Contenido de ácidos grasos saturados y trans en materias primas grasas empleadas en algunas panaderías de Medellín / Content of Saturated and Trans Fatty Acids in Margarines Used in Some Bakeries in Medellín

Resumen Antecedentes: estudios previos reportan la presencia de grasas saturadas y grasas trans en productos de panadería, relacionadas con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, se desconoce la procedencia y calidad de las materias primas grasas utilizadas por los panaderos en Medellín. Objetivo: caracterizar las materias primas grasas utilizadas para la preparación de productos de panadería. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, de tipo exploratorio, con 24 muestras. Por cada muestra se realizó una encuesta a los panaderos para evaluar la calidad de las grasas y un análisis por cromatografía de gases para cuantificar 17 grasas saturadas y grasas trans. Resultados: el promedio de grasas trans en las materias primas grasas fue de 0,46 g en 100 g, mientras la normatividad permite 5 g en 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); el 42,1 % del contenido graso proviene de grasas saturadas; y algunas materias primas grasas no cumplen con la normatividad vigente para el etiquetado de alimentos envasados, pues no tienen rotulado nutricional. Conclusiones: en ninguna de las 24 materias primas grasas evaluadas cromatográficamente se cuantificó un contenido de grasas trans superior a lo permitido por la Resolución 2508, lo cual evidencia el esfuerzo de la industria de alimentos. Es necesario mantener la vigilancia del etiquetado para asegurar su cumplimiento.

Abstract Background: Previous studies have reported the presence of saturated and trans fatty acids in bakery products, which are related with chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, the origin and quality of the primary fat ingredients and products used by bakers in the city of Medellin is currently unknown. Objective: The aim of this paper is to characterize the primary fat ingredients used for the preparation of bakery products. Materials and Methods: An exploratory transversal descriptive study, with 24 bakery samples belonging to three groups according to socioeconomic level. For each sample, a survey was conducted to evaluate the quality of fat and an analysis by gas chromatography was done to quantify 17 saturated and trans fatty acids was. Results: The average trans fatty acid content in the margarines is 0.46 g per 100 g, however regulatory entities allow 5 g per 100 g (Resolución 2508 de 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social); 42.1% of fat content comes from saturated fatty acids and some primary fat ingredients do not comply with current regulations for packaged foods. Conclusions: None of the 24 fat ingredient chromatographic evaluations was quantified with trans fatty acids content higher than that allowed by Resolution 2508. This proves the effort of the food industry, however it is necessary to maintain the surveillance of the labeling to ensure compliance.

Evaluation of mercury, lead, and cadmium in the waste material of crevalle jack fish from the Gulf of Urabá, Colombian Caribbean, as a possible raw material in the production of sub-products.

The Gulf of Urabá, currently considered a national strategic ecoregion, could be threatened by the presence of heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), which directly affect the aquatic ecosystem. In Colombia, investigations on marine species pollution are scarce; however, their products are consumed. The aim of this study was to quantify the contents of Hg, Pb, and Cd in muscle and in waste material (head-gills, viscera, fins-tail), in one of one of the most commercialized resources, the crevalle jack (Caranx hippos), and to determine their presence in some of the body portions that are used in the production of sub-products. The concentrations of Hg, Pb, and Cd were compared between the waste material and muscle of the crevalle jack fish that were caught from each of the following sites the community usually uses to catch them: Bahía Candelaria, Bahía Marirrío, Bocas del Roto, and Bocas del Atrato. They were captured every 1 year in each climatic period. All body portions exceeded the maximum allowed limits for Pb (0.667-23.378 mg kg-1); the highest Hg concentrations were found in muscle (0.515-7.019 mg kg-1) and viscera (0.172-1.883 mg kg-1), and for Cd, the parts with the highest levels were the fins-tail (0.040-0.15 mg kg-1) and viscera (0.040-0.174 mg kg-1). Considering the obtained results, it is not recommended to use the waste material for the production of fish meal or fish silage due to the adverse effects it could cause on both animals and humans.

BACE1 RNAi Restores the Composition of Phosphatidylethanolamine-Derivates Related to Memory Improvement in Aged 3xTg-AD Mice.

ß-amyloid (Aß) is produced by the ß-secretase 1 (BACE1)-mediated enzymatic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein through the amyloidogenic pathway, making BACE1 a therapeutic target against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alterations in lipid metabolism are a risk factor for AD by an unknown mechanism. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of RNA interference against BACE1 (shBACEmiR) on the phospholipid profile in hippocampal CA1 area in aged 3xTg-AD mice after 6 and 12 months of treatment compared to aged PS1KI mice. The shBACEmiR treatment induced cognitive function recovery and restored mainly the fatty acid composition of lysophosphatidylethanolamine and etherphosphatidylethanolamine, reduced the cPLA2's phosphorylation, down-regulated the levels of arachidonic acid and COX2 in the hippocampi of 3xTg-AD mice. Together, our findings suggest, for the first time, that BACE1 silencing restores phospholipids composition which could favor the recovery of cellular homeostasis and cognitive function in the hippocampus of triple transgenic AD mice.

