Stress and exacerbation in ulcerative colitis: a prospective study of patients enrolled in remission.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether psychosocial factors influence the course of ulcerative colitis, hypothesizing that high perceived stress among patients with inactive disease will increase the risk of subsequent exacerbation. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with known ulcerative colitis were enrolled into a prospective cohort study while in clinical remission. Their perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and stressful life events were followed, along with potential confounders, for up to 45 months; exacerbation status was monitored for up to 68 months. RESULTS: The 27 patients who experienced an exacerbation were compared with those who remained in remission. Having a score in the upper tertile on the long-term (past 2 yr) baseline Perceived Stress Questionnaire significantly increased the actuarial risk of exacerbation (hazards ratio = 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1-7.2). At any given study visit, high long-term stress tripled the risk of exacerbation during the next 8 months (risk for the three tertiles, 8.3%, 16.7%, and 26.2%, p = 0.02). Shorter sleep time, briefer remission, histological activity, and use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antibiotics, or oral contraceptives also increased the medium- and/or long-term risk of exacerbation, but adjustment for these variables did not eliminate the associations with stress. Exacerbation was not associated with stressful life events, depressive symptoms, short-term (past month) perceived stress, smoking, disease extent or duration, or severity of recent course. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term stress does not trigger exacerbation in ulcerative colitis, but long-term perceived stress increases the risk of exacerbation over a period of months to years.

Long-term symptom patterns in duodenal ulcer: psychosocial factors.

Seventy-five patients with recent-onset dyspepsia and endoscopically visible duodenal ulcer underwent psychological evaluation. Following ranitidine treatment, they were reinterviewed periodically for 12 to 76 months (mean 38.6). Ulcer symptoms were present during a mean of 14.9% of follow-up months. Patients did significantly worse if they had a low-status occupation, low education, depression, stressful life events, or abnormal Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory at baseline. Of patients recalling premorbid life stress, those with a normal MMPI had a particularly benign course, whereas those with an abnormal MMPI did particularly poorly (6% versus 29% of months symptomatic: p < 0.04). Age, gender, smoking, drinking, antiinflammatory drugs, pepsinogen, Helicobacter pylori titers, and initial healing had no prognostic effect. Low socioeconomic status, life stress, depression, and psychopathology each predict a relatively poor symptom outcome for duodenal ulcer treated with antisecretory therapy, but psychologically stable individuals who develop an ulcer under stress have an excellent long-term prognosis.

Psychologic predictors of duodenal ulcer healing.

We investigated psychologic influences on duodenal ulcer by examining the effect of personality, stress, and mood, measured at diagnosis, on subsequent ulcer healing. Stressful life events, psychopathology (assessed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), anxiety, depression, smoking, alcohol consumption, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use, and serum pepsinogen I levels were determined immediately after endoscopy showed duodenal ulcer craters in 70 patients with recent onset of symptoms. Endoscopy was repeated following 6 weeks of ranitidine therapy. Six ulcers (8.6%) persisted, and the duodenum remained inflamed in an additional five cases, for a total of 16% with incomplete healing. The only baseline characteristic significantly associated with poor healing was anxiety (p = 0.03 for ulcer persistence, p = 0.02 for incomplete healing). Being in the highest anxiety tertile was associated with a more than fourfold elevation in the risk of incomplete healing (p = 0.02). The association between anxiety and poor healing was not changed by modification of the anxiety score to eliminate gastrointestinal symptom items or by adjustment for serum pepsinogen, sex, or cigarette smoking. Anxiety inhibits the healing of duodenal ulcers treated with adequate antisecretory therapy.

Patterns of biologic and psychologic risk factors in duodenal ulcer patients.

To clarify whether and how psychologic factors might contribute to peptic ulcer, in this study we addressed the relations between psychologic characteristics and known biologic risk factors among ulcer patients. In 75 patients with recent-onset, symptomatic duodenal ulcer, an index of three potential psychologic risk factors (stressful life events, abnormal Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, mood disturbance) was examined in relation to historical risk factors (sex, age, seasonality, family history, smoking, alcohol use, coffee consumption, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use), and to blood type, serum pepsinogen I, and Helicobacter pylori antibody titers. The more risk factors in a patient's history, the less likely he or she was to have psychopathology or stress (r = -0.45, p = 0.0007). The mean number of conventional risk factors was 2.7 in patients with all three psychologic risk factors and 4.4 in patients with none; conversely, the mean number of psychologic factors was 0.9 among patients with five or more biologic risk factors and 2.1 among patients with fewer than three risk factors. This negative association was strongest among patients with no previous ulcer history. The psychologic factors also tended to vary inversely with H. pylori antibody titers but not with blood type O or pepsinogen. Duodenal ulcer patients who are atypical in terms of their conventional risk factors are likely to be emotionally fragile, under stress, or both, especially at the time of their first ulcer symptoms. A clinician diagnosing an ulcer in an individual who does not match the usual patient profile should be on the lookout for psychologic factors.

