RESUMO
Objetivo: Conocer en los pacientes con disfagia ingresados en un Hospital de Media y Larga Estancia, qué factores, valorados al ingreso, están relacionados con fallecer durante su hospitalización y pueden orientar la intervención dietética y nutricional. Material y método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo de pacientes diagnosticados de disfagia por el Método de Exploración Clínica Volumen- Viscosidad (MECVV). Se recogieron variables demográficas y clínicas, estancia, éxitus, revaloraciones de disfagia y tratamientos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 182 pacientes, con edad media de 78 años, fallecieron el 50%. En el análisis univariante se asociaron significativamente con el éxitus: edad >= 85 años, diagnóstico previo de disfagia, padecer enfermedad oncológica, elevada comorbilidad (Charlson entre 2-5 y > 5 puntos), baja funcionalidad previa a hospitalización (Índice de Barthel < 40 puntos), MNA < 17 puntos, albúmina < 3 g/dl, alta puntuación del CONUT (de 5-12 puntos), tratamiento con: opioide, neuroléptico o antidepresivo al realizar el MECVV, y objetivo asistencial al ingreso. En análisis multivariante obtuvieron significación: edad, enfermedad oncológica, comorbilidad, y albúmina como factores de riesgo para fallecer, y llevar antidepresivo como factor protector. Se aplicó análisis de contraste con Curva ROC. El área bajo la curva fue 0,740 y el intervalo de confianza (IC) 0,668-0,811. Conclusiones: En pacientes con disfagia, los datos referidos valorados al ingreso, pueden ayudar a definir más adecuada y precozmente objetivos asistenciales. En los casos con mayor riesgo de fallecer se priorizará una ingesta segura y de confort, y en aquellos con bajo riesgo, además deberá ser eficaz para intentar mejorar al máximo su estado nutricional (AU)
Objective: To know what factors evaluated at the moment of admission are related with mortality among in-patients with dysphagia, during their stay in a longterm care hospital and may guide the dietary and nutritional intervention. Material and methods: Retrospective, observational and descriptive cohort study over patients with dysphagia diagnosed by Volumen-Viscosity Clinical Exploration Method (VVCEM). Demographic and clinical variables were gathered, stay, mortality, when their dysphagia was re-evaluated and treatments. Results: 182 patients were included, medium age of 78 years old, 50% of them died. Following factors were significantly associate with death by univariant analysis: aged 85 or older, previous diagnosis of dysphagia, oncological disease, high comorbidity (Charlson between 2-5 and > 5 points), low functionality before hospitalization (Barthel Index < 40), MNA < 17 points, albumen < 3 g/ dl, high score in CONUT (5-12 points), to be on opioids, neuroleptics, antidepressants while performing VVCEM, and the assistance aim when admission. Following factors had signification for risk to die by multi-variant analysis: age, oncological disease, comorbidity and albumen, but taking antidepressants turned out to be a protective factor. Analysis of contrast was applied by curve ROC. The area under the curve was 0.740 and the confidence interval (CI) 0.668-0.811. Conclusions: The above-mentioned information that may be evaluated in patients with dysphagia when admission, may help to define of more suitable and precocious form our welfare aims. In those cases with major risk of dying, it should prioritize comfort and safe swallowing. In those cases with low risk, in addition, should be effective improve to the maximum their nutritional condition (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Transtornos de Deglutição/dietoterapia , Transtornos de Deglutição/mortalidade , Dieta , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estado Nutricional , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
