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1.
Educ Health (Abingdon) ; 32(1): 18-24, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31512588

RESUMO

Background: Medical schools and healthcare institutions need leaders with formal training in education, in order to provide quality medical teaching. An answer to this need lies in the graduate programs of health professions education. Many programs exist, but there is a dearth of publications about their educational processes and experiences. The purpose of this study was to explore the teaching and learning experiences of students, teachers, and graduates of the Master in Health Professions Education (MHPE) program at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Methods: A qualitative approach was used with focus group discussions with students, graduates, and teachers, to explore their opinions, feelings, and experiences about the program. Purposeful sampling of participants was done. Focus group guides were developed for the different study groups; testimonies were codified and categorized with axial coding and a constant comparison method. Results: Testimonies from 19 participants in three focus groups were obtained (five graduates, seven current students, and seven teachers). The data were grouped in seven thematic categories: expectations, feedback of research projects, the tutorial process, teaching strategies, usefulness of what was learned, professional development, and assessment. Positive elements of the program were identified as well as areas in need of improvement. Discussion: The MHPE program at UNAM has been a positive experience for students and mostly fulfilled their expectations, they learned the basic theories and practical aspects of teaching, learning, and assessment in the health professions. Some areas need improvement, such as tutor performance and timely feedback to the students. Graduates think the competencies acquired in the program are useful for their professional practice. This information will be used to improve the program. There is a need to meet international standards in MHPE programs.

2.
Gac Med Mex ; 152(2): 173-90, 2016.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27160616

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Today´s relevant educational models emphasize that a great part of learning be situated and reflexive; one of those is the Entrusted Professional Activities model. The study objective was to develop a model that integrates Entrusted Professional Activities with a medical school curriculum. METHODS: From October 2012 a multidisciplinary group met to develop a model with the specialty of obstetrics and gynecology. From two published models of Entrusted Professional Activities and the curriculum of a school of medicine, blocks, units, and daily clinical practice charts were developed. The thematic content of the curriculum was integrated with the appropriate milestones for undergraduate students and the clinical practice needed to achieve it. RESULTS: We wrote a manual with 37 daily clinical practice charts for students (18 of gynecology and 19 of obstetrics) and 37 for teachers. Each chart content was the daily clinical practice, reflection activities, assessment instruments, and bibliography. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to combine a model of Entrusted Professional Activities with an undergraduate curriculum, which establishes a continuum with postgraduate education.


Assuntos
Educação de Graduação em Medicina , Modelos Educacionais , Competência Clínica , Currículo , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/normas , Registros , Faculdades de Medicina
3.
BMC Med Educ ; 15: 222, 2015 Dec 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26667394

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A time-honored strategy for keeping up to date in medicine and improving critical appraisal skills is the Journal Club (JC). There are several reports of its use in medicine and allied health sciences but almost no reports of JC focused on medical education. The purpose of the study is to describe and evaluate an eight years' experience with a medical education Journal Club (MEJC). METHODS: We started a monthly medical education JC in 2006 at UNAM Faculty of Medicine in Mexico City. Its goal is to provide faculty with continuing professional development in medical education. A discussion guide and a published paper were sent 2 weeks before sessions. We reviewed the themes and publication types of the papers used in the sessions, and in June-July 2014 administered a retrospective post-then-pre evaluation questionnaire to current participants that had been regular attendees to the JC for more than 2 years. The retrospective post-then-pre comparisons were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Effect sizes were calculated for the pre-post comparisons with Cohen's r. RESULTS: There have been 94 MEJC sessions until July 2014. Average attendance is 20 persons, a mix of clinicians, educators, psychologists and a sociologist. The articles were published in 32 different journals, and covered several medical education themes (curriculum, faculty development, educational research methodology, learning methods, assessment, residency education). 22 Attendees answered the evaluation instrument. The MEJC had a positive evaluation from good to excellent, and there was an improvement in self-reported competencies in medical education literature critical appraisal and behaviors related to the use of evidence in educational practice, with a median effect size higher than 0.5. The evaluation instrument had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS: A periodic Medical Education Journal Club can improve critical appraisal of the literature, and be maintained long-term using evidence-based strategies. This activity is a useful adjunct to the scholarship of teaching.


