS), paranoid thoughts (GPTS), auditory verbal hallucinations (PSYRATS-AHRS), and remission from psychotic disorder (SCI-SR-PANSS); (2) depression (BDI-II); (3) social functioning (PSP). Outcomes were compared at baseline, post-treatment, 6-month follow-up and over all data points. RESULTS: Both PE and EMDR were significantly associated with less severe paranoid thoughts post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up, and with more patients remitting from schizophrenia, at post-treatment (PE and EMDR) and over time (PE). Moreover, PE was significantly associated with a greater reduction of depression at post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. Auditory verbal hallucinations and social functioning remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with chronic psychotic disorders PE and EMDR not only reduced PTSD symptoms, but also paranoid thoughts. Importantly, in PE and EMDR more patients accomplished the status of their psychotic disorder in remission. Clinically, these effects are highly relevant and provide empirical support to the notion that delivering PTSD treatment to patients with psychotic disorders and PTSD deserves increasing recognition and acceptance among clinicians.

[Imaginal exposure treatment for a post-traumatic stress disorder in a patient with a comorbid psychotic disorder]. / Exposurebehandeling voor posttraumatische stressstoornis bij een patiënte met een psychotische stoornis.

A patient suffering from both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a comorbid schizoaffective disorder was treated with imaginal exposure treatment. After 26 sessions the ptsd symptoms were in full remission. This was still the case at follow-up after 12 and 24 months. Furthermore, the patient was no longer on antipsychotic medication. The case shows that ptsd can be treated successfully even if patients have a psychotic disorder. In view of the severity of both disorders it is at least worth trying imaginal exposure treatment.

[Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after sexual abuse is readily treated]. / Posttraumatische stressstoornis bij adolescenten na seksueel misbruik: goed te behandelen.

Two patients, a boy aged 19 years and a girl aged 16 years, were diagnosed to be suffering from a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 7 and 2 years after sexual abuse, respectively. There was thus a serious delay in the correct diagnosis and the start of cognitive behavioural therapy, which was successful. A thorough diagnostic procedure with a semi-structured clinical interview ('Clinician administered PTSD scale') is helpful in preventing such a diagnostic delay. The omission of a structured diagnostic interview can lead to serious misjudgement. Cognitive behavioural therapy with repeated imaginary exposure to the traumatic event(s) or cognitive interventions to maladaptive beliefs is the standard treatment for PTSD in adults. Adolescents with PTSD after sexual abuse achieve a good outcome on cognitive behavioural therapy as well.

A longitudinal, prospective study on emotional adjustment before, during and after consecutive fertility treatment cycles.

BACKGROUND: A longitudinal study into the course of the emotional response to IVF from pre-treatment to 6 months post-treatment and factors that contributed to that course. METHODS: A total of 148 IVF patients and 71 partners completed self-report questionnaires on anxiety, depression, personality characteristics, meaning of fertility problems, coping, marital relationship and social support at pre-treatment. Assessments of anxiety and depression were repeated immediately following the final treatment cycle and again 6 months later (follow-up). RESULTS: Women showed an increase of both anxiety and depression after unsuccessful treatment and a decrease after successful treatment. Men showed no change in anxiety and depression either after successful or after unsuccessful treatment. In the 6 months after unsuccessful treatment, women showed no recovery. At follow-up, >20% of the women showed subclinical forms of anxiety and/or depression. Personality characteristics, meaning of the fertility problems, and social support determined the course of the emotional response. CONCLUSIONS: Most women adjusted well to unsuccessful treatment, but at follow-up, a considerable proportion still showed substantial emotional problems. Personality characteristics, pre-treatment meaning of the fertility problems and social support have demonstrated the adjustment to unsuccessful IVF in women. This allows early identification of women at risk as well as tailored interventions.

Stress and outcome success in IVF: the role of self-reports and endocrine variables.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between urinary levels of the stress hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol during treatment with self reported stress, in order to investigate the mechanism for the previously observed negative association of anxiety and depression with the outcome of IVF/ICSI. METHODS: In a multicentre prospective cohort study, women entering their first cycle of IVF/ICSI treatment were asked to participate. From each participant nocturnal urine samples were collected; pre-treatment, before oocyte retrieval and before embryo-transfer (ET), to assess hormonal concentrations. Additionally, two questionnaires were administered before the start of the treatment to measure anxiety and depression. RESULTS: 168 women completed the questionnaires and collected at least two urine specimens. A significant positive correlation between urinary adrenaline concentrations at baseline and ET and the scores on depression at baseline were found. In women with successful treatment, lower concentrations of adrenaline at oocyte retrieval and lower concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline at ET, compared with unsuccessful women, were found. CONCLUSIONS: The significant positive association of adrenaline concentration with pregnancy and with depression suggested that this adrenal hormone could be one of the links in the complex relationship between psychosocial stress and outcome after IVF/ICSI.

