Imaging of Lymphomas Involving the CNS: An Update-Review of the Full Spectrum of Disease with an Emphasis on the World Health Organization Classifications of CNS Tumors 2021 and Hematolymphoid Tumors 2022.

Lymphomas of the CNS are the second most frequent primary brain malignancy in adults after gliomas. Presurgical suspicion of lymphoma greatly impacts patient management. The radiologic features of this tumor have been widely covered in the literature for decades, but under current classifications, mainly corresponding to the most common presentations of the most frequent type: primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the CNS. Nevertheless, rarer presentations of this specific lymphoma and of other World Health Organization lymphoma subtypes with different imaging features are rarely treated. Moreover, important advances in imaging techniques, changing epidemiologic factors with relevant impact on these tumors (eg, immunodeficiency/dysregulation), and recent updates of the World Health Organization Classification of CNS Tumors 2021 and Hematolymphoid Tumors 2022 may have rendered some accepted concepts outdated. In this article, the authors aim to fulfill a critical need by providing a complete update-review, emphasizing the latest clinical-radiologic features of the full spectrum of lymphomas involving the CNS.

Serum neurofilament levels correlate with electrodiagnostic evidence of axonal loss in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neurotoxicity.

INTRODUCTION: Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (PIPN) typically manifests as a predominantly sensory axonopathy. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) represent the gold standard method to quantify axonal impairment in PIPN. Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels are emerging biomarkers for quantifying axonal damage in peripheral neuropathies. To date, the association between NCS abnormalities and sNfL levels during paclitaxel-based chemotherapy has not been specifically addressed. METHODS: We prospectively conducted longitudinal measurement of sNfL levels in 27 chemotherapy-naïve breast cancer patients and correlated conventional NCS recordings with sNfL in 22 of them, before (T0) and after (T1) 12 cycles of weekly paclitaxel-based therapy. RESULTS: PIPN was diagnosed in 24/27 patients (88%) after completion of the 12-week paclitaxel-based chemotherapy regimen. Serum NfL levels (pg/mL) were significantly higher at T1 compared to T0 (T0: 18.50 ± 12.88 vs T1: 255.80 ± 194.16; p < 0.001). The increase of sNfL levels at T1 significantly correlated with the decrease or abolishment of amplitudes recorded from the sural nerve (r = 0.620; p = 0.0035), sensory radial (r = 0.613; p = 0.005), sensory ulnar (r = 0.630; p = 0.005), and peroneal motor (r = 0.568; p = 0.024) nerves. CONCLUSION: sNfL levels proportionally increase during chemotherapy administration and significantly correlate with NCS axonal abnormalities in patients with PIPN. A multimodal testing approach employing both sNfL and NCS might improve the PIPN diagnostic accuracy.

Neurotoxicity and safety of the rechallenge of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a growing issue in neuro-oncology practice.

Neurological, immune-related adverse events (n-irAE) due to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) represent a growing clinical problem in neuro-oncology practice. Although rare, the frequency of n-irAEs will increase as ICI use becomes more common. Central and peripheral nervous systems may be involved, and multiple n-irAEs like myositis, myasthenia gravis, and myocarditis can arise in the same patient. Prompt recognition, initial ICI discontinuation, and treatment with immunosuppressive therapy comprise key aspects of managing these potentially fatal neurological complications. Severe and/or treatment-refractory n-irAEs may occur and require individualized care. In the same vein, a possible reintroduction of ICI after a n-irAE represents an additional challenge in clinical practice. An approach by experienced neurologists involved in highly subspecialized, multidisciplinary care teams is, therefore, of major importance in managing these cases. The present study updates current knowledge regarding presentation forms, diagnostic workflows, outcomes, and general management of n-irAEs. With the aim to guide neurologists in decision-making processes during such scenarios, the study further reviews available data on ICI reintroduction safety in patients with prior n-irAEs.