Assuntos
Competência Clínica/normas , Medicina Comunitária/educação , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/normas , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/educação , Humanos , Aprendizagem , México , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Leitura , Estudos Retrospectivos
4.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 53(5): 616-29, 2015.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26383812

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The reorganization of the national health system (SNS), enforces reflection and transformation on medical education in clinical contexts. The study presents an educational model to develop entrusted professionals activities (MEDAPROC) to train human resources in health with reliable knowledge, skills and attitudes to work in the shifting scenario of the SNS. METHODS: The paper discusses international and national documents on skills in medicine. Based on the analysis of 8 domains, 50 skills and 13 entrusted professional activities (RPA) proposed by the Association of the American Medical College (AAMC) we propose a curriculum design, with the example of the undergraduate program of Gynecology and Obstetrics, with the intention to advance to internship and residency in a continuum that marks milestones and clinical practices. RESULTS: The pedagogical design of MEDAPROC was developed within three areas: 1) proposal of the AAMC; 2) curricular content of programs in pre and postgraduate education 3) organization of the daily agenda with academic mechanisms to develop the competencies, cover program items and develop clinical practice in deliberate learning activities, as well as milestones. CONCLUSION: The MEDAPROC offers versatility, student mobility and curricular flexibility in a system planed by academic units in diverse clinical settings.


Introducción: la reorganización del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), obliga a reflexionar y modificar la formación médica en los contextos clínicos. El estudio presenta la propuesta Modelo Educativo para Desarrollar Actividades Profesionales Confiables (MEDAPROC) para formar recursos humanos en salud con conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes confiables para desempeñarse en el escenario cambiante del SNS. Métodos: se examinaron los documentos internacionales y nacionales sobre competencias en medicina. Con base en el análisis de los 8 dominios, las 50 competencias y las 13 Actividades Profesionales Confiables (APROC) propuestas por la Association of the American Medical College (AAMC) se realizó un diseño curricular con el ejemplo del programa de Ginecología y Obstetricia de pregrado. Un grupo focal con 5 ginecólogos expertos, profesores de la especialidad realimentaron las competencias y los programas. Resultados: Se elaboró el diseño pedagógico del MEDAPROC con tres áreas: 1) propuesta de la AAMC; 2) contenidos curriculares de los programas en pre y posgrado, y 3) hitos y planeación de la agenda del día con dispositivos pedagógicos para desarrollar las competencias, cubrir temas del programa y desarrollar la práctica clínica en actividades deliberadas para el aprendizaje teórico/práctico. Conclusión: El MEDAPROC ofrece versatilidad, movilidad estudiantil y flexibilidad curricular en un sistema por bloques y no por sedes de adscripción.


Assuntos
Educação Baseada em Competências/métodos , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/métodos , Ginecologia/educação , Internato e Residência/métodos , Modelos Educacionais , Obstetrícia/educação , Educação Baseada em Competências/organização & administração , Currículo , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/organização & administração , Humanos , Internato e Residência/organização & administração , México , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Desenvolvimento de Programas
5.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 53(5): 630-7, 2015.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26383813

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: From June to November 2013 an elective subject "The doctor before death" was held in a public medical school. The aim of this report is to assess the achievement of the objectives of this course. METHODS: The main objectives of the course were to develop competences, aptitude for reflection before death and encourage changes in attitude towards it. Each session was preceded by an article on the content; during sessions the interaction with physicians and patients facing the approach of death was favored; audiovisual, computer resources were used and conducted discussions. The evaluation of the course was a retrospective questionnaire as a quantitative source, and semi structured interviews and essays as qualitative sources. RESULTS: The development of competences, aptitude for reflection about death and attitude changes showed an increase after the intervention (p < 0.01); competence development had the smallest increase. With qualitative information 11 categories were integrated; all showed positive changes in attitude towards death, aptitude for reflection and developed competences (although in this respect the impact was minor). CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention evaluated met the objectives, however, for a future intervention is necessary to reinforce competence development.