The aim of this article is to provide information about dental education in Mexico, including its history, the dental school system, curriculum and dental licensure. In 1977, there were only 59 Mexican dental schools; however, there were 83 schools registered in the last official national count in 2007. Forty-one dental schools are public, and the other 42 are private. Every year the number of private dental schools increases. Admission to dental schools in Mexico requires a high school diploma. All classes are conducted in Spanish. To obtain licensure in Mexico, dental students must complete a 3 to 5-year program plus a year of community service. No formal nationwide standard clinical/didactic curriculum exists in Mexico. There are approximately 153,000 dentists in Mexico, a number that increases each year. The dentist-patient ratio is approximately 1:700. However, the high percentage of inactive licensed dentists in Mexico points to a serious problem.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To know what factors evaluated at the moment of admission are related with mortality among in-patients with dysphagia, during their stay in a longterm care hospital and may guide the dietary and nutritional intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational and descriptive cohort study over patients with dysphagia diagnosed by Volumen-Viscosity Clinical Exploration Method (VVCEM). Demographic and clinical variables were gathered, stay, mortality, when their dysphagia was re-evaluated and treatments. RESULTS: 182 patients were included, medium age of 78 years old, 50% of them died. Following factors were significantly associate with death by univariant analysis: aged 85 or older, previous diagnosis of dysphagia, oncological disease, high co-morbidity (Charlson between 2-5 and > 5 points), low functionality before hospitalization (Barthel Index < 40), MNA < 17 points, albumen < 3 g/ dl, high score in CONUT (5-12 points), to be on opioids, neuroleptics, antidepressants while performing VVCEM, and the assistance aim when admission. Following factors had signification for risk to die by multi-variant analysis: age, oncological disease, co-morbidity and albumen, but taking antidepressants turned out to be a protective factor. Analysis of contrast was applied by curve ROC. The area under the curve was 0.740 and the confidence interval (CI) 0.668-0.811. CONCLUSIONS: The above-mentioned information that may be evaluated in patients with dysphagia when admission, may help to define of more suitable and precocious form our welfare aims. In those cases with major risk of dying, it should prioritize comfort and safe swallowing. In those cases with low risk, in addition, should be effective improve to the maximum their nutritional condition.
Objetivo: Conocer en los pacientes con disfagia ingresados en un Hospital de Media y Larga Estancia, qué factores, valorados al ingreso, están relacionados con fallecer durante su hospitalización y pueden orientar la intervención dietética y nutricional. Material y método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo de pacientes diagnosticados de disfagia por el Método de Exploración Clínica Volumen- Viscosidad (MECVV). Se recogieron variables demográficas y clínicas, estancia, éxitus, revaloraciones de disfagia y tratamientos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 182 pacientes, con edad media de 78 años, fallecieron el 50%. En el análisis univariante se asociaron significativamente con el éxitus: edad >= 85 años, diagnóstico previo de disfagia, padecer enfermedad oncológica, elevada comorbilidad (Charlson entre 2-5 y > 5 puntos), baja funcionalidad previa a hospitalización (Índice de Barthel < 40 puntos), MNA < 17 puntos, albúmina < 3 g/dl, alta puntuación del CONUT (de 5-12 puntos), tratamiento con: opioide, neuroléptico o antidepresivo al realizar el MECVV, y objetivo asistencial al ingreso. En análisis multivariante obtuvieron significación: edad, enfermedad oncológica, comorbilidad, y albúmina como factores de riesgo para fallecer, y llevar antidepresivo como factor protector. Se aplicó análisis de contraste con Curva ROC. El área bajo la curva fue 0,740 y el intervalo de confianza (IC) 0,668-0,811. Conclusiones: En pacientes con disfagia, los datos referidos valorados al ingreso, pueden ayudar a definir más adecuada y precozmente objetivos asistenciales. En los casos con mayor riesgo de fallecer se priorizará una ingesta segura y de confort, y en aquellos con bajo riesgo, además deberá ser eficaz para intentar mejorar al máximo su estado nutricional.