Rehabilitación completa de paciente geriátrico diabético e hipertenso: caso clínico / Complete rehabilitation for a diabetic and hypertensive geriatric patient: a clinical case report

El edentulismo es la pérdida total o parcial de dientes de etiología cariogénica, periodontal, traumática.Las enfermedades sistémicas prexistentes deben estar controladas, previo a los tratamientos odontológicos, mejorando el pronóstico.Objetivo: restaurar estética, función, fonética en paciente geriátrico con patologías sistémicas preexistentes controladas aplicando protocolo de rehabilitación oral completa.Presentación del Caso: Mujer de 74 años con hipertensión y diabetes, medicación permanente Glucophage (Metformina) y Losartan (Hidroclorotiazida). Desdentado total superior, desdentado parcial inferior,clase I de Kennedy. Tratamiento en Fases. Fase I planificación en modelos de yeso, modelos virtuales.Fase II quirúrgica instalación de 6 implantes dentales NEODENT. La fase II quirúrgica, se realizó cirugíacampo abierto técnica de colgajo en forma de U, se colocaron 6 implantes dentales diámetro 3,75 mm x11,5 mm. Cono Morse Alvim (13 y 23) ,cuatro implantes de conexión cónica, i.e drive implants (14, 16, 24y 26). Fase III rehabilitación oral mediante filosofía gnatológica. Endodoncias de dientes inferiores, carillasde disilicato de litio, coronas de metal cerámica con ataches ERA, prótesis parcial removible inferior. FaseIV ejecución de prótesis hibrida superior con abutments multiunit de diferente angulación.Conclusión: el enfoque multidisciplinario en el tratamiento de la cavidad oral en pacientes geriátricos conpatologías sistémicas prexistentes, permitieron restaurar función, estética fonética en el paciente

An edentulous state is the total or partial loss of teeth and is mainly caused by caries and periodontal disease. Pre-existing systemic diseases must be under strict control prior to dental appointments for a favorable prognosis after treatment. Objective: To restore esthetics, function, and phonetic function in geriatric patients with pre-existing systemic diseases by applying a complete oral rehabilitation protocol. Case Presentation: A 74-year-old woman with history of hypertension and diabetes was medicated with Glucophage (metformin) and Losartan (hydrochlorothiazide). She presented a superior total edentulous maxilla and a partial edentulous Kennedy class I in the mandible. Treatment was performed in four phases. Phase I corresponded to the proper planning of the clinical case with plaster and virtual models. Phase II corresponded to the surgical phase, in which the U-shaped flap technique was performed and 6 dental implants with a diameter of 3.75 mm x 11.5 mm were placed. (Two conical connection implants (I.e. Morse Alvim) were placed in the anterior regions (13 and 23), and four other conical connection implants (i.e. Drive implants) were used in the posterior regions (14, 16, 24, and 26). Phase III oral rehabilitation the based on gnathological philosophy. Dental endodontics, lithium disilicate veneers, ceramic metal crowns with ERA attachments and removable partial dentures were used. Phase IV corresponded to the execution of an upper hybrid prosthesis with multiunit abutments of different angles. Conclusion: This minimally invasive multidisciplinary approach is considered predictable regarding esthetics and recommended for the restoration of patients’ appearance and self-esteem..

Shifts in learning assistants' self-determination due to COVID-19 disruptions in Calculus II course delivery.

BACKGROUND: The Learning Assistant (LA) model with its subsequent support and training has evidenced significant gains for undergraduate STEM learning and persistence, especially in high-stakes courses like Calculus. Yet, when a swift and unexpected transition occurs from face-to-face to online, remote learning of the LA environment, it is unknown how LAs are able to maintain their motivation (competence, autonomy, and relatedness), adapt to these new challenges, and sustain their student-centered efforts. This study used Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to model theoretical aspects of LAs' motivations (persistence and performance) both before and after changes were made in delivery of a Calculus II course at Texas Tech University due to COVID-19 interruptions. RESULTS: Analysis of weekly written reflections, a focus group session, and a post-course questionnaire of 13 Calculus II LAs throughout Spring semester of 2020 showed that LAs' reports of competence proportionally decreased when they transitioned online, which was followed by a moderate proportional increase in reports of autonomy (actions they took to adapt to distance instruction) and a dramatic proportional increase in reports of relatedness (to build structures for maintaining communication and building community with undergraduate students). CONCLUSIONS: Relatedness emerged as the most salient factor from SDT to maintain LA self-determination due to the COVID-19 facilitated interruption to course delivery in a high-stakes undergraduate STEM course. Given that online learning continues during the pandemic and is likely to continue after, this research provides an understanding to how LAs responded to this event and the mounting importance of relatedness when LAs are working with undergraduate STEM learners. Programmatic recommendations are given for enhancing LA preparation including selecting LAs for autonomy and relatedness factors (in addition to competence), modeling mentoring for remote learners, and coaching in best practices for online instruction.