Prolonged exposure in patients with chronic PTSD: predictors of treatment outcome and dropout.

The present study investigated predictors of treatment outcome and dropout in two samples of PTSD-patients with mixed traumas treated using prolonged imaginal exposure. Possible predictors were analysed in both samples separately, in order to replicate in one sample findings found in the other. The only stable finding across the two groups was that patients who showed more PTSD-symptoms at pre-treatment, showed more PTSD-symptoms at post-treatment and follow-up. Indications were found that benzodiazepine use was related to both treatment outcome and dropout, and alcohol use to dropout. Demographic variables, depression and general anxiety, personality, trauma characteristics, feelings of anger, guilt, and shame and nonspecific variables regarding therapy were not related to either treatment outcome or dropout, disconfirming generally held beliefs about these factors as contra-indications for exposure therapy. It is concluded that it is difficult to use pre-treatment variables as a powerful and reliable tool for predicting treatment outcome or dropout. Clinically seen, it is therefore argued that exclusion of PTSD-patients from prolonged exposure treatment on the basis of pre-treatment characteristics is not justified.

Variables influencing anxiety of patients with abnormal cervical smears referred for colposcopy.

The state anxiety scores of women with abnormal cervical smears referred for colposcopy were investigated to identify causes of anxiety, factors influencing anxiety and emotions involved with anxiety, in order to define strategies to reduce this anxiety. Forty-seven women were interviewed and completed a questionnaire and the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): 22 women prior to their intake consultation at the colposcopy clinic of the University Medical Center St Radboud, Nijmegen, and 25 women during their second visit before the actual colposcopy. The mean State anxiety score was 48.2, without significant differences between the intake and colposcopy consultation. The majority experienced anxiety because of a fear of cancer and/or the colposcopy. The mean State anxiety score was significantly higher in women who considered the level of information provided by the gynecologist/family practitioner insufficient, who experienced a long waiting time, who did not have a partner, and who experienced additional emotions like anger and sadness. In conclusion, patients referred for colposcopy after an abnormal cervical smear result have high levels of anxiety. High levels of anxiety may be reduced by uniform and explicit information about cervical smear results and colposcopy, by reduction of clinic waiting times, by stimulating social support, and by attention to emotions like anger and sadness.

Stress and marital satisfaction among women before and after their first cycle of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in emotional status (anxiety and depression) and marital satisfaction in pregnant and nonpregnant women before and after their first cycle of IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). DESIGN: Repeated measurement. SETTING: Fertility department at a university and a regional hospital. PATIENT(S): Women entering their first treatment cycle of IVF or ICSI. INTERVENTION(S): Questionnaires on psychological factors were administered 3 to 12 days before the start of their first treatment cycle and repeated 3 weeks after the pregnancy test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): State anxiety, depression, mood, and marital satisfaction. RESULT(S): At pretreatment, the women who became pregnant showed lower levels of depression than those who did not. Higher levels of depression in the pregnant women after the first cycle were due to higher scores on vital aspects of depression, related to signs of early pregnancy. Higher levels of depression in the nonpregnant women were due to a higher score on cognitive aspects of depression. CONCLUSION(S): Differences in emotional status between pregnant and nonpregnant women were present before treatment and became more apparent after the first IVF and ICSI cycle. There were no differences in emotional status between the women who underwent IVF and those who underwent ICSI.

The effect of anxiety and depression on the outcome of in-vitro fertilization.

BACKGROUND: The study aim was to clarify the role of anxiety and depression on the outcome in assisted reproductive treatment. Previous studies on this topic have shown contradicting results, which may have been caused by population characteristics, the design of the study, or small sample sizes. METHODS: In a multicentre prospective study, 291 out of 359 (81%) consecutively invited women agreed to participate. Before down-regulation by means of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in a long IVF protocol, patients were asked to complete the Dutch version of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure anxiety, and the Dutch version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to measure depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyse known predictors of pregnancy and psychological factors and their relationship with treatment outcome. RESULTS: A significant relationship was shown between baseline psychological factors and the probability to become pregnant after IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment, controlling for other factors. State anxiety had a slightly stronger correlation (P = 0.01) with treatment outcome than depression (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing psychological factors are independently related to treatment outcome in IVF/ICSI, and should therefore be taken into account in patient counselling. Psychological factors may be improved by intervention, whereas demographic and gynaecological factors cannot. Future studies should be directed towards underlying mechanisms involved and the role of evidence-based distress reduction in order to improve treatment results.