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Deglutição/dietoterapia , Transtornos de Deglutição/mortalidade , Dieta , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Analizar en los pacientes fallecidos dentro del proceso asistencial (PA) de cuidados paliativos (CP) todas las fases del procedimiento de la sedación paliativa (SP) cuya indicación se realizó en nuestra unidad. Método Estudio retrospectivo de revisión de historias clínicas (HHCC) de pacientes a los que se aplicó una SP entre julio de 2009 y junio de 2010 en una unidad de atención a crónicos de media y larga estancia de Valencia. Se analizaron variables generales de los pacientes y específicas de la SP. Resultados Se realizó una SP en 51 pacientes (17,7% de los fallecidos). La mayoría tenían más de 64 años (76,5%), patología oncológica (63%) y, al ingreso, dependencia total (76,5%), deterioro cognitivo de grado significativo (65%) y desnutrición importante (84,5%). Los síntomas refractarios (SSRR) más frecuentes fueron disnea (38,5%), dolor (23%), sufrimiento inespecífico (23%) y agitación (20,5%). Los pasos de la SP que se registraron con menor frecuencia fueron la situación de fallecimiento cercano (37%) y la intensidad (41%) y el motivo de la refractariedad (31%) del SR. El consentimiento informado (CI) fue mayoritariamente dado por la familia (83%) y el mismo día en que se inició la SP (81%). El empleo de hidratación artificial (HA) fue escaso (12%). Como fármaco sedante se utilizó en un 96% de casos midazolam (MDZ), administrándose en la gran mayoría (98%) en una pauta continua y por vía subcutánea. La dosis media final de MDZ fue de 28 mg/d. Se mantuvieron durante la SP un opioide mayor (100%) y un anticolinérgico (68%). Un 71% de los pacientes tenían registrados datos sobre la monitorización de la SP con aceptable control del SR en un 80%. La duración media de la SP fue de 68 h. Los pacientes no oncológicos (NO) con SP presentaron, respecto a los oncológicos (O), mayor dependencia al ingreso, menor inclusión al ingreso en el PA de CP y menor posibilidad de poder dar el CI. CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia de uso y duración de la SP y los SSRR y su control se encuentran dentro de los rangos referidos en la literatura. Se realiza de forma casi exclusiva con MDZ y es escaso el uso de HA. Todavía existe un margen importante de mejora en el registro de ciertos pasos de la SP. Anticipar la planificación de los cuidados al final de la vida haría que aumentara la participación de los pacientes en el CI para la SP. Las diferencias en el empleo de la SP entre pacientes O y NO depende más de sus distintas características clínicas y asistenciales que de la técnica en sí
OBJECTIVE: To analyse, all phases of palliative sedation therapy (PST) procedure in our Palliative Care Unit, in patients who died during the palliative care process (PCP). METHOD: A retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical histories of patients admitted to a Chronic and Long Term Care Hospital in Valencia during the period from July 15, 2009 and June 15, 2010 were reviewed. The general variables of the patients, as well as those specific to the PST, were analysed. The data analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 statistical program. RESULTS: PST was performed on 51 patients (17.7% of deaths). The majority (76.5%) were over 64 years old, with an oncological disease (63%) and, on admission, total dependence (76.5%), and with a significant degree of cognitive impairment (65%) and malnutrition (84.5%). The most common refractory symptoms (RS) were: dyspnea (38.5%), pain (23%), non-specific suffering (23%), and agitation (20.5%). The steps of PST that were recorded less frequently were: near death situation (37%), and intensity (41%), and the reason for the refractoriness (31%) of the RS. The informed consent (IC) was given mostly by the family (83%), and on the same day the PST was started (81%). The use of artificial hydration (AH) was low (12%). As a sedative drug was used in 96% of cases, Midazolam (MDZ) was the drug most used for sedation (96%), administered in the vast majority (98%) as a continuous and subcutaneous infusion. The final mean dose of MDZ was 28mg/day. A major opioid (100%) and an anticholinergic (68%) were associated with PST. Data on the PST monitoring had been recorded in 71% of patients, with acceptable control of the RS in 80% of cases. The average duration of the PST was 68hours. Non-oncological patients (NO) with PST were less likely to be included in the PCP on admission, as well as being more dependent, and less likely to give IC, compared to oncological patients (O). Conclusions : The frequency of use and duration of the PST and the RS and their control are within the ranges reported in the literature. It is almost exclusively performed with, and there is little use of AH. There is still significant scope for improvement in certain steps of the PST. To do an Advance Care Planning before the last days of life would increase patient involvement in the IC for PST. The differences in the use of PST in oncological patients and non-oncological patients depends more on distinct clinic and care characteristics than that of the technique itself