Ligadura de arterias hipogástricas proximales y tronco posterior bilaterales como profilaxis en histerectomía / Ligation of proximal hypogastric arteries and bilateral posterior trunk as prophylaxis in hysterectomy

El resultado de la ligadura bilateral de las arterias hipogástricas es bueno y eficaz en el control de la hemorragia posparto para la preservación del útero, pero se han publicado pocos casos y la incidencia es baja. En el reporte de este caso, la paciente presentaba menometrorragia de dos años de evolución, sin mejoría a tratamiento médico convencional, por lo que se realizó ligadura bilateral de arterias hipogástricas y tronco posterior bilaterales, obteniendo una adecuada mejoría. La ligadura de tronco posterior bilateral es un procedimiento que se realizó de manera complementaria a la ligadura de las arterias hipogástricas y podría redundar en disminución del tiempo quirúrgico y riesgo de sangrado en las pacientes.(AU)

Although the outcome of bilateral hypogastric artery ligation is good, and effective in controlling postpartum bleeding for the preservation of the uterus, few cases have been published, and the incidence is low. In this case report, the patient presented with menometrorrhagia of two years onset. With no improvement using conventional medical treatment, a bilateral ligation of hypogastric arteries was performed as well as the posterior trunk bilaterally, obtaining an adequate improvement. Bilateral posterior trunk ligation is a procedure that was performed as a complement to hypogastric artery ligation and could result in a decrease in surgical time and risk of bleeding in patients.(AU)

Validation and comparison of Breast Graded Prognostic Assessment scores in patients with breast cancer and brain metastases.

PURPOSE: Brain metastases (BM) occur in 15-35% of patients with metastatic breast cancer, conferring poor prognosis and impairing quality of life. Clinical scores have been developed to classify patients according to their prognosis. We aimed to check the utility of the Breast Graded Prognostic Assessment (B-GPA) and its modified version (mB-GPA) and compare them in routine clinical practice. METHODS: This is an ambispective study including all patients with breast cancer BM treated in a single cancer comprehensive center. We analyzed the overall survival (OS) from BM diagnosis until death. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression model were used in the analyses. ROC curves were performed to compare both scores. RESULTS: We included 169 patients; median age was 50 years. HER2-positive and triple negative patients were 33.7% and 20.7%, respectively. At the last follow-up, 90% of the patients had died. Median OS was 12 months (95% confidence interval 8.0-16.0 months). OS was worse in patients with > 3 BM and in patients with triple negative subtype. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, we confirm that B-GPA and mB-GPA scores correlated with prognosis. ROC curves showed that B-GPA and mB-GPA have similar prognostic capabilities, slightly in favor of mB-GPA.

Effect of E-beam treatment on expression of virulence and stress-response genes of Listeria monocytogenes in dry-cured ham.

Various adverse conditions can trigger defensive mechanisms in Listeria monocytogenes that can increase the virulence of surviving cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of one stress-response (sigB) and three virulence (plcA, hly, and iap) genes in L. monocytogenes exposed to a sub lethal dose of E-beam irradiation in dry-cured ham. To accomplish this, dry-cured ham slices (10 g) were immersed in a 109 CFU/mL suspension of L. monocytogenes strain S4-2 and subsequently irradiated with 1, 2, or 3 kGy. After irradiation, samples were stored at 7 °C or 15 °C for 30 days. Absolute gene expression levels were determined by RT-qPCR, and numbers of surviving Listeria cells were assessed by microbial counts after different storage times (0, 7, 15, and 30 days). At 7 °C, after E-beam treatment at doses of 2 or 3 kGy, Listeria gene expression significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) up to day 15. Listeria counts decreased with increasing dosage. The relationship between absolute gene expression and the number of surviving Listeria cells could indicate that sublethal doses of E-beam irradiation can increase expression of the genes studied. We observed no significant influence of storage time or temperature on gene expression (p > 0.05). Listeria that survives E-beam treatment may display increased virulence, constituting a significant potential public health risk.