Introducción: de junio a noviembre de 2013 se impartió la asignatura optativa "El médico ante la muerte" en una escuela pública de medicina. El objetivo de este reporte es la evaluación del logro de los objetivos de esta asignatura. Métodos: los principales objetivos de la asignatura fueron desarrollar competencias, aptitud de reflexión ante la muerte y propiciar cambios de actitud ante ella. Cada sesión era antecedida por una lectura relativa al tema; durante las sesiones se propiciaba la interacción con médicos y pacientes que enfrentaban la proximidad de la muerte, se utilizaron recursos audiovisuales, informáticos y se llevaron a cabo discusiones. La evaluación de la asignatura fue mediante un cuestionario retrospectivo como fuente cuantitativa, así como entrevistas semiestructuradas y ensayos como fuentes cualitativas. Resultados: el desarrollo de competencias, aptitud de reflexión ante la muerte y cambios de actitud mostraron un aumento después de la intervención (p < 0.01); la que menor aumento tuvo fue el desarrollo de competencias. Con la información cualitativa se integraron 11 categorías; todas mostraron cambios positivos en actitud ante la muerte, aptitud de reflexión ante ella y competencias desarrolladas (aunque en este aspecto el impacto fue menor). Conclusiones: la intervención educativa evaluada cumplió los objetivos planteados, sin embargo, para futuras intervenciones es necesario reforzar el desarrollo de competencias.


Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Atitude Frente a Morte , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/métodos , Assistência Terminal , Competência Clínica , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , México , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
6.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 51(6): 614-619, 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24290010

RESUMO

Background: the learning styles are cognitive, emotional, and psychological characteristics, which function as relatively stable indicators of how teachers and students perceive, interact, and respond to their learning environments. Knowing students' styles allows teachers to have tools to improve medical education. Our objective was to identify learning styles in pediatric residents and professors from a pediatric hospital. Methods: a learning styles questionnaire was applied to residents and theirs professors; data was analyzed in SPSS 12 software. Results: the dominant learning style in pediatric residents was reflexive and for professors was theoretical. There wasn't any difference between sexes or between medical or surgical specialities. There was more correlation between professors and residents when there was an increase in training time. Conclusions: the learning styles between professors and residents are different, especially at the beginning of the medical specialty courses; that's why it is necessary to realize a confrontation between the students' learning styles and teaching methods used by professors to improve significant learning. To know learning styles gives residents an important alternative to find a better study strategy.


Introducción: los estilos de aprendizaje son indicadores de cómo los docentes y los alumnos perciben, interaccionan y responden a sus ambientes de aprendizaje. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los estilos de aprendizaje de residentes de pediatría y de especialidades de rama pediátricas y sus profesores. Métodos: estudio transversal, comparativo y analítico realizado en un hospital de pediatría. Se aplicó el cuestionario de Honey-Alonso. El resultado se obtuvo con la suma del número de reactivos positivos para cada estilo de aprendizaje y el resultado se verificó de acuerdo con los baremos de interpretación para estudiantes de la carrera de medicina. En cada encuesta se realizó el diagrama complementario para identificar el estilo de aprendizaje preferente. Resultados: el estilo de aprendizaje predominante en los residentes fue el reflexivo y en sus profesores, el teórico, sin diferencias significativas según sexo, especialidad y si esta era médica o quirúrgica. Hubo mayor correlación entre los estilos de profesores y residentes conforme se incrementaba el tiempo de entrenamiento. Conclusiones: se requiere confrontar los estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes y los métodos de enseñanza empleados por sus profesores, con la finalidad de favorecer un aprendizaje significativo.

7.
Educ. méd. (Ed. impr.) ; 15(3): 171-177, sept. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-106426

RESUMO

Introducción. Los alumnos generalmente profundizan en el conocimiento de acuerdo al tipo de preguntas con que son evaluados: si evalúan memoria se favorece un aprendizaje mecánico y repetitivo que permanece poco tiempo en la memoria; si son de comprensión o aplicación favorecerán aprendizajes significativos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional transversal. Por jueces se seleccionaron preguntas obtenidas de exámenes de anatomía, psicología, fisiología y cirugía de los tres niveles de conocimiento. El mismo examen se aplicó al azar a 13 grupos de segundo año y a 13 grupos de cuarto. La calificación y el análisis se realizaron de manera electrónica. Se aplicó la U de Mann-Whitney para identificar diferencias y percentiles con rango intercuartílico para la dispersión. Resultados. Se contestaron 310 exámenes de segundo año y 247 de cuarto. La fiabilidad del examen fue de 0,9009 y 0,9102, respectivamente. Se identificaron diferencias significativas (p = 0,000) en el examen global y en las respuestas de cirugía y psicología, considerando aciertos y nivel de conocimiento (memoria y comprensión). No se encontraron diferencias en anatomía (p = 0,527) y fisiología (p = 0,203). La mediana de aciertos fue de 39 y 43, respectivamente. La dispersión de reactivos en el análisis global y por asignatura mantuvo un rango intercuartílico de 3-4. Conclusiones. Al ser evaluado, el alumno con conocimientos memorísticos pierde interés al no encontrar la aplicación y la integración del conocimiento básicos en la clínica (AU)


