[Cognitive impairment during the COVID-19- social isolation period]. / Restricción cognitiva durante la cuarentena por COVID-19.

The COVID-19 social isolation period entailed changes in daily habits and routines, testing the adjustment abilities of the population to address unusual situations. Given that the activities of daily living require a normally functioning cognitive system, the study of cognitive-functional interaction under social isolation is relevant. The object of this work was to obtain information on the cognitive-functional impact of social isolation, analyze the changes induced in daily routines and habits, and assess the cognitive adjustment of the adult population to the isolation requirements. We carried out an online adult population survey, that combined multiple choice or binary questions following a Likert ordinal scale, performing a percentage analysis as well as a principal component analysis of the results. We surveyed 1095 subjects, 68% of which were residents of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA), of an average age of 52.7 ± 12.8 years, and 15.6 ± 2.2 years of education. All age groups reported attention and memory impairment, more significant in lower age groups and women. The principal component analysis showed an associated correlation of the functional challenge brought about by social isolation on the executive system, with the negative impact on cognitive functions such as attention and memory. Social isolation significantly impacted on the attentional, mnesic and executive cognitive systems, ratifying the role of cognitive abilities in the generation of means and strategies to overcome unusual situations, and highlighting the importance of cognitive-functional interaction.

El período de aislamiento social por COVID-19 generó cambios en los hábitos y rutinas, poniendo a prueba capacidades adaptativas para resolver situaciones infrecuentes. Dado que el sistema cognitivo es el sustrato de las actividades funcionales cotidianas, nuestro objetivo fue conocer el impacto cognitivofuncional del aislamiento, obtener información acerca de los cambios de hábitos y rutinas diarias y evaluar la modalidad de adaptación de la población adulta a la cuarentena. En el marco del Instituto de Salud Pública y Medicina Preventiva de la UBA, realizamos una encuesta online donde se incluyeron preguntas con respuesta de elección según escala ordinal Likert, de tipo binario y de elección múltiple. Se realizó un análisis porcentual de los resultados y un análisis de componentes principales. Encuestamos 1095 sujetos, el 68% fueron residentes en el Área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, edad 52.7 ± 12.8 años y 15.6 ± 2.2 años de instrucción. Todos los grupos de edad refirieron empeoramiento de la atención y memoria, siendo más significativo en las franjas de menor edad y en el género femenino. El análisis de componentes principales mostró una correlación asociada al efecto negativo de factores cognitivos previos como la memoria y la atención con la dificultad durante la cuarentena en el dominio ejecutivo. El aislamiento social impactó en el sistema atencional, mnésico y de funciones ejecutivas. Resultó corroborado el importante rol de las capacidades cognitivas en la generación de recursos y la aplicación de estrategias para adaptarse a situaciones poco habituales, poniendo de manifiesto la interacción cognitivo-funcional.

Restricción cognitiva durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 / Cognitive impairment during the COVID-19- social isolation period

Resumen El período de aislamiento social por COVID-19 generó cambios en los hábitos y rutinas, poniendo a prueba capacidades adaptativas para resolver situaciones infrecuentes. Dado que el sistema cog nitivo es el sustrato de las actividades funcionales cotidianas, nuestro objetivo fue conocer el impacto cognitivo-funcional del aislamiento, obtener información acerca de los cambios de hábitos y rutinas diarias y evaluar la modalidad de adaptación de la población adulta a la cuarentena. En el marco del Instituto de Salud Pública y Medicina Preventiva de la UBA, realizamos una encuesta online donde se incluyeron preguntas con respuesta de elección según escala ordinal Likert, de tipo binario y de elección múltiple. Se realizó un análisis porcentual de los resultados y un análisis de componentes principales. Encuestamos 1095 sujetos, el 68% fueron residentes en el Área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, edad 52.7 ± 12.8 años y 15.6 ± 2.2 años de instrucción. Todos los grupos de edad refirieron empeoramiento de la atención y memoria, siendo más significativo en las franjas de menor edad y en el género femenino. El análisis de componentes principales mostró una correlación asociada al efecto negativo de factores cognitivos previos como la memoria y la atención con la dificultad durante la cua rentena en el dominio ejecutivo. El aislamiento social impactó en el sistema atencional, mnésico y de funciones ejecutivas. Resultó corroborado el importante rol de las capacidades cognitivas en la generación de recursos y la aplicación de estrategias para adaptarse a situaciones poco habituales, poniendo de manifiesto la interacción cognitivo-funcional.

