Risk Factors Associated with Failure of Toe Amputation in Diabetic Foot Infections.

We aim to identify the factors associated with the failure of amputation of one to three toes (index toe amputation) in patients with diabetes and foot infection. We conducted a retrospective cohort of 175 patients with diabetes who were hospitalized for moderate to severe foot infection and underwent amputation of one to three toes. A Poisson regression model was used to determine the prevalence ratio (PR) as a measure of association. The mean age was 63.3 ± 11.4 years. Fifty-three patients presented failure after undergoing toe amputation (30.3%). Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and sex, showed the following significant variables: severe infection (PR: 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-2.78; P = 0.011), infection by Escherichia coli (PR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.42-3.43; P < 0.001), infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.29-3.43; P = 0.003) and prothrombin time (PR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05-1.21; P = 0.001), obesity (PR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37-0.93; P = 0.024), and haemoglobin value (PR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99; P = 0.023). About one-third of patients who underwent amputation of one to three toes for diabetic foot infection presented a failure and required a more proximal surgery. Severe infections, isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and prolonged prothrombin time were associated with a higher prevalence of failure. However, obesity and an elevated haemoglobin level were associated with a lower prevalence of failure.

Elevated Levels of Cytotoxicity, Cytokines, and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Mild Cases of COVID-19.

Current evidence shows higher production of cytokines and antibodies against severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in severe and critical cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in comparison with patients with moderate or mild disease. A recent hypothesis proposes an important role of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the induction of the cytokine storm observed in some patients at later stages of the disease. Interestingly, in this study, we report significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-4 cytokines in mild COVID-19 patients versus severe cases, as well as a high frequency of karyorrhexis (median [Me] = 364 vs. 20 cells) and karyolysis (Me = 266 vs. 52 cells) in the mucosal epithelial cells of both groups of patients compared with uninfected individuals. Although we observed higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in COVID-19 patients, IgM antibodies were significantly higher only in mild cases, for the N and the S viral antigens. High levels of IgG antibodies were observed in both mild and severe cases. Our results showed elevated concentrations of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mild cases, which may reflect an active innate immune response and could be related to the higher IgM and IgG antibody levels found in those patients. In addition, we found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces cytotoxic damage in the oral mucosa, highlighting the importance of studying the genotoxic and cytotoxic events induced by infection and its role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck in pediatric patients: a systematic review

Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue malignant tumor of mesenchymal cell origin, which usually shows variable differentiation of muscle cells. It is the most common solid sarcoma in children. The most usual site of occurrence are the head and neck regions. RMS presents a variety of histologic features, and so differential diagnosis with other small round cell tumors is needed. Hence, it has been very useful to the field to undertake additional immunohistochemical studies to determine the diagnosis and, on occasions, to assign subtype tumors. Material and methods: A systematic review of three databases (Medline, Biological Science Collection and Health & Medical Collection) was carried out with the purpose of analyzing rhabdomyosarcoma cases reported in the literature, specifically with localization in the head and neck regions in children. This strategy allowed us to identify the main anatomical site of appearance, the subtype of RMS, average age, histologic characteristics and immunohistochemistry markers used in a usual and any additional way. Results: According to the selection criteria in this systematic review, twelve articles, and fourteen cases were identified that highlight that the histological diagnosis usually presents cellular heterogeneity. Therefore, immunohistochemistry is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Conclusions: Histologic characterization is not always sufficient for a conclusive diagnosis of RMS. Therefore, immunohistochemistry is helpful to determine the subtype and consequently, sometimes the behavior, treatment and prognosis. Additional markers may vary according to the institution and the need of particular cases. (AU)

[Cancer stem cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Literature review]. / Células troncales cancerígenas en carcinoma oral de células escamosas. Revisión de la literatura.

