Mapping of surface radiogenic heat production from in situ gamma spectrometry and chemical data of exhumed mantle peridotites at the St. Peter and St. Paul archipelago (equatorial Atlantic).

This work presents the first mapping of the radiogenic heat production (RHP) and the respective radiogenic heat flow (RHF) of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA) located at 1°N in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Using radiogenic heat producing elements (RPE) we inferred a radiogenic heat production ranging 0.08-0.68 µW/m3 (Median: 0.21 µW/m3 and Geometric mean: 0.25 µW/m3) by whole-rock chemical analysis and between 0.08 and 0.48 µW/m3 (Median: 0.19 µW/m3; Geometric mean: 0.19 µW/m3) by in situ Gamma radiation spectrometry. The mean of radiogenic heat production of mylonite rocks from SPSPA (0.22 µW/m3) is significantly higher than predicted values for ultramafic rocks as those largely outcropping in the SPSPA. This is probably due to the pervasive alteration of these rocks and the incorporation of little magma fractions during mylonitization. By converse, the average surface radiogenic heat flow (49.7 µW/m2) is lower than that predicted for the oceanic lithosphere, suggesting that the upper mantle contribution to the heat flow is also low in the SPSPA region. Based on the acquired data and the peculiar tectonics of the SPSPA we propose that the lithospheric mantle around the SPSPA area is colder than that surrounding the Equatorial Atlantic region.

Evaluation of actions to address acquired syphilis between 2016 and 2019, in a southeast brazilian state capital city / Avaliação das ações de enfrentamento da sífilis adquirida no período de 2016 a 2019, numa capital do sudeste brasileiro

Introdução: as Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) representam um problema de saúde pública global, sendo que são responsáveis por efeitos diretos sobre a saúde reprodutiva e infantil, ocasionando consequências como infertilidade e complicações na gestação e no parto, morte fetal e diversos agravos à saúde da criança.Objetivo: avaliar os indicadores de resultado relacionados à sífilis adquirida no quadriênio 2016-2019, em uma capital do sudeste brasileiro. Método: estudo de avaliação para a gestão, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, que avaliou os indicadores de resultado "realização de tratamento adequado para a sífilis na população geral" e "monitoramento da sífilis adquirida". Os dados foram coletados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), referentes ao período de 1.º de janeiro de 2016 a 31 de dezembro de 2019. As informações referentes ao tratamento e monitoramento dos casos de sífilis congênita ocorreram mediante busca em prontuário eletrônico, no período de 1.º de agosto de 2020 a 31 de março de 2021. Resultados: o município de Vitória teve 2.647 casos de sífilis adquirida, pelo critério ano de diagnóstico. Quanto à variável sexo, notificaram-se 1.641 homens (61,99%) e 1.006 mulheres (38,01%). A faixa etária predominante foi de 20 a 29 anos, e a raça/cor de maior frequência, f a parda. O nível de escolaridade mais frequente foi médio completo. O teste não treponêmico foi realizado em 84,93% dos casos e o treponêmico 47,22%. Com relação ao indicador "oferta de tratamento adequado para a sífilis", constatou-se que o percentual de tratamento adequado, dentre os casos da rede SEMUS, foi de 90,08%, no total do quadriênio: 87,25% em 2016; 85,27% em 2017; 91,79 em 2018; e 94,23% em 2019. Referente ao indicador "monitoramento dos casos de sífilis na população geral", verificou-se que o percentual de monitoramento adequado, dentre os casos da rede SEMUS, foi de 35,72% no total do quadriênio: 33,33% em 2016; 36,83% em 2017; 34,53% em 2018; e 38,20% em 2019. Conclusão: Os indicadores de resultado avaliados em Vitória, no quadriênio 2016-2019, foram: percentual de tratamento adequado (90,08%) e percentual de monitoramento adequado (35,72%).

