Respiratory muscle training in non-athletes and athletes with spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the effects on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness based on the FITT principle of exercise prescription.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been recommended to mitigate impacts of spinal cord injuries (SCI), but the optimal dosage in terms of the frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT principle) to promote health in SCI individuals remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To discuss research related to the effects of RMT on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes and non-athletes with SCI, presenting the FITT principle. METHODS: We performed a systematic review. PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, SciELO and Cochrane databases were searched between 1989 and August 2018. Participants were athletes and non-athletes with SCI. RESULTS: 4,354 studies were found, of which only 17 met the eligibility criteria. Results indicated that RMT is associated with beneficial changes in pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength and endurance among athletes and non-athletes, whereas no effect was reported for maximal oxygen uptake. It was not possible to establish an optimal RMT dose from the FITT principle, but combined inspiratory/expiratory muscle training seems to promote greater respiratory changes than isolated IMT or EMT. CONCLUSION: The use of RMT elicits benefits in ventilatory variables of athletes and non-athletes with SCI. However, it remains unclear which RMT type and protocol should be used to maximize benefits.

Effect of small-sided games with manipulation of small targets on the perceived exertion and tactical and technical performance of college soccer players / Efeito de jogos reduzidos com manipulação de pequenos alvos sobre a percepção de esforço e o desempenho tático e técnico de jogadores de futebol universitário

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the tactical and technical performance and perceived exertion of college soccer players in small-sided games through the manipulation of small targets. Twenty players divided into four teams, played 5x5 games (25x20 m) with one and two small targets on different days. Games were divided into three four-minute times, with two-minute intervals between bouts. Perceived exertion and technical-tactical variables were evaluated using Ball Transmission Speed (ball received/ball contacts) and Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP). TSAP generates performance indicators, such as: efficiency index, performance score, volume of play and ball attack. They are related to the actions of balls conquered, passes and finalizations. For statistical analysis, paired t test and Cohen's d effect size were performed to compare the two game configurations. Larger number of balls conquered with small target was verified (p<0.05; d=1.32), generating higher efficiency index and performance score. It was concluded that the perceived exertion is similar with one and two small targets and players recover more balls with only one small target. Through thisinformation, coaches can better handle this type of constraints according to the purpose of the training session.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o desempenho tático, técnico e a percepção subjetiva de esforço de jogadores de futebol universitário em jogos reduzidos através da manipulação de pequenos alvos. Vinte jogadores, divididos em quatro times, realizaram jogos de 5x5 (espaço:25x20 m) com um e com dois pequenos alvos, em diferentes dias. Os jogos foram divididos em três tempos de quatro minutos, com dois minutos de intervalo entre os tempos. Foi avaliada a percepção de esforço e variáveis técnico-táticas, utilizando a Velocidade de Transmissão da Bola (bolas recebidas/contatos na bola) e o Procedimento de Avaliação do Esporte em Equipe (TSAP). O TSAP gera indicadores de desempenho, como: índice de eficiência, escore de performance, volume de jogo e ataque com bola. Eles estão relacionados às ações de bolas conquistadas, passes e finalizações. Para análise estatística foi realizado teste t pareado e o tamanho do efeito d de Cohen para comparar as duas configurações de jogo. Foi verificada uma maior quantidade de bolas conquistadas com um pequeno alvo (p<0,05; d=1,32), gerando maior índice de eficiência e escore de performance. Conclui-se que a percepção de esforço é a mesma com um ou dois pequenos alvos e que um pequeno alvo faz com que os jogadores recuperem mais bolas. Através dessas informações o treinador pode manipular melhor este tipo de constrangimento de acordo com o objetivo da sua sessão de treino.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Long Distance Passes in 2014 Brazil FIFA World Cup / Análise da Eficácia dos passes de longa distância na Copa do Mundo FIFA Brasil 2014