Abstract The COVID-19 social isolation period entailed changes in daily habits and routines, testing the adjustment abilities of the popula tion to address unusual situations. Given that the activities of daily living require a normally functioning cognitive system, the study of cognitive-functional interaction under social isolation is relevant. The object of this work was to obtain information on the cognitive-functional impact of social isolation, analyze the changes induced in daily routines and habits, and assess the cognitive adjustment of the adult population to the isolation requirements. We carried out an online adult population survey, that combined multiple choice or binary questions following a Likert ordinal scale, performing a percentage analysis as well as a principal component analysis of the results. We surveyed 1095 subjects, 68% of which were residents of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA), of an average age of 52.7 ± 12.8 years, and 15.6 ± 2.2 years of education. All age groups reported attention and memory impairment, more significant in lower age groups and women. The principal component analysis showed an associated correlation of the functional challenge brought about by social isolation on the executive system, with the negative impact on cognitive functions such as attention and memory. Social isolation significantly impacted on the attentional, mnesic and executive cognitive systems, ratifying the role of cognitive abilities in the generation of means and strategies to overcome unusual situations, and highlighting the importance of cognitive-functional interaction.

Development and validation of a clinical score to estimate progression to severe or critical state in COVID-19 pneumonia hospitalized patients.

The prognosis of a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia is uncertain. Our objective was to establish a predictive model of disease progression to facilitate early decision-making. A retrospective study was performed of patients admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia, classified as severe (admission to the intensive care unit, mechanic invasive ventilation, or death) or non-severe. A predictive model based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters was built. The probability of progression to severe disease was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Calibration and discrimination (receiver operating characteristics curves and AUC) were assessed to determine model performance. During the study period 1152 patients presented with SARS-CoV-2 infection, of whom 229 (19.9%) were admitted for pneumonia. During hospitalization, 51 (22.3%) progressed to severe disease, of whom 26 required ICU care (11.4); 17 (7.4%) underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 32 (14%) died of any cause. Five predictors determined within 24 h of admission were identified: Diabetes, Age, Lymphocyte count, SaO2, and pH (DALSH score). The prediction model showed a good clinical performance, including discrimination (AUC 0.87 CI 0.81, 0.92) and calibration (Brier score = 0.11). In total, 0%, 12%, and 50% of patients with severity risk scores ≤ 5%, 6-25%, and > 25% exhibited disease progression, respectively. A risk score based on five factors predicts disease progression and facilitates early decision-making according to prognosis.

Influence of eCG and breed on the number of oocytes collected and the production of in vitro embryos of young goats during the reproductive season.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of breed and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on ovarian response and in vitro embryo production from young goats. Thirty-one (12 Alpine, 10 Nubian, and 9 Saanen) were randomly assigned into three treatments of eCG (T1, 0 IU; T2, 500 IU; and T3, 1000 IU). Alpine goats showed the highest amount and largest size of follicles (P = 0.003). The effect of eCG dose 24 h post application was significant (P < 0.05), and was superior in goats undergoing T2. The aspiration rate of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) was 34% (P > 0.05), except for percentage of denuded oocytes, which obtained the highest number (P = 0.003) in the Saanen goats. The same difference was found (P = 0.02) in oocytes grade III in T2 and T3, with 42.5 and 37.9% respectively. In vitro embryo production was 80.0% of IVF/cleavage in the Alpine goats (P = 0.003). Embryo production was the greatest for T2 (69.2%; P = 0.004). T3 goats had higher percentage of morula stage (66.6%; P = 0.030). It is concluded that the application of eCG has a significant effect on the ovarian status, and quality and quantity of embryos with a differential response depending on the breed.

Twelve-month prevalence rates of mental disorders and service use in the Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology.

PURPOSE: Community surveys of mental disorders and service use are important for public health policy and planning. There is a dearth of information for Latin America. This is the first representative community survey in the Argentinean population. The purpose is to estimate the 12-month prevalence and severity of mental disorders, socio-demographic correlates and service use in a general population survey of adults from urban areas of Argentina. METHODS: The World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to 3927 individuals aged 18 years and older participating in a multistage clustered area probability household survey. The response rate was 77%. RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of any disorder was 14.8%, and a quarter of those disorders were classified as severe. Younger participants and those with lower education had greater odds of any disorder and most classes of disorder. 11.6% of the total population received treatment in the prior 12 months and only 30.2% of those with a severe disorder. Women and those never married were more likely to receive or seek treatment, whereas those with low and low-average education were less likely. CONCLUSION: Most individuals with a mental disorder in the past year, even those with a severe disorder, have not received treatment. Because low education is a barrier to treatment, initiatives aimed at mental health education might help timely detection and treatment of these disorders in Argentina.

[Epidemiological study of mental health in the general population of Argentina]. / Estudio epidemiológico de salud mental en población general de la República Argentina.