Introduction: sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) represent a global public health problem, and are responsible for direct effects on reproductive and child health, causing consequences such as infertility and complications during pregnancy and delivery, fetal death, as well as a variety of health problems in affected children.Objective: to evaluate outcome indicators related to acquired syphilis in the period 2016-2019 in a southeast Brazilian state capital.Methods: this is a descriptive management evaluation study with a quantitative approach, which evaluated the outcome indicators "provision of adequate syphilis treatment in the general population" and "monitoring of acquired syphilis". Data were collected on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN), for the period from January 1st 2016 to December 31st 2019. Information regarding treatment and monitoring of cases of acquired syphilis was obtained by searching electronic medical records between August 1st 2020 and March 31st 2021.Results: the municipality of Vitória had 2,647 cases of acquired syphilis, using the criterion of year of diagnosis. The notified cases related to 1,641 men (61.99%) and 1,006 women (38.01%). The predominant age group was 20 to 29 years, while race / skin color was predominantly brown. The most frequent level of education was complete high school. The non-treponemal test was performed in 84.93% of the cases and the treponemal test in 47.22%. Regarding the "provision of adequate syphilis treatment" indicator, we found a total of 90.08% for adequate treatment of cases in Vitória's public health service network for the four-year period: 87.25% in 2016; 85.27% in 2017; 91.79% in 2018; and 94.23% in 2019. Regarding the "monitoring of syphilis cases in the general population" indicator, we found a total of 35.72% for adequate monitoring of cases in Vitória's public health service network for the four-year period: 33.33% in 2016; 36.83% in 2017; 34.53% in 2018; and 38.20% in 2019.Conclusion: the outcome indicators evaluated in Vitória, in the 2016-2019 four-year period, were: adequate treatment 90.08% and adequate monitoring 35.72.

Fungicides in red wines produced in South America.

Although recent research has shown that pesticides can remain in wine, there is only legislation regarding the level of pesticides in grapes; no such regulations exist for wine. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of fungicides in 190 wines produced in southern South America, as well as to present a new method for the quantification of dithiocarbamates. The fungicides were analysed by LC-MS/MS and GC/MS using validated methods according to the SANTE recommendations. The results for dithiocarbamates are expressed in mancozeb equivalents and are reported herein for the first time. Of the 190 wines analysed, 40% had residues from at least one fungicide detected above the LOQ, and 16.3% of the wines contained levels of fungicides above the MRL for grapes. The fungicides most commonly found were dithiocarbamates, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, dimethomorph and cyprodinil. The new method for quantification of dithiocarbamates presented high accuracy (89.8-108.1%) and precision (HorRat values between: 0.5 - 1.1).

Burnout Prevalence and Associated Factors Among Brazilian Medical Students.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the prevalence of burnout and associated factors in Brazilian medical students. METHODS: In the largest medical school from Central Brazil, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey and a socio-demographic questionnaire were adopted in this cross-sectional study. Correlations among the three dimensions of burnout were verified. RESULTS: The evaluation of 399 students revealed a frequency of 12.0% of burnout. Women had a higher rate of burnout (8.0%) than men (4.0%). The fifth period had the higher frequency of burnout (27.1%), while the seventh grade had the lower frequency (2.1%). The students showed high scores only in emotional exhaustion (63.2%). Between the dimensions "emotional exhaustion" and "disbelief" found a significant correlation. CONCLUSION: The fifth period of the Medicine course and the female gender are the most affected by burnout syndrome and therefore, the preventive actions to reduce stress among medical students should be directed mainly at these higher risk categories. The low burnout rate found in our study can attest that the PBL methodology and medical schools strategically located to meet regional demand may represent strategies for the prevention of burnout among medical students.

Water-soluble fraction of petroleum induces genotoxicity and morphological effects in fat snook (Centropomus parallelus).

Petroleum hydrocarbons are one of the primary organic chemicals found in water bodies, and the water-soluble fraction of petroleum (WSFP) may be responsible for much of the toxic effects. In the present study, genotoxicity assays and histopathological analysis of the gills were analyzed for two experimental protocols: 1) Juvenile Centropomus parallelus were exposed to different concentrations of WFSP (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) for 96h; 2) A second fish group was exposed to 50% WFSP for 168h followed by a post-exposure period for 168h in clean water (recovery). The total benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations at time 0 were 254µgL-1 and 4.72µgL-1 in 25%; 552.9µgL-1 and 9.36µgL-1 in 50%; and 842.4µgL-1 and 9.97µgL-1 in 75% WSFP, respectively. Based on the alkaline comet assay, the damage index (DI) values of fish exposed to 25% WSFP for 96h were significantly higher than those in the control group, and in the micronucleus test, the higher damage values were found in fish exposed to 75% WSFP. Furthermore, this last genotoxic test showed recovery after 168h. At all concentrations of WSFP, several histopathological changes were observed, and overall, most of these changes observed in the gills were classified as proliferative changes and represented a protective mechanism against pollutant uptake. Based on the recovery experiment, the damage was also significantly reduced after recovery. Our results showed that short-term exposure to WSFP compounds triggered cellular alterations in C. parallelus, but total recovery did not occur with time. Additionally, the different periods of exposure were not sufficient to induce severe gill damage in C. parallelus. Moreover, this fish demonstrated its usefulness as a sentinel species.

Potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sambucus australis.

