RESUMO
Tai chi is a fundamental tool that has a significant influence on balance, motor function and fear of falling among older adults. The objective of the study was to verify functional fitness and fall risk in older adults (OA) practitioners and non-practitioners of Tai Chi. An ex-post-facto study was carried out in practicing and non-practicing OA of Tai chi. The sample selection was non-probabilistic (convenience). Thirty-one adults with an age range of 65 to 80 years were studied. Two study groups were formed: Group practicing Tai Chi [GPT (n= 15 subjects)] and Group not practicing Tai Chi [GNPT (n= 16 subjects)]. Age, weight, height, waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (FM) were calculated. Five functional fitness tests were assessed: biceps curl (30sec), Chair stand (30sec), agility (sec), 2min walk (#rep) and 6min-1 walk (m). Fall risk was measured using a 13-item scale. The GPT showed better performance in all five functional fitness tests (biceps curl, Chair stand, agility, 2min gait and 6min walk) compared to the GPT. The effect size (ES: ~0.20 to 0.48) and Cohen's d (~ 0.39 to 1.10) between both groups were medium to large. There were also differences between the mean values in fall risk between both groups (GNPT: 2.1±1.7points and GNPT: 4.7±1.9points, p<0.05). This study demonstrated that the group of OA practicing Tai Chi presented better levels of functional fitness and less risk of falling in relation to their counterparts who did not practice Tai Chi. These results suggest including this type of old-time exercise in physical activity programs that promote functional fitness wellness and fall prevention among OA.
RESUMO
A soccer player should possess a reasonable level of different skills and abilities, so the playing position, level of training, style of play, physical and physiological demands can influence his performance. The objective was to identify the intervention programs that have been applied in search of generating positive effects on explosive strength and speed in young soccer players, as well as to identify the percentage of improvement among soccer players. A bibliographic study of systematic review was carried out. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, bibliographic searches were performed in the PubMed database. The following descriptors were used: Explosive Strength, soccer players, jump performance, CMJ, SJ, VJ, Plyometrics, power, speed, sprint, kicking speed, change of direction speed, soccer player, football and training, intervention. Articles were included only if they were original articles, studied populations of young soccer players and showed an intervention program related to explosive strength and speed. Six studies were identified that applied intervention programs to look for changes in speed and explosive strength in young soccer players. In the 5m speed tests, significant changes were observed, improving from (0.26 to 0.53m/s), 10m speed (0.07 to 0.27m/s), 20m speed (0.08 to 1.92m/s) and 40m speed (0.25 to 0.62m/s). In explosive strength, performance in the test squat jump SJ (4.1 to 8.6cm), countermovement jump CMJ (1.0 to 8.8cm), horizontal jump HJ (12.17 to 24.4cm) and vertical jump VJ (5.0 to 11.0cm). Speed and explosive strength are relevant components of athletic performance and can be improved through training programs that include 20 to 40min sessions, training two to five times per week over a period of approximately 6 to 9 weeks.
RESUMO
Fundamentos: Durante la infancia y la adolescencia, es importante controlar el tejido adiposo intra-abdominal, ya que durante el crecimiento y desarrollo se producen cambios significativos en la composición corporal. Los objetivos del estudio fueron comparar la masa grasa (MG) entre dos ecuaciones, basada por edad cronológica y por estado de madurez y verificar los pliegues cutáneos que mejor predicen la Masa Grasa de ambas ecuaciones. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo correlacional en 346 niños y adolescentes de Talca (Chile). La selección dela muestra fue probabilística (estratificada). Se evaluó la edad, peso, estatura de pie, estatura sentada, circunferencia de la Cintura (CC) y cinco pliegues cutáneos (bicipital, tricipital, subescapular, suprailiaco y abdominal). Se calculó el estado de madurez por medio del pico de velocidad de crecimiento (APVC). Se calculó la MG por medio de dos ecuaciones (una basada en la edad cronológica EC y CC y la otra por estado de Madurez (APVC y CC) para ambos sexos. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas entre ambas ecuaciones cuando se calculó la MG en ambos sexos(p>0,05). Los pliegues cutáneos (bíceps, tricipital, subescapular, supra iliaco, abdominal, sumatoria de dos, tres y cinco pliegues) mostraron similares coeficientes de determinación, tanto por la ecuación por EC (R2 = 23 a 48%), como por la ecuación por APVC (R2 = 39 a 69%). Las prevalencias en las categorías de MG estimadas por ambas ecuaciones fueron similares en hombres (X2 = 1,01, GL: 2, p = 0,60) y en mujeres (X2 = 0,44, GL: 2, p = 0,80).Conclusiones: Ambas ecuaciones de regresión que estiman la MG, tanto por EC y estado de madurez (APVC) son útiles para niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren el uso y aplicación para evaluar la acumulación de tejido adiposo en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos. (AU)