Introduction. Students generally go deep into the knowledge according to the type of questions they are evaluated with, if they only will support mechanical and repetitive learning that remains just a short time in the memory, if they understand and apply their learning then these supports significant learning. Materials and methods. Analytical observational study by the method of judges there were selected 88 questions of the three levels of knowledge from tests of Anatomy, Psychology, Physiology and Surgery. The same test was randomized and applied to 13 groups of second and fourth grade. The evaluation and the analysis were performed with an electronic system. The U of Mann-Whitney was applied to identify differences and percentiles with inter-quartiles rank for the dispersion. Results. 310 students of second grade and 247 of fourth grade were answered and analyses. The reliability of the test was of 0.9009 and 0.9102, respectively. Significant differences were identified (p = 0.000) in the global examination and the answers of Surgery and Psychology, considering right answers and level of knowledge and Psychology. Considering right answers and level of knowledge (memory and understanding). There were no differences in Anatomy (p = 0.527) and Physiology (p = 0.203). There median of right answers was 39 and 43, respectively. The dispersion of items in the global analysis and by subject maintained an inter-quartiles rank between 3 and 4. Conclusions. It is important to include as many items of high cognitive levels in assessments to facilitate meaningful learning (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação Educacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Conhecimento , Memória de Longo Prazo , Logro , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos
8.
Rev. Fac. Med. UNAM ; 55(1): 43-51, ene.-feb. 2012. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-842753

RESUMO

El presente artículo inicia señalando el descuido que existe en la educación médica en torno a la motivación en el aula, y como respuesta a dicha problemática se revisa la evolución de los estudios de este tema para arribar de manera puntual en 4 enfoques de la motivación: 1) la teoría de la atribución, 2) las creencias de autoeficacia, 3) las metas de aprendizaje y de desempeño y 4) la teoría de la motivación de logro. Las perspectivas analizadas coinciden en señalar que las tendencias internas llevan a comprender y enfrentar al mundo para explorarlo, curiosearlo y manipularlo, además destacan la relación entre motivación y cognición, y afirman que ésta se relaciona con las creencias, experiencias y auto explicaciones sobre la situación de aprendizaje. La revisión de dichas perspectivas desemboca en sugerencias prácticas y concretas que permiten a profesores y estudiantes crear situaciones de aprendizaje y de enseñanza que conlleven a disfrutar los procesos y obtener resultados satisfactorios.


We resume in this document the neglecting attitude towards motivation in medical education. Reviews of the evolution of the studies in motivation lead us to resume four tendencies: Attrition oriented, self-efficacy oriented, learning oriented, and goal oriented motivation. All these theories converge in that the individual internal tendencies leads to comprehend and confront the world, and then to explore, to be interested and to manipulate the world. Also, motivation is associated with life experiences, beliefs and self-experiences about learning. At the end of this document we summarized some suggestions to make the teaching-learning interaction an enjoyable experience.

9.
Gac Med Mex ; 147(2): 143-8, 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21527969

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: In order to identify the core curriculum of each course from the faculty of medicine's study plan at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), 22 workshops were organized. A total of 505 professors of 22 different subjects participated to identify the core content of each course: to define essential and necessary contents; to relate each objective´s course with some of the eight established competences; and to apply an individual questionnaire where the professor suggests strategies for the vertical and horizontal integration among similar courses. At the end of these workshops, several meetings were carried out to incorporate the work done in order to design an integrated and modified program with the essential and necessary knowledge, eliminating the obsolete one. We also managed to integrate two courses in both horizontal and vertical ways to avoid repetition of topics. RESULTS: Twenty-two courses were reviewed, from which two of them were horizontally and vertically integrated. The content of six courses was modified and one course was divided into three programs. This resulted in the achievement of our goal: to have an academic program with essential and necessary contents that integrates the essential core curriculum, which in turn leads to the achievement of the intermediate and final competences.