CONTEXT: Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (Adoxaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of S. australis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark of S. australis (1-100 µg/mL) were studied in lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ stimulated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (24 h incubation) by investigating the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and in the TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution test (24 h incubation). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the NO scavenging assays. Chemical composition was assessed by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC50 43.5 and 66.2 µg/mL), FRAP (IC50 312.6 and 568.3 µg/mL) and NO radical scavenging assays (IC50 285.0 and 972.6 µg/mL) were observed in the leaf and bark ethanol extracts, respectively. Solely the leaf extract showed significant inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 2 and 100 µg/mL, respectively, and suppression of TNF-α inhibition of NF-κB by 12.8 and 20.4% at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL, respectively. The extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 250 µg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 250 µg/mL). LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin as major compounds. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of S. australis exhibit prominent anti-inflammatory effects.

In vitro cytotoxic activity of five commercial samples of Tribulus terrestris Linn in Espírito Santo (Brazil)

ABSTRACT The objective was to investigate the total saponin and protodioscin concentrations and the cytotoxicity in vitro, of five samples of the plant Tribulus terrestris, commercially available in the metropolitan region of Vitória - Espirito Santo, Brazil, and to compare them with the aqueous extract of the plant. The chromatographic profile and quantification of protodioscin in commercial samples and plant extract were evaluated by LC-MS/MS. The percentage of total saponins were determined by the colorimetric method. Extracts and protodioscin cytotoxicity were analyzed by the MTT assay in three cell lineages: fibroblasts (L929), ovarian cancer (Ovcar3) and murine hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7). All extracts displayed high levels of total saponins (207.2 to 780.3 mg g-1 of dry extract). The chromatographic profile revealed a wide diversity of compounds, and the saponin protodioscin was detected in only two extracts. One extract displayed high cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 157.0, 38.2 and 7.4 µg mL-1 for the Ovcar3, Hepa1c1c7 and L929 cell lines, respectively. The other extracts displayed cytotoxic effects only at concentrations equal to or greater than 125.0 µg mL-1. Surprisingly, the most cytotoxic extract displayed the highest protodioscin concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that these products be marketed with caution, and followed-up by a certified healthcare professional.

Geochemical behaviour of trace elements during fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation of the felsic alkaline magmas of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

This paper presents geochemical behaviour of trace elements of the felsic alkaline rocks of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with special attention of fractional crystallization and continental crust assimilation. Fractionation of leucite and K-feldspar increases Rb/K and decreases K2O/(K2O+Na2O). Primitive nepheline syenite magmas have low Zr/TiO2, Sr, and Ba. On the Nb/Y vs. Zr/TiO2 diagram, these rocks are projected on the field of alkaline basalt, basanite, and nephelinite, instead of phonolite. Well-fractionated peralkaline nepheline syenite has high Zr/TiO2 but there are no zircon. The diagrams of silica saturation index (SSI) distinguish the trends originated form fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation. In the field of SSI<-200, Zr/TiO2 and Ba/Sr have negative correlations to SSI in consequence of fractional crystallization. In the field of SSI>-200, they show positive correlations due to continental crust assimilation. Total REEs (Rare Earth Elements) is nearly 10 times that of granitic rocks, but LaN/SmN and LaN/YbN are similar. REE trend is linear and Eu anomaly is irrelevant. The pegmatitic liquid generated by country rock partial melting is SiO2-oversaturated and peraluminous with high Ba, Sr, Ba/Sr, Zr/TiO2, and SSI, with high content of fluids. This model justifies the peraluminous and SiO2-oversaturated composition of the rocks with relevant effects of continental crust assimilation.

O impacto das doenças crônicas na vida do familiar cuidador de idosos

A população brasileira acima de 60 anos vem crescendo a cada ano, contribuindo para o aumento de pacientes com doenças crônicas e pessoas idosas dependentes de cuidados especiais e acompanhamento de cuidadores. Estes, nem sempre exercem exclusivamente essa atividade; acumulam outras tarefas além das domésticas, levando a uma sobrecarga de trabalho e ocasionando o surgimento de patologias que irão influenciar em seu afazer como cuidador. O objetivo deste projeto de intervenção é refletir e investigar sobre a saúde do cuidador de idosos. O método de pesquisa se dá por meio de revisão da literatura, que utilizou base de dados como SCIELO, e futura aplicação de questionário para cuidadores de pacientes crônicos cadastrados em uma Unidade de Saúde no município de Vitória. Espera-se decifrar o perfil desses familiares cuidadores, podendo oferecer suporte dos serviços de saúde e consequentemente melhorar a adaptação desses ao impacto da doença crônica sobre suas vidas, a fim de melhor qualidade.