Objective: To perform a literature review on oral squamous cell carcinoma, the presence of cancer stem cells; their association with the course of the disease and therapeutic applications. Methods: : A search was performed in the PubMed database by entering the following algorithm: ((((neoplastic stem cells [MeSH Terms ]) OR (Cancer stem cells [Text Word ])) AND (Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck [MeSH Terms])) AND (Oral squamous cell carcinoma [Text Word ]), to find articles in english published between 2012 and 2022. The PRISMA diagram was used to identify and select the articles. Results: A result of 49 articles was obtained; of which 27 were chosen according to the title and abstract in their association with the topic. In addition, 8 additional articles suggested by their relationship with the information previously searched were included. In total, 35 articles were evaluated. There has been found that tumoral cells in squamous oral carcinoma are heterogeneous since they include cancer stem cells wich possess characteristics of stem and neoplasic cells; which possess characteristics of stem cells as well as neoplastic cells; they have been associated with disease progression, recurrence, and metastasis and have been considered to be a key mechanism of therapy failure. Conclusions: The expression of stem cell markers in oral squamous cell carcinomas has been demonstrated and has contributed to their identification in oral squamous cell carcinomas and has been implicated in the behavior of cancer cells. New therapeutic measures aimed at eliminating cancer stem cells have been proposed and developed.

Elementos de protección y nivel de contagio de Covid 19 en el personal sanitario que labora en un hospital ecuatoriano / Elements of protection and level of Covid 19 in the sanitary personnel working in an Ecuadorian hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: el COVID-19 es una afección ocasionada por el SARS COV2 que ha tenido grandes repercusiones en la salud de la población a nivel mundial, principalmente en la población vulnerable, entre los cuales se encuentra el personal de salud, ya que están en la primera línea de atención en las unidades de salud, es por ello que se ven en la necesidad del uso del equipo de protección personal para disminuir el nivel de riesgo de contagio. OBJETIVO: identificar los elementos de protección y el nivel de contagio de COVID-19 en el personal de Salud que labor en los Hospitales Ecuatorianos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el actual estudio es de alcance descriptivo, enfoque cuantitativo, en un periodo de tiempo determinado, con una muestra del estudio de 218 trabajadores entre médicos, enfermeros y auxiliares a los cuales se les aplico la encuesta virtual. RESULTADOS: el 95.9% recibió mascarilla N95,76.6 % overol, 87.2%zapatones, 86.2 % las gafas, 91.7 % gorro, 93,1% guantes y 56,9% protector facial, el 96.3 % menciona que ha recibido capacitación sobre el uso de Equipo de Protección Personal (EPP) por parte de la institución, el 76.6 %del personal refieren haber presentado signos y síntomas de COVID-19, el 63.1 % de los resultados de prueba rápida fue positivos y la prueba de hisopado nasofaríngeo el 32,7 % tuvieron un resultaron positivo y 45,7% aún se encuentran en espera de los resultados. CONCLUSIONES: los elementos de protección que recibieron por parte de la Institución, en la pandemia de COVID-19 fueron: mascarilla N95, overol, zapatones, gafas, protector facial, gorro y guantes para la atención de los pacientes en el área hospitalaria, además de obtener capacitaciones acerca del uso correcto del EPP. Sin embargo, el nivel de contagio es elevado según las pruebas positivas rápidas e hisopado nasofaríngeo.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 is a condition caused by SARS COV2 that has had great repercussions on the health of the population worldwide, mainly on the vulnerable population, among which are health personnel, since they are on the front line. Care in health units, that is why they are in need of the use of personal protective equipment to reduce the level of risk of infection. OBJECTIVE: to identify the protection elements and the level of contagion of COVID-19 in the Health personnel who work at the Ecuadorians Hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the current study is descriptive in scope, quantitative approach, in a given period of time, with a sample of the study of 218 workers including doctors, nurses and assistants to whom the virtual survey was applied. RESULTS: 95.9% received N95 mask, 76.6% overalls, 87.2% sneakers, 86.2% glasses, 91.7% hat, 93.1% gloves and 56.9% face protector, 96.3% mention that they have received training on the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by the institution, 76.6% of the staff report having presented signs and symptoms of COVID-19, 63.1% of the rapid test results were positive and the nasopharyngeal swab test was 32, 7% had a positive result and 45.7% are still awaiting the results. CONCLUSIONS: the protection elements received by the Institution in the COVID-19 pandemic were: N95 mask, overalls, shoes, glasses, face shield, hat and gloves for patient care in the hospital area, in addition to obtain training on the correct use o PPE. However, the level of infection is high according to rapid positive tests and nasopharyngeal swab.

Microglial Sirtuin 2 Shapes Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Slices.