Assuntos
Humanos , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida/métodos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Sedação Profunda , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Introducción: Para la óptima realización de la ultrasonografía endobronquial (USEB) lineal es imprescindible que el paciente esté sedado para que se mantenga tranquilo, no tosa ni se mueva y el endoscopista trabaje cómodamente con un buen rendimiento de la exploración. Actualmente la técnica anestésica no está estandarizada y varía desde una anestesia general a una sedación. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer la dosificación, la seguridad y la satisfacción de la sedación endovenosa con propofol y remifentanilo e identificar los posibles factores predictivos de tos durante el procedimiento. Pacientes y métodos: Se estudió prospectivamente a los pacientes a quienes se realizó la USEB bajo sedación en un hospital de tercer nivel. Resultados: Se realizó la USEB a 90pacientes bajo sedación con remifentanilo y propofol, a una velocidad de infusión de 0,13 (0,09-0,17) ixgkg-¹ min^¹ y 2,34 (1,5-3,6) mgkg-¹ h_1, respectivamente. El 81% de los pacientes tosieron en algún momento de la exploración. En el 8% de los pacientes se interrumpió el procedimiento puntualmente por tos y desaturación. No se registraron complicaciones graves directamente relacionadas con la sedación. El nivel de satisfacción del neumólogo y del paciente con el procedimiento fue excelente o bueno en la mayoría de casos. No se observó relación estadísticamente significativa entre el número de episodios de tos durante la ecobroncoscopia y las variables test de la tos, ser tosedor habitual, hábito tabáquico o grado de severidad de la EPOC. Conclusiones: La sedación con remifentanilo y propofol realizada por un anestesiólogo permite realizar la USEB lineal en ventilación espontánea aunque con una elevada incidencia de tos y desaturación, siendo esta última la complicación más frecuente. No se encontraron factores predictivos de la tos durante el procedimiento.
Introduction: Optimal linear endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) outcomes require sedation to ensure that the patient remains calm, immobile, and does not cough, and so that the bronchoscopist can work comfortably. The choice of anesthesia techniques, on a spectrum ranging from general anesthesia to sedation, is not standardized. The aims of this study were to determine doses, safety and satisfaction for intravenous sedation with propofol and remifentanil, and identify potential predictors of coughing during the procedure, and determine patient and bronchoscopist satisfaction with the procedure. Patients and methods: The prospective study included patients undergoing EBUS under sedation in a tertiary hospital. Results: A total of 90 patients underwent EBUS under sedation with remifentanil and propofol, at infusion rates of 0,13 (0,09-0,17) g kg-¹ min^¹ and 2.34 (1.5-3.6) mg kg-¹ Lr¹, respectively. Just over four fifths of the patients (81%) coughed at some point during the ultrasound procedure. In 8% of patients the procedure was promptly discontinued due to coughing and desaturation. There were no major complications directly related to sedation. Bronchoscopists and patients rated their satisfaction with the procedure as excellent or good in most cases. There was no statistically significant relationship between the number of coughing episodes during the procedure and any of the following variables: positive cough test, a habitual cough, tobacco dependence, or severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions: Remifentanil and propofol administered by an anesthesiologist enabled spontaneously breathing patients to undergo linear EBUS, although with a high incidence of coughing and particularly desaturation. No predictors for coughing during EBUS were identified.
