The Role of Oral Organs in Local Immunity with Elements of Morphology of Lingual Glands.

In postnatal ontogeny, the topographic relationships of the tongue glands and lymphoid structures in the thickness of the tongue have clear age-related features. In this article, we discuss the features of the glandular-lymphoid relationship in the thickness of the tongue, which is of particular scientific and practical importance for more precise understanding of the mechanisms providing local immunity in the oral cavity.

[Neurological status and structural changes in the tracheal lymphoid tissue in rats with different resistance to emotional stress of experimental hemorrhagic stroke]. / Nevrologicheskii status i strukturnye izmeneniya limfoidnoi tkani trakhei u krys s razlichnoi ustoichivost'yu k emotsional'nomu stressu pri eksperimental'nom gemorragicheskom insul'te.

OBJECTIVE: To study neurological status and structural changes in the tracheal lymphoid tissue in rats with different resistance to emotional stress in experimental hemorrhagic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Evaluation of neurological deficit on the Menzies scale and a histological study of structural features of tracheal lymphoid tissue were performed on days 1, 3 and 7 of experimental hemorrhagic stroke in 98 Wistar male rats with different resistance to emotional stress. Stroke simulation was preceded by animal testing to determine individual stress resistance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Neurological disorders are more pronounced in non-stress-resistant animals during all periods of observation. Lymphoid nodules of the tracheal wall of rats react with destruction of lymphoid cells and depletion of small lymphocytes observed in stress-resistant rats already on the 1st day of a stroke. On the 3rd day, the neurological deficit and changes in the cellular composition of the lymphoid formations of the trachea are most pronounced in both groups of rats. By the 7th day, a positive trend towards the restoration of the structure of tracheal lymphoid tissue and normal neurological status is detected only in rats resistant to emotional stress.

Age-Associated Role of Lingual and Pharyngeal Glands in Local Immunity in Oral Cavity.

The macroscopic and histological methods were employed to examine the autopsy specimens of salivary lingual glands obtained from 299 patients of both sexes and various age ranging from newborn to longevity. The age-associated alterations of minor lingual and pharyngeal glands were revealed, and the topographical relations between the glands and lymphoid cells were described. The characteristic sparsity of the glands in infancy is caused by nutritional uniformity at this period, when diminished production of secretory IgA results in frequent inflammatory processes in oral and pharyngeal cavities. With age, the glandular orifices widen, and their number increases thereby augmenting local immunity in the oral cavity and in oral aspect of the pharynx. Starting from elderly and senile age, the involutive alterations were observed, which were accompanied by diminished production of secretory immunoglobulin A and related degradation of local and humoral immunity.

Structural Parameters of Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Mice Exposed to Factors of Modeled Aerial Environment of Space Vehicles.

The effects of inhalation exposure to a mixture containing acetone, acetaldehyde, and ethanol in concentrations typical of closed environment in space vehicles on the structure of mesenteric lymph nodes in F1 male mice were studied by histological technique. The long-term exposure to modeled atmosphere led to pronounced structural changes in these nodes that were clearly seen on day 22 and increased by day 36 of the experiment. The thickness of the capsule and trabeculae of mesenteric lymph nodes as well as diameter of lymphatic sinuses did not differ from the control values up to day 8, but then increased on days 22-70. Starting from day 22, the thickness of the medullary cords decreased and attained the minimum to the end of the experiments, which can indicate depletion of immunocytopoiesis and inhibition of humoral immunity. The present data are important for the space medicine, because they indicate structural changes in the peripheral lymphoid organs, the key elements of immune system.

Neurological Deficit and Structural Changes in Lymphoid Structures of the Tracheal Wall in the Immediate Stage of Experimental Hemorrhagic Stroke in Rats with Different Behavioral Activity.

Specific features of neurological deficit and changes in the cellular composition of tracheal lymphoid structures during the immediate stage (day 1) of hemorrhagic stroke were studied in rats with various behavioral parameters. Modeling of hemorrhage in the left caudate nucleus of the brain was followed by the development of motor disturbances in the forelimb use asymmetry test and corner rotation paradigm. These animals preferred to use the left forelimb (ipsilateral to the side of hemorrhage) to lean on the cylinder wall. The frequency of using the right forelimb or both forelimbs was reduced under these conditions. The number of left-sided rotations increased, while the percentage of right-sided rotations decreased. The observed changes were accompanied by immune dysfunction. It was manifested in the depletion of lymphoid aggregates of the tracheal wall in lymphocytes and plasma cells. The severity of abnormal neurological symptoms and disturbances in immune homeostasis during the immediate stage of hemorrhagic stroke was greater in behaviorally passive rats than in active specimens.