Microglial cells have emerged as crucial players in synaptic plasticity during development and adulthood, and also in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. Here we found that decreased levels of Sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) deacetylase in microglia affects hippocampal synaptic plasticity under inflammatory conditions. The results show that long-term potentiation (LTP) magnitude recorded from hippocampal slices of wild type mice does not differ between those exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pro-inflammatory stimulus, or BSA. However, LTP recorded from hippocampal slices of microglial-specific Sirt2 deficient (Sirt2-) mice was significantly impaired by LPS. Importantly, LTP values were restored by memantine, an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. These results indicate that microglial Sirt2 prevents NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in hippocampal slices in response to an inflammatory signal such as LPS. Overall, our data suggest a key-protective role for microglial Sirt2 in mnesic deficits associated with neuroinflammation.

Fusión congénita de la mandíbula con el maxilar y complejo cigomático, revisión de la literatura. Reporte de un caso / Congenital fusion of the mandible with the maxilar and the zygomatic complex, literatura review. A case report

La signatia es una rara malformación congénita en la que se encuentra una fusión ósea del maxilar con la mandíbula. Puede ser unilateral o completa y se caracteriza por la incapacidad de abrir la boca del recién nacido. Esta puede clasificarse de acuerdo con su presentación clínica. Las complicaciones de esta anomalía pueden ser muy graves: incompatibilidad con la vida, incapacidad de proteger la vía aérea, dificultades para la alimentación, así como alteraciones en el crecimiento. Se han referido casos con distintos abordajes, por lo que el protocolo terapéutico-quirúrgico estará dado según las particularidades de cada individuo. En el presente caso se hace referencia de un lactante femenino que se presentó con fusión del complejo cigomático-maxilar con la mandíbula unilateral, el abordaje y seguimiento

Syngnathia is a rare congenital malformation in which a fusion of the mandible with the maxilla is found, it can be unilateral or complete and is characterized by the inability to open the mouth of the newborn, this can be classified according to its clinical presentation. The complications of this anomaly can be inability to protect the airway, difficulties for feeding, as well as alterations in growth. There have referred cases with different approaches, thus the therapeutic-surgical protocol will be given according to the particularities of each individual. In the present case reference is made of female infant with unilateral maxillo-mandibular-zygomatic fusion, diagnosis and follow-up

Dificultades de alimentación en la primera infancia y su relación con las prácticas parentales de alimentación / Eating difficulties in early childhood and its relation to parental feeding practices

Resumen Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir las prácticas de alimentación de padres que tienen hijos en la primera infancia, así como comparar entre aquellos padres de hijos con y sin dificultades de alimentación (DDA). Participaron 93 padres/madres de entre 20 y 44 años de edad, 33 de los cuales tenían hijos con DDA. Los padres/madres completaron el apartado de alimentación del Cuestionario de Prácticas de Crianza para promover Hábitos de Salud en la primera infancia (PCHS), que evalúa las prácticas responsivas, no responsivas, indulgentes y negligentes; además de ocho preguntas dirigidas a indagar el contexto de alimentación del niño. La mayoría de los padres reportó utilizar prácticas responsivas (monitoreo, establecimiento de límites y modelamiento); sin embargo, en los padres de niños con DDA además destacó el empleo de prácticas no responsivas (e.g., presionar o regañar al niño para que coma), indulgentes (e.g., darle la comida en el lugar que el niño elija) y negligentes (e.g. dejar solo al niño al momento de comer). Los resultados fundamentan que la interacción en las situaciones de alimentación es tan importante como la calidad y cantidad de alimentos que el niño consume, permitiendo visibilizar la problemática de las DDA en la primera infancia.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to describe the feeding practices of parents who have children in early childhood, as well as to compare those parents of children with and without feeding difficulties (FD). Participants were 93 fathers/mothers between 20 and 44 years old, 33 of them had children with FD. The fathers/mothers completed the feeding section of the Parenting Practices Questionnaire to promote Early Childhood Health Habits (PCHS, for its acronym in Spanish), which assess responsive, non-responsive, indulgent and negligent practices; in addition, they answered eight questions aimed at investigating the context of child feeding. Most of parents reported using responsive practices (monitoring, setting limits and modeling); however, parents of children with FD also highlighted the use of non-responsive practices (e.g., pressure or nagging their children to eat), indulgences (e.g., feeding the child in the place the child chooses) and negligent (e.g. leave the child alone at the time of eating). The results base that interaction in feeding situations is as important as the quality and quantity of food consumed by the child, making it possible to visualize the problem of FD in early childhood.