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of long distance passes performed during the 2014 Brazil FIFA World Cup. All 64 matches were analyzed, however, actions performed during overtime were not included in the sample. The study defined long pass as an action made by a player from the defensive midfield aiming at passing the ball to another teammate located on the offensive field. The action result assessment followed these criteria: shots on goal, ball possession maintenance, loss of ball possession and ball possession recovery. Total long distance passes were also considered in the analysis. Throughout the tournament, 4,512 long distance passes were attempted. The main findings were that 59% resulted on loss, 28% on maintenance and 12% on recovery of the ball possession, but only less than 1% resulted in shots on goal (F = 505.5; p<0.001; partial ƞ2 = 0.76). Teams with the highest number of long pass attempts loose ball possession more frequently. There were more long distance passes at the first and at the last 15 min of matches. UEFA and Concacaf teams executed, respectively, the lowest and the highest number of long passes. The major outcome of this study is that long distance passes have low effectiveness due to the high rate of loss of ball possession, rarely creating score opportunities. The more the teams executed long passes, the more the teams lose ball possession.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a eficácia dos passes de longa distância realizados durante os jogos da Copa do Mundo da FIFA 2014. Todas as 64 partidas foram analisadas. Porém, as prorrogações na fase eliminatória da competição não foram acrescidas na amostra. O estudo definiu o lançamento como uma ação feita por um jogador do meio campo defensivo com o objetivo de passar a bola para outro colega de equipe localizado no campo ofensivo. O resultado da ação foi avaliado com base nos seguintes critérios: finalização ao gol, manutenção da posse de bola, perda da posse de bola e recuperação da posse de bola. O total dos lançamentos também foi considerado nas análises. Ao longo do torneio houve 4.512 lançamentos. Os principais achados foram que 59% dos lançamentos resultaram em perda, 28% em manutenção e 12% em recuperação da posse da bola, mas apenas menos de 1% resultaram em finalização ao gol (F = 505,5; p <0,001 Parcial ƞ2 = 0,76). Equipes que lançaram mais perderam a bola com maior frequência. Houve mais lançamentos nos primeiros e nos últimos 15 min de jogo. Equipes da UEFA e da Concacaf executaram, respectivamente, o mais baixo e o mais alto número de lançamentos. O principal achado deste estudo é que os lançamentos apresentam baixa eficácia devido à alta taxa de perda da posse de bola, raramente criando oportunidades de finalização à meta. Quanto mais lançamentos feitos, mais posse de bola perdida.

Performance and tactical behavior of youth soccer players / Desempenho e comportamento tático de jogadores de futebol das categorias de base

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance and tactical behavior of youth soccer players of teams from base categories. The sample consisted of 152 male soccer players aged 11-17 years who participated in the in the U-13 (n = 50), U-15 (n = 62) and U-17 (n = 40) Sergipe State Championship in the year 2015. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used to identify the players’ tactical behavior based on the fundamental tactical principles. The main results of the study show that players presented higher tactical offensive performance (50.8 ± 9.8 points) compared to defensive performance (34.3 ± 5.7 points) (p < 0.001; d = 2,1), and the Depth Mobility principle presented the highest performance indices in the offensive phase (64.1 ± 8.7; F = 54.4; p < 0.001; partial ƞ2 = 0.26). Defensive Coverage showed the highest performance indexes in the defensive phase (46.1 ± 24.3; F = 54.4; p < 0.001; partial ƞ2 = 0.26).

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho e o comportamento tático de jovens jogadores de futebol de equipes das categorias de base. A amostra foi composta por 152 jogadores de futebol, do sexo masculino, entre 11 e 17 anos de idade, que participaram do Campeonato Sergipano nas categorias sub-13 (n = 50), sub-15 (n = 62) e sub-17 (n = 40) no ano de 2015. Foi utilizado o Sistema de Avaliação Tática no Futebol (FUT-SAT) para identificar o comportamento tático dos jogadores a partir dos princípios táticos fundamentais do futebol. Os principais resultados do estudo mostraram que os jogadores apresentaram maior performance tática ofensiva (50,8 ± 9,8 pontos) do que a defensiva (34,3 ± 5,7 pontos) (p < 0,001; d = 2,1), sendo que o princípio da Mobilidade foi o que apresentou os maiores índices de performance na fase ofensiva (64,1 ± 8,7; F = 54,4; p < 0,001; ƞ2 parcial = 0,26). A Cobertura Defensiva foi o princípio que apresentou os maiores índices de performance na fase defensiva (46,1 ± 24,3; F = 54,4; p < 0,001; ƞ2 parcial = 0,26).