Assuntos
HumanosRESUMO
Objetivos: describir las características y la evolución de los pacientes crónicos avanzados no oncológicos (PCANO) subsidiarios de cuidados al final de la vida (FV) identificados y evaluados por medio de una valoración multidimensional (VM) exhaustiva y un trabajo en equipo interdisciplinario (EId).Método: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se evaluó a los pacientes ingresados en el Área Médica Integral (AMI) del Hospital Pare Jofré, que cambiaron del proceso asistencial de convalecencia o larga estancia al de cuidados paliativos del 1 de abril de 2008 al 31 de marzo de 2009. Se analizaron datos generales (edad, sexo, comorbilidad, funcionalidad, situación cognitiva, nutricional, sociofamiliar, síntomas, intervenciones del EId, número de fármacos, complicaciones, estancia, mortalidad) y específicos (criterios de terminalidad de la National Hospice Organization, información del diagnóstico y pronóstico, elaboración del Plan de Atención Integral, sobrecarga familiar, directrices (..) (AU)
Objectives: To describe the characteristics and evolution of advanced chronic non-cancer patients (ACNCP) with a need of end of life care (EofLC) identified and evaluated through an Exhaustive Multidimensional Assessment (EMA) and Interdisciplinary Teamwork (IT).Methods: A retrospective descriptive study, evaluating patients admitted to the Integral Medical Area (IMA) of the Pare Jofré Hospital that changed the care process from Convalescence (CON) or Long Stay (LS) to Palliative Care (PC) during the period from 2008/04/01 to 2009/03/31. General data were analysed (age, comorbidity, functional, cognitive, nutritional, social and family, status symptoms and interventions by the IT, number of drugs, complications, stay, mortality), as well as specific data (terminal criteria of the National Hospice Organization, diagnostic and prognostic information, development of the Comprehensive Care Plan, advance directives, limiting levels of effort care, times from admission to identify need of palliative care and the start of symptomatic treatment and pure palliative treatment and risk of complicated (..) (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Doente Terminal/estatística & dados numéricos , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , ComorbidadeRESUMO
The aim was to compare the enamel surface roughness (ESR) and absolute depth profile (ADP) (mean peak-to-valley height) by atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after using four different phosphoric acids. A total of 160 enamel samples from 40 upper premolars were prepared. The inclusion criterion was that the teeth have healthy enamel. Exclusion criteria included any of the following conditions: facial restorations, caries lesions, enamel hypoplasia and dental fluorosis. Evaluations of the ESR and ADP were carried out by AFM. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare continuous variables and the Wilcoxon test was used to analyze the differences between before and after etching. There were statistically significant differences (P Assuntos
Condicionamento Ácido do Dente/métodos
, Esmalte Dentário/ultraestrutura
, Dente/ultraestrutura
, Dente Pré-Molar/ultraestrutura
, Humanos
, Microscopia de Força Atômica/métodos
, Ácidos Fosfóricos
, Propriedades de Superfície
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In total knee arthroplasty surgery, a blood conservation program is applied as a normal clinical practice to avoid allogenic transfusions. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of tranexamic acid to reduce transfusions in total knee replacement even when a blood conservation program is applied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a double-blind prospective study the patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty were included in a well-established blood conservation program and then randomly assigned into two groups: In tranexamic acid group, 10 mg per kg ev bolus followed by 1 mg per kg per hour perfusion was administered, while in the control group, saline was given matching the protocol. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were included (tranexamic acid group, 46; control group, 49). Thirty-three patients (34.7%) underwent preoperative procedures to reduce transfusions: presurgical autologous blood donation (12), recombinant erythropoietin (6), and elementary iron (15); postoperative drain for reinfusion was allocated in all the cases. Total blood loss on the fourth postoperative day was [mean (+/-SD)] 1744 (+/-804) mL in controls compared with 1301 (+/-621) mL in the tranexamic acid group (p < 0.05). Eleven units of blood were transfused (6 patients) in the control group versus one in the tranexamic acid group (p < 0.05). Only 2 patients (4%) in the tranexamic acid group received reinfusion of blood recovered by drains compared with 36 (73%) in the control group (p < 0.0001). No thromboembolic complications were detected. CONCLUSION: Tranexamic acid reduces blood losses and transfusion requirements even when a blood conservation program was used and it questions the usefulness of the postoperative reinfusion drains.