In this paper we report the findings of the first "Epidemiological study of mental health in the general population of Argentina" in the framework of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative WHO / Harvard, in collaboration with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires and the Asociación de Psiquiatras Argentinos (APSA) with funding from the Ministry of Health. Methodology: A multistage probabilistic household survey was conducted using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The survey was conducted on 3,927 people aged 18 and over (no age limit), with fixed residence in one of the eight largest urban areas in the country (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Corrientes-Resistencia, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rosario, Salta and Tucumán), representing approximately 50.1% of the adults living in the country. The response rate was 77%. Results: The lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder in the general population of Argentina over 18 years of age was 29.1% and the projected life risk up to 75 years of age was 37.1%. The disorders with the highest life prevalence were Major Depressive Disorder (8.7%), Alcohol Abuse Disorder (8.1%) and Specific Phobia (6.8%). Anxiety Disorders were the most prevalent group (16.4%), followed by Mood Disorders (12.3%), Substance Disorders (10.4%), and Impulse Control Disorders (2.5%). The prevalence in the last 12 months of any mental disorder was 14.8%, a quarter of wich were classified as severe. 11.6% received treatment in the previous 12 months and only 30.2% of those who suffered a severe disorder received it. The results provide essential data for health planning and implementation and the training of the mental health workforce.

Assessment of accessibility to the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors in Argentina: Preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: As far as public health is concerned, brain tumors burden is significant despite their low incidence, because they comprise high direct costs (specific diagnostic resources, high complexity treatments, and rehabilitation) and high-unforeseen costs (labor leave, family, and social issues). Although the Argentine's Health System is supposed to provide healthcare to all the population, it would not guarantee equity of access for brain tumors treatment. In order to analyze this hypothesis we decided to carry out a survey to obtain data on access, availability and resources for tumor management in Argentina. METHODS: An online questionnaire with eight dimensions and 29 queries was conducted addressing all professionals involved in tumor management. Two variables were generated: (1) type of medical center according to their financial support, and (2) the geographic region (GeoR). Analysis of association between these variables and the accessibility to different resources was performed with Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Multivariate analyses through multiple logistic regression models were also tested. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen surveys were collected from 56 state-managed centers and 55 private/trade-union managed centers. Responders came from 15 provinces grouped into integrated GeoR. Results and analysis of each dimension were reported. CONCLUSION: The data obtained provides information about the accessibility to brain tumors treatment, exposing the unequal distribution of human and technologic resources in Argentina. This problem exceeds the limits of public health to become a bioethical problem. We think these results could be essentially associated to our health system fragmented structure, and the large geographical extension of our country. Finally, we believe that collaboration of professional associations working together with public and private sector authorities responsible for financial resources and logistic should bring a principle of solution.

[Infectious complications in children with end-stage renal disease on replacement therapy]. / Complicaciones infecciosas en niños con enfermedad renal terminal en terapia sustitutiva.

BACKGROUND: Annually, 5000 children younger than 20 years of age and 200 younger than two-years require treatment for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective was to estimate the incidence rate of infectious complications in children requiring renal replacement therapy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort. Patients with a minimum of three months of follow-up in programs of peritoneal dialysis and hemodyalisis were included. The incidence rate for infections associated to replacement therapy was calculated. RESULTS: 67 patients were analysed. In 88 %, initial therapy for CKD was peritoneal dialysis. A total of 52 episodes of peritonitis occured, with an incidence rate of 0.63 episodes/patient-year. Thirty children (48 %) never had an episode of peritonits during the folow-up. At six months, 90 % of the children had the same peritoneal dialysis catheter, decreasing to 84, 74 and 50 % at 12, 18 and 24 months, respectively. Forty-five children were on hemodialysis, 82 % preceded by peritoneal dialysis. Dialysis treatment time in 25 % of them was longer than 19 months. Twenty-two episodes of catheter-related bacteremia occurred, with an incidence rate of 1 episode/1000 catheter-days or 2.5/1000 hemodyalisis sesions. Twenty-nine patients received a transplant (43 %); two of them died. Median waiting time to transplant was 15 months. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence rate of infectious complications was similar to the rates reported in the literature by other centers. At 20 months, half of the patients had at least one infectious complication.