Psychological stress and disease activity in ulcerative colitis: a multidimensional cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: It is not known whether any link exists between life stress and disease activity in ulcerative colitis; attempts to demonstrate one have been complicated by recall bias, distressing psychological consequences of disease, psychogenic symptom exaggeration, and an irritable bowel component of inflammatory bowel disease symptoms. We therefore studied the relationship between psychological measures and two different aspects of ulcerative colitis activity. METHODS: The relation of perceived stress, depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and life events with endoscopic appearance of the rectal mucosa was studied "blind" in 46 asymptomatic outpatients with known ulcerative colitis. The same measures were then examined in relation to subjective activity, comparing the group in clinical remission with 32 ulcerative colitis outpatients who reported symptoms. RESULTS: Among asymptomatic patients, the level of stress over the past 2 yr on the General Perceived Stress Questionnaire was higher in the 11 with mucosal abnormalities than in the 35 with a normal rectal mucosa (p = 0.004). Among the entire population, symptomatic patients were more likely to recall major life events in the previous 6 months than the asymptomatic group (p = .02). Adjustment for smoking and for duration of remission did not substantially alter these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Life stress is associated with both objective and subjective aspects of activity in ulcerative colitis. Although the association of life events with reported symptoms may be subject to recall bias, the association of perceived stress with rectal mucosal abnormalities in asymptomatic patients is strongly suggestive of a true link between psychological factors and ulcerative colitis activity.

Development of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: a new tool for psychosomatic research.

A 30-question Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) was validated, in Italian and English, among 230 subjects. Test-retest reliability was 0.82 for the General (past year or two) PSQ, while monthly Recent (past month) PSQs varied by a mean factor of 1.9 over 6 months; coefficient alpha > 0.9. General and/or Recent PSQ scores were associated with trait anxiety (r = 0.75), Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (r = 0.73), depression (r = 0.56), self-rated stress (r = 0.56), and stressful life events (p < 0.05). The General PSQ was higher in in-patients than in out-patients (p < 0.05); both forms were correlated with a somatic complaints scale in a non-patient population (r > 0.5), and were higher, among 27 asymptomatic ulcerative colitis patients, in the seven who had rectal inflammation than in those with normal proctoscopy (p = 0.03). Factor analysis yielded seven factors, of which those reflecting interpersonal conflict and tension were significantly associated with health outcomes. The Perceived Stress Questionnaire may be a valuable addition to the armamentarium of psychosomatic researchers.

Life events, personality, and physical risk factors in recent-onset duodenal ulcer. A preliminary study.

To clarify the interactions between stressful life events and other risk factors in the development of duodenal ulcer disease, we studied 33 patients with active ulcer, symptomatic for less than or equal to 6 months and untreated during the previous year, using the Paykel Interview for stressful life events, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and Zung's Anxiety and Depression scales. MMPIs were abnormal in 64% of the patients, and 61% showed some degree of depression. The 16 patients whose symptoms had been preceded by severe stress and more pathological MMPIs, especially on paranoia and dependency scales; were more depressed; and had used less nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs than those without (p less than 0.05). They were somewhat more likely to be single, to be of low social class, and to have recently increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, or coffee (though their absolute level of alcohol consumption was low). Anxiety levels did not differ between stress and nonstress groups. Correspondence analysis yielded four clusters of patients, characterized by (a) alcohol/cigarette use, personality disorder, chronicity; (b) early onset, neurosis; (c) depression, life events; (d) late onset, psychosocial stability. The analysis changed little according to whether life events were or were not considered in cluster formation. We conclude that ulcer patients who become ill under stress from a distinct subgroup, that depressed mood and stress-related increases in use of alcohol and cigarettes may mediate between stress and ulcer formation, and that life events are a quantitatively minor factor in ulcerogenesis.