Assuntos
Artroplastia do Joelho , Transfusão de Sangue , Ácido Tranexâmico/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antifibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Antifibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica/prevenção & controle , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Ácido Tranexâmico/administração & dosagem , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Using routine coprological methods, 1161 faecal samples from animal shelters located in Madrid (Spain) were analysed, showing a 28% prevalence for different intestinal parasites: Giardia duodenalis (7%), Cystoisopora spp. (3.8%), Toxocara canis (7.8%), Toxascaris leonina (6.3%), Ancylostomidae (4%), Trichuris vulpis (3.3%), Taenidae (2.9%) and Dipylidium caninum (0.9%). The therapeutic efficacies of mebendazole at a dose of 22 mg/kg once daily for 3 days, fenbendazole at a dose of 50 mg/kg once daily for 3 days and a drug combination of febantel-pyrantel-praziquantel at a dose of 15-5-5 mg/kg once were valuated and compared by collecting faecal samples on days 9 and 16 post-treatment from naturally infected dogs in field-trial conditions. From the infected dogs (321 dogs), 150 animals were selected for the study. Distribution randomly divided the animals into three study groups of ten dogs per parasite and per treatment group: group A, mebendazole; group B, fenbendazole and group C, febantel-pyrantel-praziquantel. The therapeutic efficacy against ascarids and ancylostomids (days 9-16) was very high (75-100%) for the three groups: for T. canis, 100% in group A, 80-100% in group B, 97-100% in group C; for T. leonina, 98-100% in group A, 100% in group B, 92-94% in group C and for ancylostomids, 100% in group A, 99-100% in group B, 90-100% in group C. On the other hand, the highest efficacy against Taenidae infections was in group B (90-100%), followed by groups C (73-91%) and A (70-90%).
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Intestinos/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Animais , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Fenbendazol/uso terapêutico , Guanidinas/administração & dosagem , Guanidinas/uso terapêutico , Mebendazol/uso terapêutico , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Praziquantel/administração & dosagem , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Pirantel/administração & dosagem , Pirantel/uso terapêutico , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the outbreak of cholera that occurred in Ecuador in 1998 during the El Nino weather phenomenon, to present data on the resistance of the circulating strains of Vibrio cholerae to antimicrobial drugs, and to describe the preventive measures taken by health authorities in order to reduce the impact of the disease. METHODS: The epidemiological data came from three sources: 1) the registry of the National Bureau of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, 2) the registry of the National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and 3) the final report of the Training Program for the Fight against Cholera and Diarrheal Diseases. Isolation, identification, and serotyping was done of V. cholerae in the feces samples from 10% of the suspected cholera cases that were identified between 1 January and 31 December 1998. The suspected cases were defined by the sudden appearance of watery diarrhea, with or without dehydration, in epidemic areas. The strains that were isolated were submitted to a standard antibiogram by the diffusion method, in which the following antibiotics were tested: amoxicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, vibriostatic compound O/129, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and colistin. RESULTS: In 1998 there were 3 755 cases reported in 17 of the 21 provinces of the country. This corresponds to an incidence rate of 53.96 per 100 000 population. Thirty seven patients died, for a case fatality rate of 0.97%. A total of 301 strains of V. cholerae were isolated in the 637 suspected-cholera samples that were processed; all corresponded to V. cholerae O1, El Tor, subtype Ogawa. All of the strains were sensitive to tetracycline and to quinolones; 5.6% of the strains were resistant to erythromycin. The only strain resistant to amoxicillin was multiresistant. Officials in Ecuador implemented a series of preventive measures, and the surveillance system was strengthened in order to reduce the impact of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The preventive measures helped to reduce the impact of the 1998 cholera epidemic in Ecuador, in terms of both incidence and the case fatality rate. Given the overall sensitivity of the strains to the antimicrobial drugs, there is no reason to change the current treatment regimens in the country. Taking into account the frequency of natural disasters in Ecuador and the relation that they have to the reappearance of cholera, interventions should be designed that make it possible to prevent and control the reappearance of the disease and its spread to the most vulnerable provinces of the central Sierra mountainous region and the eastern part of the country.
