Radiomics and radiogenomics in gliomas: a contemporary update.

The natural history and treatment landscape of primary brain tumours are complicated by the varied tumour behaviour of primary or secondary gliomas (high-grade transformation of low-grade lesions), as well as the dilemmas with identification of radiation necrosis, tumour progression, and pseudoprogression on MRI. Radiomics and radiogenomics promise to offer precise diagnosis, predict prognosis, and assess tumour response to modern chemotherapy/immunotherapy and radiation therapy. This is achieved by a triumvirate of morphological, textural, and functional signatures, derived from a high-throughput extraction of quantitative voxel-level MR image metrics. However, the lack of standardisation of acquisition parameters and inconsistent methodology between working groups have made validations unreliable, hence multi-centre studies involving heterogenous study populations are warranted. We elucidate novel radiomic and radiogenomic workflow concepts and state-of-the-art descriptors in sub-visual MR image processing, with relevant literature on applications of such machine learning techniques in glioma management.

Subdural hygroma after spontaneous rupture of an arachnoid cyst in a pediatric patient: A case report.

Arachnoid cysts are benign masses that represent a relatively small percentage of intracranial lesions. Spontaneous rupture of an arachnoid cyst resulting in a subdural hygroma is a very rare event. We report a case of a pediatric patient with a history of an arachnoid cyst and chronic headaches presenting with bilateral papilledema, worsening headaches, and no history of head trauma. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed an extra-axial cystic lesion in the right middle cranial fossa, similar to an arachnoid cyst seen on previous imaging. A new right subdural collection similar to the cerebral spinal fluid signal causing mass effect on brain parenchyma was determined to represent a subdural hygroma. Craniotomy was performed to evacuate the subdural hygroma as well as cyst fenestration. We report this case to emphasize the importance of considering spontaneous rupture of an arachnoid cyst as a differential diagnosis despite absence of head trauma.

Updated WHO nomenclature of head and neck lesions and associated imaging findings.

This article reviews the imaging features of head and neck lesions with updated 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) nomenclature. The major WHO changes include refined terminology of existing entities, descriptions of new tumor types, elimination of defunct categories, and updated biological characterization of various tumor types. In particular, the updates pertaining to the following conditions will be reviewed: tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx, including HPV-positive or HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma; tumors of the hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, and parapharyngeal space, including nomenclature revisions for laryngeal neuroendocrine tumors; tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses including newly added entities such as NUT carcinoma and biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma; odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumors, including the reversal of terminology for certain cystic lesions; tumors of the salivary glands, including updated terminology related to high-grade transformation and polymorphous adenocarcinomas tumors; temporal bone lesions including modifications of the nomenclature and classification criteria; tumor-like lesions of the neck and lymph nodes, with a discussion encompassing developmental cysts, metastases of unknown primary, and heterotopia-associated neoplasia; and mucosal melanoma. Familiarity with the proper WHO terminology for conditions that might be mentioned in differential diagnoses and a general understanding of the behavior of head and neck lesions can help optimize imaging assessment and reporting.