Análise dos efeitos adversos associados ao uso do anorexígeno sibutramina: revisão sistemática / Analysis of the adverse effects associated with the use of the anorexiant sibutramine: Systematic Review

Introdução: nos dias atuais, a obesidade tornou-se um problema de saúde pública em escala global. Entre os tratamentos disponíveis, destaca-se o uso da sibutramina. Entretanto, este fármaco apresentou diversos efeitos adversos (EA), sendo os de maior relevância os cardiovasculares. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a terapia com a sibutramina traz malefícios à saúde humana. Métodos: a revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo o protocolo PRISMA para revisões sistemáticas e utilizando as bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciElo. Nestas, buscaram-se estudos publicados entre 2006 e 2016, utilizando-se dos descritores "sibutramine" e "adverse effects" junto com o operador booleano "AND". Resultados: dezoito artigos, das 479 publicações encontradas, atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo, então, utilizados para compor a presente revisão. Os EA mais encontrados foram complicações cardiocirculatórias (66,6%), sendo as mais frequentes a taquicardia e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Adicionalmente a esses, a constipação intestinal e a boca seca/xerostomia (55,5%), cefaleia e insônia (38,8%) e alterações de humor (26,6%) também foram relatados. Além disso, o tratamento com sibutramina mostrou-se eficaz na perda de peso em 88,88% dos estudos analisados. Conclusão: apesar da terapêutica com sibutramina ter apresentado efetividade na redução de peso, não se pode concluir acerca da segurança desse fármaco.(AU)

Introcuction: in the modern times, obesity has become a global health problem. Sibutramine stands out among the available treatments. However, this drug is associated to several adverse events (AE), being the cardiovascular the most relevant ones. Objetive: the aim of this study was to evaluate whether therapy with sibutramine is harmful to human health. Methods: the systematic review was performed following the PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews and using the databases PubMed, LILACS and SciElo, aiming for studies published between 2006 and 2016. For the search of the papers, the descriptors "sibutramine" and "adverse effects" were used, together with the boolean operator "AND". Results: eighteen studies of 479 publications met the inclusion criteria, and were used in the present review. The main AE founded after the analysis of the articles were cardiocirculatory complications (66.6%), with more frequent tachycardia and systemic arterial hypertension. In addition, intestinal constipation and dry mouth/xerostomia (55.5%), headache and insomnia (38.8%) and mood alteration (26.6%) were also reported. Furthermore, treatment with sibutramine was effective in reducing weight in 88.88% of the studies analyzed. Conclusion: although sibutramine therapy has an effective effect on weight reduction, the safety of the drug is not proved.(AU)

Hemoglobina A1c, diabetes mellitus, nefropatía diabética y enfermedad renal crónica / Hemoglobin A1c, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Nephropathy and Chronic Kidney Disease

La diabetes mellitus (DBT), la nefropatía diabética (ND) y la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) son enfermedades prevalentes en nuestra región, Sudamérica. Los niveles de hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c) han sido relacionados al desarrollo y a la evolución de la ND. Hace dos décadas había gran variabilidad en los resultados, los países líderes en investigación científica organizaron programas de estandarización de la HbA1c, logrando mejorar la calidad y la confiabilidad de los resultados. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron describir el problema DBT, ND y ERC en Sudamérica y en su contexto analizar metodológicamente la HbA1c. Para esto, revisamos el impacto de estas enfermedades en nuestra región, contemplando aspectos básicos de la HbA1c y algunas situaciones que producen interferencias como la carbamilación de la hemoglobina, modificación post-traduccional asociada a la uremia. También nos enfocamos en técnicas estadísticas universalmente utilizadas para la evaluación de ensayos como: linealidad, concordancia y precisión. Adicionalmente, incluimos un análisis de los métodos disponibles y de los precios de cada determinación de HbA1c en diez países de Sudamérica. Para prevenir, diagnosticar y tratar la DBT, la ND y la ERC es indispensable contar con herramientas de última generación, disponibles para todas las personas. En nuestra región el acceso a ensayos, equipos y laboratorios enmarcados en programas de estandarización de la HbA1c, internacionalmente aceptados, es una tarea pendiente. Millones de individuos de las generaciones presentes y futuras de Sudamérica padecerán DBT, ND y ERC, necesitamos llevar la voz de la ciencia a esas personas con el "hacer" cotidiano

Diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prevalent diseases in our region, South America. The levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) have been related to the development and progression of the DN. Two decades ago there was great variability in the results; the leading countries in scientific research then organized programs of HbA1c standardization, which improved the quality and reliability of the findings. The objectives of this study were to describe the problem of DM, DN and CKD in South America and to analyze HbA1c methodologically in this context. Thus, the impact of these diseases in our region was reviewed, contemplating basic aspects of HbA1c and some situations that produce interferences such as carbamylation of hemoglobin, the post-translational modification associated with uremia. We also focused on statistical techniques universally used for the evaluation of assays such as linearity, concordance and precision. Additionally, we included an analysis of the existing methods and the prices of each HbA1c determination in ten countries in South America. To prevent, diagnose and treat DM, DN and CKD, it is essential to have state-of-the-art tools available to all people. In our region, access to trials, equipment and laboratories within HbA1c standardization programs, internationally accepted, is a pending task. Millions of individuals from the present and future generations of South America will suffer from DM, DN and CKD, so we need to take the voice of science to these people through the daily "doing"

Increase in the Admission of Stroke Mimics after Change in Emergency Shifts.

BACKGROUND: In 2010, changes were made to the shift pattern of neurology residents for cover in the Emergency Department at a university hospital. This resulted in a decrease in the number of emergency hours worked by neurology specialists and allowed for a natural quasi-experiment. AIM: We aimed to evaluate if changes to the number of emergency hours worked by neurology residents and specialist neurologists, (intervention) altered the number or pattern of admitted stroke mimics (SMs). METHODS: Observational retrospective study from January 2007 to December 2013. Time of intervention was set as August 2010. We used a segmented linear regression - ARIMA - to evaluate changes in the temporal pattern of admitted SMs. A statistical correlation between the number of emergency hours worked by neurology residents and the number of admitted SMs was calculated using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS: Of the 2,552 patients admitted to the stroke unit, 290 were SMs (11.4%). After August 2010, there was an increase in the number of admitted SMs (p = 0.003). After 2010, the most frequent SM diagnosis changed from a psychiatric condition to peripheral vertigo. A positive correlation was found between the number of hours worked primarily by neurology residents and the number of admitted SMs (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.94; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the pattern of Emergency Department shifts were associated with an increase in the rate of admitted SMs and with a higher number of mimics with a final diagnosis of peripheral vertigo.

Evaluación de la enseñanza sobre violencia en la Facultad de Medicina / Evaluation of teaching on violence at a Faculty of Medicine

Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios e innovaciones alcanzados en la enseñanza sobre violencia en la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) en el lapso de 2005 al 2011, luego de realizar acciones de coordinación y sensibilización con las Escuelas Académico Profesionales (EAP) y Departamentos Académicos (DA) para efectuar cambios curriculares. Diseño: estudio descriptivo, tranversal, evaluativo de análisis de sílabos. Institución: Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM, Lima, Perú. Material: Sílabos. Metodología: En el año 2012 se efectuó un estudio de 79 sílabos de asignaturas seleccionadas de las 5 Escuelas Académico Profesionales (EAP) de la Facultad de Medicina, del año académico 2011. Principales medidas de resultados: Cambios e innovaciones de contenidos sobre violencia. Resultados: Se han incrementado los contenidos sobre violencia en las asignaturas seleccionadas, de 30/81 (37%) en el año 2005 a 58/79 (73,4%) en el año 2011. En la EAP de Medicina mejoró de 47% a 89,4%, en la EAP de Obstetricia de 45% a 85%, en la EAP de Enfermería de 40,6% a 72,7%, en la EAP de Tecnología Médica de 31,5% a 42,1% y en la EAP de Nutrición de 10% a 50%. Conclusiones: La enseñanza sobre violencia en la Facultad de Medicina mejoró significativamente del año 2005 al 2011, lo que contribuirá a una mejor formación profesional en la Facultad de Medicina para la atención de las víctimas de la violencia y para contribuir a la solución de este grave problema nacional de salud.