Assuntos
Cólera/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cólera/tratamento farmacológico , Cólera/microbiologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Equador/epidemiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de Tempo , Vibrio cholerae/efeitos dos fármacos , Vibrio cholerae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Objetivos: Caracterizar el brote de cólera ocurrido en Ecuador en 1998 durante el fenómeno de "El Niño", presentar los datos sobre la resistencia de las cepas circulantes de Vibrio cholerae a los antimicrobianos y describir las medidas preventivas tomadas por las autoridades sanitarias para reducir el impacto de la enfermedad. Métodos: los datos epidemiológicos provienen de los registros de la Dirección Nacional de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador y del Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Tropical y el informe final del Programa de Formación para la Lucha contra el Cólera y las Enfermedades Diarreicas (PROCED ALA 93/25). Se procedió a aislar, identificar y serotipificar V. cholerae en las muestras de heces de 10
de los pacientes con posible cólera identificados entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 1998. Los casos sospechados se definieron por la aparición súbita de diarrea acuosa, con o sin deshidratación, en zonas epidémicas. Las cepas aisladas se sometieron a un antibiograma estándar por el método de difusión, en el que se probaron los siguientes antibióticos: amoxicilina, tetraciclina, sulfametoxazol con trimetoprim, compuesto vibriostático 0/129, ácido nalidíxico, eritromicina, norfloxacino, ciprofloxacino, gentamicina, cloranfenicol y colistina. Resultados: En 1998 se notificaron 3755 caos en 17 de las 21 provincias del país, lo que corresponde a una tasa de incidencia de 53,96 por 100000 habitantes. Treinta y siete pacientes fallecieron, lo cual supone una tasa de letalidad del 0,97
. Se aislaron 301 cepas de V.cholerae en las 637 muestras con sospechosa de cólera que se procesaron; todas correspondieron a V.cholerae 0:1, El Tor, subtipo Ogawa. La totalidad de las cepas fueron sensibles a la tetraciclina y a las quinolonas, y 5,6
resistentes a la eritromicina. La única cepa resistente a la amoxicilina fue multirresistente. Las autoridades nacionales pusieron en práctica una serie de medidas preventivas en la comunidad y se fortaleció el sistema de vigilancia para reducir el impacto de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Las medidas preventivas contribuyeron a reducir el impacto de la nueva epidemia de cólera en el Ecuador, tanto en términos de letalidad como de incidencia. En vista de la sensibilidad global de las cepas a los antimicrobianos, no se justifica cambiar los esquemas de tratamiento vigentes en la región. Teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia de los desastres naturales en este país y su relación con la reaparición del cólera, es recomendable diseñar intervenciones que permitan prevenir y controlar la reaparición de la enfermedad y su extensión hacia las provincias más vulerables de la Sierra y el Oriente(AU)
RESUMO
Objetivos. Caracterizar el brote de cólera ocurrido en Ecuador en 1998 durante el fenómeno de "El Niño", presentar los datos sobre la resistencia de las cepas circulantes de Vibrio cholerae a los antimicrobianos y describir las medidas preventivas tomadas por las autoridades sanitarias para reducir el impacto de la enfermedad. Métodos. Los datos epidemiológicos provienen de los registros de la Dirección Nacional de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador y del Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Tropical, y el informe final del Programa de Formación para la Lucha contra el Cólera y las Enfermedades Diarreicas (PROCED ALA 93/25). Se procedió a aislar, identificar y serotipificar V. cholerae en las muestras de heces de 10 por ciento de los pacientes con posible cólera identificados entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 1998. Los casos sospechados se definieron por la aparición súbita de diarrea acuosa, con o sin deshidratación, en zonas epidémicas. Las cepas aisladas se sometieron a un antibiograma estándar por el método de difusión, en el que se probaron los siguientes antibióticos: amoxicilina, tetraciclina, sulfametoxazol con trimetoprim, compuesto vibriostático O/129, ácido nalidíxico, eritromicina, norfloxacino, ciprofloxacino, gentamicina, cloranfenicol y colistina. Resultados. En 1998 se notificaron 3 755 casos en 17 de las 21 provincias del país, lo que corresponde a una tasa de incidencia de 53,96 por 100 000 habitantes. Treinta y