Background: During childhood and adolescence, it is important to control intra-abdominal adipose tissue, since significant changes in body composition occur during growth and development. The objectives of the study were to compare fat mass (FM) between two equations, based on chronological age and maturity stage, and to verify the skin folds that best predict Fat Mass of both equations. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 346 children and adolescents from Talca (Chile). The selection of the sample was probabilistic (stratified). Age, weight, standing height, sitting height, waist circumference(WC) and five skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac and abdominal) were evaluated. The state ofmaturity was calculated by means of the peak growth rate(APHV). MG was calculated using two equations (one based on chronological age CA and WC and the other based onAPHV and WC) for both sexes. Results: There were no significant differences between both equations when MG was calculated in both sexes (p>0.05). The skin folds (biceps, tricipital, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, sum of two, three and five folds) showed similar coefficients of determination, both by the CA equation (R2 = 23 to 48%), and by the equation by APHV(R2 = 39 to 69%). The prevalences in the FM categories estimated by both equations were similar in men (X2 = 1.01,GL: 2, p = 0.60) and in women (X2 = 0.44, GL: 2, p = 0, 80). Conclusions: Both regression equations that estimate FM, both by CA and maturity stage (APHV) are useful for Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use and application to evaluate the accumulation of adipose tissue in clinical and epidemiological contexts. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Distribuição da Gordura Corporal , Tecido Adiposo , Dobras Cutâneas , Análise de Classes Latentes , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Correlação de Dados , ChileRESUMO
FUNDAMENTOS: la contextualización y caracterización de las técnicas utilizadas para valorar la composición corporal (CC), brinda información sobre las regiones más investigadas en determinadas poblaciones específicas. Los objetivos fueron: a) contextualizar las investigaciones en niños y adolescentes chilenos según variables demográficas, b) verificar las técnicas de evaluación utilizadas para medir la CC y c) identificar las investigaciones efectuadas según región geográfica en Chile. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó una revisión sistemática sobre la CC en niños y adolescentes de Chile. Se consideraron estudios publicados la base de datos PubMed entre los años 2010-2017. Se utilizó una ficha de observación para registrar la información y para sistematizar el proceso de la revisión se utilizó el diagrama de flujo PRISMA. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció, entre los años 2010 y 2017, un total de 30 investigaciones, donde el tamaño de la muestra osciló desde 27 a 3.593 sujetos, desde los cero meses hasta los 18 años. La técnica de evaluación que más utilizada fue la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) (33%), seguido de la antropométrica de los pliegues cutáneos (28%), ecuaciones de regresión (15%) y dilución isotópica y bio-impedancia (12%). En la región metropolitana se efectuaron más estudios (67%), seguido de la región de la Araucanía (14%), Maule (10%), Valparaíso y Bio-Bio (3%) y un 3% no especifica la región. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que es necesario ampliar las investigaciones de CC en el norte y sur de Chile y poner mayor énfasis en las variables demográficas, puesto que hasta donde se sistematizó son muy limitados
BACKGROUND: Contextualization and characterization in relation to the techniques most used to assess body composition (CC), provides information on the most researched regions in certain specific populations. The objectives were: a) contextualize the research carried out in Chilean children and adolescents according to demographic variables, b) verify the evaluation techniques that have been used to measure the CC, and c) identify the investigations that have been carried out according to geographical region in Chile. METHODS: A systematic review study on CC in children and adolescents in Chile was carried out. Studies published in the Pub Med database between the years 2010-2017 was considered. An observation sheet was used to record the information and to systematize the review process the PRISMA flow chart was used. RESULTS: A total of 30 investigations have been carried out between 2010 and 2017. The sample size varied from 27 to 3593 subjects, from zero months to 18 years. The most commonly used evaluation technique was double energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (33%), followed by the anthropometric of skin folds (28%), regression equations (15%) and isotopic dilution and Bio impedance (12%). More studies (67%) have been carried out in the metropolitan region, followed by the Araucanía region (14%), Maule (10%), Valparaíso and Bio-Bio (3%) and 3% do not specify the region where was carried out. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that it is necessary to expand CC research in the north and south of Chile and place greater emphasis on demographic variables, since as far as it was systematized they are very limited
