What are the predictive variables that increase the risk of developing a complex trauma? A meta-analysis.

In 2018, Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) was officially recognized as a distinct syndrome in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). This recognition aimed to differentiate between neurotic disorders secondary to stressful situations and somatoform disorders, and disorders specifically associated with stress. The inclusion of CPTSD in the ICD-11 marked the culmination of two decades of research focused on understanding its symptoms, treatments, and risk factors. However, despite the progress made, a comprehensive meta-analysis to elucidate the specific risk factors and impact on the development of CPTSD is still lacking. The objective of this article is to conduct such a meta-analysis. A total of 24 studies were selected for analysis, and the findings revealed several key risk factors associated with the development of CPTSD. The main risk factor identified is having experienced sexual abuse in childhood (k = 12; OR = 2.880). In addition, childhood physical abuse (k = 11; OR = 2.841), experiencing emotional neglect during childhood (k = 5; OR = 2.510), physical abuse throughout life (k = 8; OR = 2.149) and being a woman (k = 13; OR = 1.726) were also significant risk factors.

[Pattern of smoking and socioeconomic status in two cohorts of young adults]. / Patrón de tabaquismo y nivel socioeconómico en dos cohortes de adultos jóvenes.

BACKGROUND: One in five deaths that occur in Chile can be attributed to smoking whose prevalence remains high, despite interventions aimed at reducing it. AIM: To compare the prevalence of smoking and its intensity among young adults born 15 years apart and determine their association with socioeconomic status (SES). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two cohorts of young adults living in the Valparaiso Region of Chile were evaluated in the third decade of life. Cohort 1 was evaluated between 2000 and 2002 (n = 1232) and cohort 2 between 2014 and 2017 (n = 1078). RESULTS: In cohort 1, 57.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 54.6-58.7) of the subjects reported smoking, with a median of 3 (Interquartile range (ICR:1-6) cigarettes/day. This percentage fell to 40.2% (CI: 37.5-43.1) with a similar median in cohort 2. Analyzing cohort 2, the odds ratio (OR) for smoking was 2.24 (CI 1.48-3.38) in the medium SES, compared with the medium high SES. The figures for low medium and low SES were 2.72 (CI: 1.85-3.99) and 3.01 (1.85-4.88). Similarly, in this cohort there was a significantly higher risk of being a heavy smoker in lower SES. No associations between smoking or its intensity and SES were observed in cohort 1. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking behavior has decreased among young adults evaluated at the same age in two generational cohorts in the third decade of life. In the most recent cohort analyzed, smoking and its intensity increase along with a decrease in SES.

Patrón de tabaquismo y nivel socioeconómico en dos cohortes de adultos jóvenes / Pattern of smoking and socioeconomic status in two cohorts of young adults

Background: One in five deaths that occur in Chile can be attributed to smoking whose prevalence remains high, despite interventions aimed at reducing it. Aim: To compare the prevalence of smoking and its intensity among young adults born 15 years apart and determine their association with socioeconomic status (SES). Material and Methods: Two cohorts of young adults living in the Valparaiso Region of Chile were evaluated in the third decade of life. Cohort 1 was evaluated between 2000 and 2002 (n = 1232) and cohort 2 between 2014 and 2017 (n = 1078). Results: In cohort 1, 57.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 54.6-58.7) of the subjects reported smoking, with a median of 3 (Interquartile range (ICR:1-6) cigarettes/day. This percentage fell to 40.2% (CI: 37.5-43.1) with a similar median in cohort 2. Analyzing cohort 2, the odds ratio (OR) for smoking was 2.24 (CI 1.48-3.38) in the medium SES, compared with the medium high SES. The figures for low medium and low SES were 2.72 (CI: 1.85-3.99) and 3.01 (1.85-4.88). Similarly, in this cohort there was a significantly higher risk of being a heavy smoker in lower SES. No associations between smoking or its intensity and SES were observed in cohort 1. Conclusions: Smoking behavior has decreased among young adults evaluated at the same age in two generational cohorts in the third decade of life. In the most recent cohort analyzed, smoking and its intensity increase along with a decrease in SES.

[Relationship of consumption of high glycemic index food in the diet and levels of HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients treated with diet and/or metformin]. / Relación del consumo de alimentos de alto indice glicémico en la dieta y los niveles de HbA1c en individuos diabéticos tipo 2 en tratamiento con dieta y/o metformina.

At present there is still no clear consensus on recommendations on the use of GI of foods for the dietary management of T2DM. Rather different entities propose the use of carbohydrate counting, because there is not even enough evidence for dietary planning based on this index. The aim of this study was to relate consumption of high GI food with glycemic control of type 2 diabetes patients from the cardiovascular health program of 3 CESFAM (Family Health Centers) in Santiago, Chile. Forty individuals were selected, anthropometric measurements were conducted as well as a modified poll of frequency of food consumption of 30 days. Data from GI, GL, number of servings with high GI consumed per day and total amount of CARB consumed per day. Correlations were determined with values of HbA1c of the last 3 month obtained from the medical record. The average age was 58.6 +/- 9.5 years. The percentage of obesity was 62.5% and the average BMI was 32.5. The average HbA1c value was 7.08 +/- 1.6, for HbA1c < 7% it was 57.5%. The total amount of CARB ingested/day was 403.8 g. The average of GI and GL was 78.5 and 317.5 respectively. The total number of servings of food with high GI ingested per day was 21.8. There was a statistically significant correlation between HbA1c and number of servings with high GI (r = 0.56 p = 0.002). For the remaining variables there was no statistically significant correlation (p > 0.05). For each extra serving of high GI food there was an increase of 0.9% of HbA1c. In our research population the amount of food with high GI ingested per day was significantly correlated with values of HbA1c.