MiR-155 deficiency and hypoxia results in metabolism switch in the leukemic B-cells.

Hypoxia represents one of the key factors that stimulates the growth of leukemic cells in their niche. Leukemic cells in hypoxic conditions are forced to reprogram their original transcriptome, miRNome, and metabolome. How the coupling of microRNAs (miRNAs)/mRNAs helps to maintain or progress the leukemic status is still not fully described. MiRNAs regulate practically all biological processes within cells and play a crucial role in the development/progression of leukemia. In the present study, we aimed to uncover the impact of hsa-miR-155-5p (miR-155, MIR155HG) on the metabolism, proliferation, and mRNA/miRNA network of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells (CLL) in hypoxic conditions. As a model of CLL, we used the human MEC-1 cell line where we deleted mature miR-155 with CRISPR/Cas9. We determined that miR-155 deficiency in leukemic MEC-1 cells results in lower proliferation even in hypoxic conditions in comparison to MEC-1 control cells. Additionally, in MEC-1 miR-155 deficient cells we observed decreased number of populations of cells in S phase. The miR-155 deficiency under hypoxic conditions was accompanied by an increased apoptosis. We detected a stimulatory effect of miR-155 deficiency and hypoxia at the level of gene expression, seen in significant overexpression of EGLN1, GLUT1, GLUT3 in MEC-1 miR-155 deficient cells. MiR-155 deficiency and hypoxia resulted in increase of glucose and lactate uptake. Pyruvate, ETC and ATP were reduced. To conclude, miR-155 deficiency and hypoxia affects glucose and lactate metabolism by stimulating the expression of glucose transporters as GLUT1, GLUT3, and EGLN1 [Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 (HIF-PH2)] genes in the MEC-1 cells.

A Pilot Study on the Uptake of Propidium Iodide and YO-PRO-1 Iodide through the Pannexin Channels in Wallachian Frozen-Thawed Ram Spermatozoa.

Propidium iodide (PI) and YO-PRO-1 (YPI) dyes are routinely used to determine sperm viability in many livestock species. It is commonly accepted that these dyes penetrate only sperm cells with damaged plasma membranes. Recently, however, the mechanism of dye uptake unrelated to damaged plasma membranes, but instead related to pannexin channels in dog and stallion sperm cells was demonstrated. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the role of pannexins in the uptake of PI and YPI dyes on Wallachian frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa by flow cytometry using probenecid, a specific inhibitor of pannexin channels. Additionally, the expression of pannexins in Wallachian sperm was evaluated directly (by qRT-PCR). The results demonstrate the active role of pannexin channels in the uptake of PI and YPI dyes on frozen-thawed Wallachian ram sperm. In conclusion, when using the PI or YPI exclusion assay to determine Wallachian frozen-thawed ram sperm viability, the danger of overestimating the number of spermatozoa with the damaged plasma membrane must be considered. The observed breed-specific, and more importantly, individual differences in gene expression as well as in dye uptake indicate the need for further studies.

Analysis of 5-Azacytidine Resistance Models Reveals a Set of Targetable Pathways.

The mechanisms by which myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cells resist the effects of hypomethylating agents (HMA) are currently the subject of intensive research. A better understanding of mechanisms by which the MDS cell becomes to tolerate HMA and progresses to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) requires the development of new cellular models. From MDS/AML cell lines we developed a model of 5-azacytidine (AZA) resistance whose stability was validated by a transplantation approach into immunocompromised mice. When investigating mRNA expression and DNA variants of the AZA resistant phenotype we observed deregulation of several cancer-related pathways including the phosphatidylinosito-3 kinase signaling. We have further shown that these pathways can be modulated by specific inhibitors that, while blocking the proliferation of AZA resistant cells, are unable to increase their sensitivity to AZA. Our data reveal a set of molecular mechanisms that can be targeted to expand therapeutic options during progression on AZA therapy.

Manipulation of spermatogonial stem cells in livestock species.