Objectives: To determine changes and innovations in teaching on violence at the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru, from 2005 until academic year 2011, time in which diverse coordinations with academic and faculty authorities were done to improve teaching on violence. Design: Descriptive, transversal and analytical study of syllabi. Institution: Faculty of Medicine, UNMSM, Lima, Peru. Material: Syllabi. Methodology: In year 2012, 79 selected syllabi corresponding to academic year 2011 of the five schools of the Faculty of Medicine were studied. Main outcome measures: Changes and innovations in violence contents. Results: There was increment in contents on teaching of violence in selected syllabi from 30/81 (37%) in year 2005 to 58/79 (73.4%) in year 2011. In the School of Medicine increase was from 47% to 89.4%, in the School of Midwifery from 45% to 85%, in the School of Nursery from 40.6% to 72.7%, in the School of Medical Technology from 31.5% to 47.3%, and in the School of Nutrition from 10% to 50%. Conclusions: Teaching on violence has improved from year 2005 to 2011 at the Faculty of Medicine; therefore professionals trained by the Faculty of Medicine will have better skills to attend violence victims and will contribute to the solution of this public health problem.

Asociación entre el conocimiento de las mujeres peruanas acerca del VIH y sus actitudes frente a personas infectadas / Association between knowledge of Peruvian women about HIV and their attitudes towards infected people

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el conocimiento de las mujeres peruanas acerca del VIH con sus actitudes frente a las personas con VIH y sus características socio demográficas. Métodos: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2011. El conocimientos sobre VIH se evaluó mediante cinco preguntas: ¨se puede reducir el riesgo teniendo solo una pareja sexual?, ¨usando siempre condón?, ¨una persona saludable puede tener VIH?, ¨se puede contraer el VIH por besos y abrazos?, ¨por utensilios? Se consideró conocimiento adecuado si se contestó correctamente las cinco preguntas (directrices para el Desarrollo de Indicadores Básicos para el seguimiento de la Declaración Política sobre VIH/SIDA). La actitudes frente a personas infectadas se evaluaron mediante seis preguntas: si niño(a) tiene infección por VIH, ¨se le debe permitir asistir a la escuela o colegio? si un médico tiene infección por VIH, ¨se le debe permitir que siga con su trabajo en el establecimiento de salud? si una persona tiene infección por VIH y necesita operarse, ¨deben permitirle la operación?; ¨compraría vegetales de un vendedor con SIDA?; si un profesor tiene infección por VIH, ¨se le debe permitir seguir impartiendo clases en la escuela, colegio o universidad? Los análisis fueron realizados empleando el procedimiento de ponderación establecido por el INEI. Resultados: La pregunta sobre conocimiento mejor respondida fue la referida al uso del condón para disminuir el riesgo de contagio (86.5 por ciento), mientras que el 35.2 p respondió erróneamente que se puede contraer el VIH al compartir utensilios con una persona infectada...

Objective: To determine the association between the Peruvian women's knowledge about HIV and her attitudes towards the people with HIV, and the socio-demographic features. Methods: Secondary analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES in espanish) 2011. The knowledge about HIV was measured with five questions: can the risk of contracting HIV be reduced by having only one sexual partner?, by using condom? A person who seems healthy, can have HIV? Can HIV be contracted by kisses and hugs?, by utensils? It was considered an adequate knowledge if the woman answered correctly the five questions (Guidelines on construction of core indicators for monitoring the political declaration of HIV/AIDS). The attitudes towards people with HIV was evaluated through six questions: if a child have HIV infection, should he or she be allowed to go to the school?; if a doctor have HIV infection, should he or she be allowed to continue working in a health center?; if a person with HIV need a surgery, should he or she be allowed to have the surgery?; would you buy vegetables from a seller with AIDS?; if a teacher have HIV infection, should he or she continue giving classes in the school, college or university? Every analysis was done using the weights established by the Statistics and Informatics National Institute (INEI). Results: The question about knowledge best answered was the one about using condom to reduce the risk of infection (86.5 percent), while 35.2 percent answered that HIV can be contracted by sharing utensils with a person infected. Only 38.9 percent answered correctly the five questions about knowledge. The best attitudes were observed in the scenario of a person with HIV who need a surgery and about the decision of firing an infected person, while the worst attitudes were observed about allowing a doctor with HIV to continue working and buying vegetables to a seller with AIDS...