siete pacientes fallecieron, lo cual supone una tasa de letalidad del 0,97 por ciento. Se aislaron 301 cepas de V. cholerae en las 637 muestras con sospechosa de cólera que se procesaron; todas correspondieron a V. cholerae O:1, El Tor, subtipo Ogawa. La totalidad de las cepas fueron sensibles a la tetraciclina y a las quinolonas, y 5,6 por ciento resistentes a la eritromicina. La única cepa resistente a la amoxicilina fue multirresistente. Las autoridades nacionales pusieron en práctica una serie de medidas preventivas en la comunidad y se fortaleció el sistema de vigilancia para reducir el impacto de la enfermedad. Conclusiones. Las medidas preventivas contribuyeron a reducir el impacto de la nueva epidemia de cólera en el Ecuador, tanto en términos de letalidad como de incidencia
bjective. To describe the outbreak of cholera that occurred in Ecuador in 1998 during the El Niño weather phenomenon, to present data on the resistance of the circulating strains of Vibrio cholerae to antimicrobial drugs, and to describe the preventive measures taken by health authorities in order to reduce the impact of the disease. Methods. The epidemiological data came from three sources: 1) the registry of the National Bureau of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, 2) the registry of the National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and 3) the final report of the Training Program for the Fight against Cholera and Diarrheal Diseases. Isolation, identification, and serotyping was done of V. cholerae in the feces samples from 10% of the suspected cholera cases that were identified between 1 January and 31 December 1998. The suspected cases were defined by the sudden appearance of watery diarrhea, with or without dehydration, in epidemic areas. The strains that were isolated were submitted to a standard antibiogram by the diffusion method, in which the following antibiotics were tested: amoxicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, vibriostatic compound O/129, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and colistin. Results. In 1998 there were 3 755 cases reported in 17 of the 21 provinces of the country. This corresponds to an incidence rate of 53.96 per 100 000 population. Thirtyseven patients died, for a case fatality rate of 0.97%. A total of 301 strains of V. cholerae were isolated in the 637 suspected-cholera samples that were processed; all corresponded to V. cholerae O1, El Tor, subtype Ogawa. All of the strains were sensitive to tetracycline and to quinolones; 5.6% of the strains were resistant to erythromycin. The only strain resistant to amoxicillin was multiresistant. Officials in Ecuador implemented a series of preventive measures, and the surveillance system was strengthened in order to reduce the impact of the disease. Conclusions. The preventive measures helped to reduce the impact of the 1998 cholera epidemic in Ecuador, in terms of both incidence and the case fatality rate. Given the overall sensitivity of the strains to the antimicrobial drugs, there is no reason to change the current treatment regimens in the country. Taking into account the frequency of natural disasters in Ecuador and the relation that they have to the reappearance of cholera, interventions should be designed that make it possible to prevent and control the reappearance of the disease and its spread to the most vulnerable provinces of the central Sierra mountainous region and the eastern part of the country.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cólera/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cólera/tratamento farmacológico , Cólera/microbiologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Equador/epidemiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de Tempo , Vibrio cholerae/efeitos dos fármacos , Vibrio cholerae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
El vibrio cholerae es el agente causal de la enfermedad del cólera. El serotipo 01 puede ser subdividido en los biotipos el tor y clásico. En el diagnóstico de la enfermedad del cólera se utilizan kits comerciales con el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales (AM), éstos existen a nivel mundial, pero el país no cuenta todavía con un centro de elaboración y mantenimiento de producción de AM, por lo que se propuso la creación de un centro de elaboración de anticuerpos monoclonales. En este informe preliminar mencionamos la producción y caracterización de AM contra la toxina colérica (TC) para lo que se utilizó como antígeno el extracto total del V. cholerae 01 (AC). La purificación se realizó mediante cromatografía de afinidad...