We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches (such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern understanding of the biology of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) combined with the outstanding recent advances in genomic editing technologies and in vitro cell culture systems. The general aim of this review is to outline comprehensively the promising applications of SSC manipulation that could in the nearest future find practical application in livestock breeding. Here, we will focus on 1) the basics of mammalian SSC biology; 2) the approaches for SSC isolation and purification; 3) the available in vitro systems for the stable expansion of isolated SSCs; 4) a discussion of how the manipulation of SSCs can accelerate livestock transgenesis; 5) a thorough overview of the techniques of SSC transplantation in livestock species (including the preparation of recipients for SSC transplantation, the ultrasonographic-guided SSC transplantation technique in large farm animals, and the perspectives to improve further the SSC transplantation efficiency), and finally, 6) why SSC transplantation is valuable to extend the techniques of spermatozoa cryopreservation and/or artificial insemination. For situations where no reliable data have yet been obtained for a particular livestock species, we will rely on the data obtained from studies conducted in rodents because the knowledge gained from rodent research is translatable to livestock species to a great extent. On the other hand, we will draw special attention to situations where such translation is not possible.

Somatic mutation dynamics in MDS patients treated with azacitidine indicate clonal selection in patients-responders.

Azacitidine (AZA) for higher risk MDS patients is a standard therapy with limited durability. To monitor mutation dynamics during AZA therapy we utilized massive parallel sequencing of 54 genes previously associated with MDS/AML pathogenesis. Serial sampling before and during AZA therapy of 38 patients (reaching median overall survival 24 months (Mo) with 60% clinical responses) identified 116 somatic pathogenic variants with allele frequency (VAF) exceeding 5%. High accuracy of data was achieved via duplicate libraries from myeloid cells and T-cell controls. We observed that nearly half of the variants were stable while other variants were highly dynamic. Patients with marked decrease of allelic burden upon AZA therapy achieved clinical responses. In contrast, early-progressing patients on AZA displayed minimal changes of the mutation pattern. We modeled the VAF dynamics on AZA and utilized a joint model for the overall survival and response duration. While the presence of certain variants associated with clinical outcomes, such as the mutations of CDKN2A were adverse predictors while KDM6A mutations yield lower risk of dying, the data also indicate that allelic burden volatility represents additional important prognostic variable. In addition, preceding 5q- syndrome represents strong positive predictor of longer overall survival and response duration in high risk MDS patients treated with AZA. In conclusion, variants dynamics detected via serial sampling represents another parameter to consider when evaluating AZA efficacy and predicting outcome.

Oncogenic microRNA-155 and its target PU.1: an integrative gene expression study in six of the most prevalent lymphomas.

The transcription factor PU.1 and its inhibitory microRNA-155 (miR-155) are important regulators of B-cell differentiation. PU.1 downregulation coupled with oncogenic miR-155 upregulation has been reported in lymphoid malignancies; however, these data have not been studied across different subtypes in relation to clinical outcomes. We studied expression of miR-155 and PU.1 in the six most prevalent human B-cell lymphomas (n = 131) including aggressive (DLBCL, HL, MCL) and indolent (B-CLL/SLL, MZL, FL) types. Levels of miR-155 and PU.1 inversely correlated in DLBCL, B-CLL/SLL, and FL tumor tissues. In HL tissues, an exceptionally high level of miR-155 was found in patients with unfavorable responses to first-line therapy and those who had shorter survival times. PU.1 downregulation was noted in B-CLL/SLL samples positive for the adverse prognostic markers CD38 and ZAP-70. Upregulation of miR-155 and downregulation of PU.1 expression are integral aspects of lymphoma biology that could mark aggressive behavior of some, but not all, lymphoma types.

Nuclear localization of ISWI ATPase Smarca5 (Snf2h) in mouse.

Nucleosome movement is, at least in part, facilitated by ISWI ATPase Smarca5 (Snf2h). Smarca5 gene inactivation in mouse demonstrated its requirement at blastocyst stage; however its role at later stages is not completely understood. We herein determined nuclear distribution of Smarca5 and histone marks associated with actively transcribed and repressed chromatin structure in embryonic and adult murine tissues and in tumor cells. Confocal microscopy images demonstrate that Smarca5 is localized mainly in euchromatin and to lesser extent also in heterochromatin and nucleoli. Smarca5 heterozygous mice for a null allele display decreased levels of histone H3 modifications and defects in heterochromatin foci supporting role of Smarca5 as a key regulator of global chromatin structure.