Validity and reproducibility of the sargent jump test in the assessment of explosive strength in soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to check the validity and the intra- and inter-evaluators reproducibility of the Sargent Jump Test, as an instrument of explosive strength measurement of soccer players of the sub-15 class. Forty-five soccer players were randomly selected from different clubs competing in the local soccer championship. All subjects performed one test on the same jump platform model Jumptest(®) (Hidrofit Ltda, Brazil) and two independent Sargent Jump Tests assessed by the same evaluator. Two days later, another Sargent Jump Test was performed simultaneously assessed by 2 evaluators. In all tests, three jumps were performed and the highest one was registered. In order to check the validity, the first Sargent Jump Test results were compared to those from the jump platform, considered the gold standard. To evaluate intra- and inter-evaluator reproducibility, results from the first, second and third Sargent Jump Tests were analyzed. The validity and reproducibility were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and by the Bland and Altman test (statistical pack SPSS 11.0), with a significance level set at p<0.05. The values found for validity (r=0.99, p=0.001), for intra-evaluator reproducibility (r=0.99, p=0.001) and for inter-evaluator reproducibility (r=1.0, p=0.001), permitted us to conclude that the Sargent Jump Test is a valid and reproducible instrument for measuring the explosive strength in homogeneous groups, such as those used in the present study.

Validade e Fidedignidade do Sargent Jump Test na Avaliação da Força Explosiva de Jogadores de Futebol / Validity and Reliabilty of the Sargent Jump Test in Assessing the Explosive Strength of Soccer Players

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade e afidedignidade intradia e interdias do Sargent Jump Test, comoinstrumento de medida da força explosiva de atletas de futebolda categoria sub-15. Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados45 jogadores dos clubes que disputam o campeonato cariocade futebol, escolhidos aleatoriamente, que executaram umteste numa plataforma de saltos, e dois Sargent Jump Tests,todos no mesmo dia, e mais um Sargent Jump Test 48 horasapós. Em todos os testes foram executados três saltos esomente o maior deles foi computado. Para avaliar a validadeforam utilizados os resultados dos saltos na plataforma e doprimeiro Sargent Jump Test. Para avaliar a fidedignidadeintradia foram utilizados os resultados do primeiro e segundoSargent Jump Test e para avaliar a fidedignidade interdias,os resultados do primeiro e do terceiro Sargent Jump Test.Para análise da normalidade dos dados foi utilizado o testede Kolmogorov-Smirvov. Resultados: A validade e a fidedignidadeforam dadas através do coeficiente de correlaçãointerclasses e do teste de Bland e Altman, do software SPSS11, com nível de significância p<0,05. Observou-se: validade(r=0,99, p=0,001), fidedignidade intradia (r=0,99, p=0,001),e fidedignidade interdias (r=0,97, p=0,001). Conclusão: Estesresultados permitem afirmar que o Sargent Jump Testconstitui-se num instrumento útil e válido para avaliação daforça explosiva...

Objective: The aim of the this study was to check the validityand the intra and interday reliability of the Sargent Jump Test,as an instrument to measure the explosive strength of sub-15 soccer players. Materials and Methods: Forty-five soccerplayers from clubs which dispute the Carioca Championship,randomly selected, performed one test in a Jump Platformand two Sargent Jump Tests, all in the same day and anotherSargent Jump Test 48 hours later. In all tests they performedthree jumps and only the highest one was computed. Toassess the validity there were used the results from theJump Platform and from the first Sargent Jump Test. To assessthe intraday reliability, there were used the results from thefirst and the second Sargent Jump Test and to assess theinterday reliability, the results of the first and the third SargentJump Test. To analyze normality of the data it was used theKolmogorov-Smirvov test. The validity and reliability weregiven through the interclass correlation coefficient andthrough the Bland-Altman test, from the SPSS 11 software,with a significance level of p<0,05. Results: It was noted:validity (r=0,99, p=0,001), intraday reliability (r=0,99, p=0,001),and interday reliability (r=0,97, p=0,001). Conclusion: Theseresults indicate that the Sargent Jump Test constitutes a usefuland valid instrument to assess the explosive strength...