Assuntos
Currículo , Educação Médica/organização & administração , Faculdades de Medicina/organização & administração , Ciência/organização & administração , Disciplinas das Ciências Biológicas/organização & administração , Disciplinas das Ciências Biológicas/normas , Consenso , Currículo/normas , Educação Médica/normas , México , Desenvolvimento de Programas/métodos , Ciência/normas
12.
Rev. méd. IMSS ; 39(3): 215-221, mayo-jun. 2001. tab, ilus, CD-ROM
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-306580

RESUMO

La investigación tiene como propósito conocer la concepción de la relación que guardan el profesor y el alumno de medicina en el proceso educativo, en el entendido de que es una forma de convivencia social y se considera uno de los elementos de mayor jerarquía sociopeda-gógica. Se solicitó a 31 profesores de medicina que formularan un listado de palabras definidoras asociadas con el término relación profesor-alumno y las organizaran en orden de importancia. Se obtuvieron 168 palabras diferentes. Las más mencionadas, y por lo tanto con mayor peso semántico, fueron respeto, amistad, dinámica, confianza y afecto. Se acordaron 10 categorías por consenso conceptual, siendo dos de ellas genéricas: valores y funciones mentales; y ocho específicas: vínculo humano, vínculo de interacción, comunicación, factores desventajosos de la relación, sentimientos, protagonistas, duración y otras. Se elaboró la red semántica con las diez primeras. Los resultados fueron comparados con los puntos de vista de expertos de diversas tendencias. Los profesores mostraron una tendencia hacia las relaciones humanas en donde el respeto y la honestidad eran tan importantes como la amistad y la confianza.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudantes de Medicina , Relações Interprofissionais , Comunicação , Docentes de Medicina , Semântica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Ética
13.
Rev. méd. IMSS ; 38(4): 275-283, jul.-ago. 2000. ilus, tab, CD-ROM
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-304447

RESUMO

El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer cuál es el concepto de 31 profesores de medicina respecto al término alumno, considerando que lo construyen con los conocimientos y experiencias de su ejercicio docente y sus propias vivencias como alumnos. Se aplicó la técnica de redes semánticas naturales, pidiendo a cada uno que elaborara un listado de palabras definidoras asociadas con el término y las jerarquizaran. Se obtuvieron 202 conceptos definidores. Los más frecuentemente mencionados y con mayor peso semántico fueron: estudiar, receptor, aprender, responsable e interés. Del consenso conceptual se acordaron diez categorías, tres generales: funciones mentales, valores y ser humano; y siete específicas: actitudes y conductas, funciones, comunicación, sentimientos, contexto del alumno, sinónimos y metáforas, y otras palabras. Se esquematizó la red semántica con los veinte definidores del conjunto SAM. Los resultados fueron comparados con tres de las teorías que más han influido en la educación médica: la tradicional, la tecnología educativa y la cognoscitiva, mostrando que los profesores básicamente emplean los dos primeros enfoques y empiezan a considerar el cognoscitivismo.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudantes de Medicina , Semântica , Docentes de Medicina , Formação de Conceito
14.
Rev. Fac. Med. UNAM ; 42(3): 100-3, mayo-jun. 1999. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-276481

RESUMO

La enseñanza de la medicina implica la gran responsabilidad de formar a los futuros profesionales en cuyas manos quedará la salud de nuestra población. En el presente trabajo se cuestiona la importancia de la motivación de profesores y alumnos como elemento determinante en la calidad de la enseñanza. Se aplicó un cuestionario que identifica los obstáculos que profesores y alumnos reportaron durante los cursos. Los más importantes para los profesores fueron: falta de tiempo para cubrir los contenidos (35.2 por ciento), apatía y mala preparación básica de los estudiantes (29.3 por ciento) y dispersión por realizar otras actividades, así como bajos salarios. Por parte de los alumnos: falta de tiempo para el estudio (35.5 por ciento), falta de interés en la materia por poca motivación (17.6 por ciento). Al preguntar sobre propuestas la mayoría se inclina a propiciar la motivación de profesores y alumnos. Son múltiples los elementos que intervienen en el proceso educativo, la motivación es uno de los fundamentales, sin embargo, en la práctica parece que se ha olvidado


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Educação Médica/métodos , Ensino/métodos , Motivação , Docentes de Medicina , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/métodos , Faculdades de Medicina/tendências , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Estudantes de Medicina
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