Coffee Consumption Increases the Antioxidant Capacity of Plasma and Has No Effect on the Lipid Profile or Vascular Function in Healthy Adults in a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Coffee, a source of antioxidants, has controversial effects on cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the bioavailability of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) in 2 coffees and the effects of their consumption on the plasma antioxidant capacity (AC), the serum lipid profile, and the vascular function in healthy adults. METHODS: Thirty-eight men and 37 women with a mean ± SD age of 38.5 ± 9 y and body mass index of 24.1 ± 2.6 kg/m(2) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a control group that did not consume coffee or a placebo and 2 groups that consumed 400 mL coffee/d for 8 wk containing a medium (MCCGA; 420 mg) or high (HCCGA; 780 mg) CGA content. Both were low in diterpenes (0.83 mg/d) and caffeine (193 mg/d). Plasma caffeic and ferulic acid concentrations were measured by GC, and the plasma AC was evaluated with use of the ferric-reducing antioxidant power method. The serum lipid profile, nitric oxide (NO) plasma metabolites, vascular endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation; FMD), and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated. RESULTS: After coffee consumption (1 h and 8 wk), caffeic and ferulic acid concentrations increased in the coffee-drinking groups, although the values of the 2 groups were significantly different (P < 0.001); caffeic and ferulic acid concentrations were undetectable in the control group. At 1 h after consumption, the plasma AC in the control group was significantly lower than the baseline value (-2%) and significantly increased in the MCCGA (6%) and HCCGA (5%) groups (P < 0.05). After 8 wk, no significant differences in the lipid, FMD, BP, or NO plasma metabolite values were observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both coffees, which contained CGAs and were low in diterpenes and caffeine, provided bioavailable CGAs and had a positive acute effect on the plasma AC in healthy adults and no effect on blood lipids or vascular function. The group that did not drink coffee showed no improvement in serum lipid profile, FMD, BP, or NO plasma metabolites. This trial was registered at registroclinico.sld.cu as RPCEC00000168.

Respuesta inflamatoria en niños con desnutrición aguda grave y anemia / Inflammatory response in children with severe acute malnutrition and anemia

Introducción: El manejo de la infección todavía es un reto en el tratamiento del desnutrido grave porque la inmunosupresión y la anemia concomitante comprometen la respuesta inflamatoria. Objetivo: Comparar la respuesta inflamatoria entre niños con desnutrición aguda grave tipo marasmo y kwashiorkor y niños eutróficos con y sin anemia (grupos control), mediante la medición de los niveles de proteína C reactiva (PCR) y de las citocinas pro-inflamatorias IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF e IL-12. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, donde se determinaron los niveles de algunos indicadores de la respuesta inflamatoria como proteína C reactiva (PCR), citocinas pro-inflamatorias como IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF- e IL-12p70, hemoglobina y ferritina en un grupo de 40 niños: 10 con marasmo, 10 con kwashiorkor, 10 eutróficos con anemia y 10 eutróficos sin anemia. Resultados. La PCR fue significativamente mayor en desnutridos que en eutróficos. Las concentraciones de las citocinas pro-inflamatorias fueron mas altas en niños con kwashiorkor seguidos de eutróficos con anemia, marasmáticos y eutróficos sin anemia. La hemoglobina se correlacionó negativamente con los niveles de IL-8 (r=-0,409 p=0,009), IL-6 (r=-0,442 p=0,004) e IL-10 (r=-0,436 p=0,005). Conclusión. Los niños con desnutrición aguda grave producen una respuesta inflamatoria con aumento en los niveles de la PCR y de citocinas pro-inflamatorias que indican infección aun cuando no presenten signos, lo cual apoya la recomendación del protocolo de la OMS de medicarlos con antibioticos. Adicionalmente, estos resultados sugieren que las citocinas pro-inflamatorias podrian participar en la patogenesis de la anemia en pacientes con o sin desnutricion.

The treatment of the infection is still challenging in children with severe malnutrition and immunosupression. Objective: evaluate and compare inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory cytokines in children with severe malnutrition and anemia. Methodology: levels of hemoglobin, transferrin, CRP and inflammatory markers such as cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF- and IL-12p70 were assessed in a group of 40 children, nutritional status was also evaluated.10 were classified with marasmus, 10 with kwashiorkor, 10 well nourish with anemia and 10 well nourish with no anemia. Results: C-reactive protein was significantly higher in undernourishment children than in well nourish children. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines were higher in children with kwashiorkor along by well nourish children with anemia, children with marasmus and well nourish children with no anemia. Hemoglobin was no correlated with levels of IL-8 (r=-0,409 p=0,009), IL-6 (r=-0,442 p=0,004) and IL-10 (r=-0,436 p=0,005). Conclusion: malnourished children could develop an inflammatory condition presenting high levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that proinflammatory cytokines may participate in the pathogenesis of anemia in malnourished or well nourished patients.