Introducción: aproximadamente 5000 niños menores de 20 años y 200 menores de dos años inician anualmente tratamiento para enfermedad renal terminal (ERT). Se buscó estimar la incidencia de complicaciones infecciosas en niños con ERT en terapia sustitutiva. Métodos: cohorte retrospectiva, se incluyeron pacientes en los programas de diálisis peritoneal y hemodiálisis, con seguimiento mínimo de tres meses. Se calculó la densidad de incidencia para las infecciones asociadas a terapia sustitutiva. Resultados: se analizaron 67 pacientes. En 88 % la terapia inicial fue diálisis peritoneal. Se presentaron 52 eventos de peritonitis y la densidad de incidencia fue de 0.63 episodios/paciente por año. Treinta niños (48 %) nunca tuvieron peritonitis. A los seis meses de seguimiento 90 % de los niños continuaban con el mismo catéter, lo cual disminuyó a 84, 74 y 50 % a los 12, 18 y 24 meses, respectivamente. Cuarenta y cinco niños estuvieron en hemodiálisis, 82 % de ellos precedidos por diálisis peritoneal. El tiempo en hemodiálisis en 25 % fue mayor a 19 meses. Se presentaron 22 eventos de bacteriemia y la densidad de incidencia fue 1 episodio/1000 días-catéter ó 2.5/1000 sesiones de hemodiálisis. Se trasplantaron 29 pacientes (43 %), dos fallecieron. La mediana de espera para trasplante fue de 15 meses. Conclusiones: la incidencia de complicaciones infecciosas es similar a lo registrado en la literatura. A los 20 meses, la mitad de los pacientes tuvieron al menos una complicación infecciosa.

Cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Argentina.

The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of reducing tegumentary leishmaniasis transmission using insecticide-impregnated clothing and curtains, and implementing training programs for early diagnosis. A societal perspective was adopted, with outcomes assessed in terms of costs per disability adjusted life years (DALY). Simulation was structured as a Markov model and costs were expressed in American dollars (US$). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of each strategy was calculated. One-way and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for early diagnosis strategy was estimated at US$ 156.46 per DALY averted, while that of prevention of transmission with insecticide-impregnated curtains and clothing was US$ 13,155.52 per DALY averted. Both strategies were more sensitive to the natural incidence of leishmaniasis, to the effectiveness of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis treatment and to the cost of each strategy. Prevention of vectorial transmission and early diagnosis have proved to be cost-effective measures.

Cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Argentina / Custo-efetividade de estratégias de prevenção contra a leishmaniose tegumentar americana na Argentina / Coste-efectividad de estrategias de prevención contra la leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana en Argentina

The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of reducing tegumentary leishmaniasis transmission using insecticide-impregnated clothing and curtains, and implementing training programs for early diagnosis. A societal perspective was adopted, with outcomes assessed in terms of costs per disability adjusted life years (DALY). Simulation was structured as a Markov model and costs were expressed in American dollars (US$). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of each strategy was calculated. One-way and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for early diagnosis strategy was estimated at US$ 156.46 per DALY averted, while that of prevention of transmission with insecticide-impregnated curtains and clothing was US$ 13,155.52 per DALY averted. Both strategies were more sensitive to the natural incidence of leishmaniasis, to the effectiveness of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis treatment and to the cost of each strategy. Prevention of vectorial transmission and early diagnosis have proved to be cost-effective measures.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o custo-efetividade para reduzir a transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar americana, utilizando roupas e cortinas impregnadas com inseticidas e implementando programas de treinamento para o diagnóstico precoce. Adotou-se uma perspectiva social, usando os anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (AVAI). Estruturou-se uma simulação com o modelo de Markov. Os custos foram expressos em US$. A taxa de custo-efetividade incremental foi calculada para cada estratégia. Foi desenvolvida análise de sensibilidade, uni e multivariada. A taxa de custo- efetividade incremental para o diagnóstico precoce foi estimada em US$ 156,46 por AVAI evitado, enquanto a taxa para prevenção com roupas e cortinas impregnadas foi de US$ 13.155,53 por AVAI evitado. Ambas as estratégias foram mais sensíveis à incidência natural de leishmaniose, à efetividade do tratamento contra a leishmaniose mucocutânea e ao custo de cada estratégia. A prevenção da transmissão vetorial e o diagnóstico precoce provaram ser medidas custo-efetivos.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el coste-efectividad de reducir la transmisión de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana utilizando ropas y cortinas impregnadas con insecticidas, e implementando programas de entrenamiento para el diagnostico temprano. Se adoptó una perspectiva social, utilizando los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD). Se estructuró una simulación con un modelo de Markov. Los costes fueron expresados en dólares americanos (US$). La razón de coste-efectividad incremental fue calculada para cada estrategia. Se desarrollaron análisis de sensibilidad de una vía y multivariados. La razón de coste-efectividad incremental para el diagnóstico temprano fue estimada en US$ 156,46 por AVAD evitado, mientras que la razón de coste-efectividad incremental para la prevención con ropa y cortinas impregnadas fue de US$ 13.155,52 por AVAD evitado. Ambas estrategias fueron más sensibles a la incidencia natural de leishmaniasis, a la efectividad del tratamiento contra leishmaniasis mucosa y al coste de cada estrategia. La prevención de la transmisión vectorial y el diagnóstico temprano han probado ser medidas coste-efectivas.