Left Amyand's hernia associated with omphalocele. / Hernia de Amyand izquierda asociada a onfalocele.

INTRODUCTION: Amyand's hernia is defined as the presence of the cecal appendix inside the hernia sac. It is usually located on the right side, but left-sided cases due to intestinal malrotation have also been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: 3-month-old male infant diagnosed with omphalocele at the 12th week of gestation undergoing surgery 48 hours post-birth. Bilateral inguinal hernia was diagnosed during follow-up, so scheduled bilateral herniotomy was performed. During surgery, the cecal appendix was identified inside the left herniary sac, so prophylactic appendectomy was carried out. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Amyand's hernia ranges from 0.4 to 1% - three times higher in pediatric patients. Left-sided hernias are often associated with intestinal rotation disorders. Treatment of right Amyand's hernia is described in Losanoff-Basson's classification. In left-sided hernias, prophylactic appendectomy is recommended to avoid diagnostic confusion in case of appendicitis.

INTRODUCCION: La hernia de Amyand consiste en la presencia del apéndice cecal en el saco herniario, generalmente en localización derecha, aunque se recogen casos de localización izquierda debido a malrotación intestinal. EXPOSICION DEL CASO: Lactante varón de 3 meses de edad, con onfalocele diagnosticado en la 12ª semana de gestación e intervenido a las 48 horas del nacimiento. Durante el seguimiento se diagnostica de hernia inguinal bilateral, realizando herniotomía bilateral programada. En la intervención se encuentra el apéndice cecal en el saco herniario izquierdo, procediendo a una apendicectomía profiláctica. COMENTARIOS: La incidencia de la hernia de Amyand es del 0,4-1% (3 veces más frecuente en población pediátrica). La localización izquierda suele asociarse a alteraciones en la rotación intestinal. El tratamiento de las hernias de Amyand derechas se recoge en la clasificación de Losanoff-Basson. En las izquierdas, se recomienda realizar apendicectomía profiláctica para evitar confusiones diagnósticas en caso de apendicitis.

Hernia de Amyand izquierda asociada a onfalocele / Left amyand's hernia associated with omphalocele

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hernia de Amyand consiste en la presencia del apéndice cecal en el saco herniario, generalmente en localización derecha, aunque se recogen casos de localización izquierda debido a malrotación intestinal. EXPOSICIÓN DEL CASO: Lactante varón de 3 meses de edad, con onfalocele diagnosticado en la 12ª semana de gestación e intervenido a las 48 horas del nacimiento. Durante el seguimiento se diagnostica de hernia inguinal bilateral, realizando herniotomía bilateral programada. En la intervención se encuentra el apéndice cecal en el saco herniario izquierdo, procediendo a una apendicectomía profiláctica. COMENTARIOS: La incidencia de la hernia de Amyand es del 0,4-1% (3 veces más frecuente en población pediátrica). La localización izquierda suele asociarse a alteraciones en la rotación intestinal. El tratamiento de las hernias de Amyand derechas se recoge en la clasificación de Losanoff-Basson. En las izquierdas, se recomienda realizar apendicectomía profiláctica para evitar confusiones diagnósticas en caso de apendicitis

INTRODUCTION: Amyand's hernia is defined as the presence of the cecal appendix inside the hernia sac. It is usually located on the right side, but left-sided cases due to intestinal malrotation have also been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: 3-month-old male infant diagnosed with omphalocele at the 12th week of gestation undergoing surgery 48 hours post-birth. Bilateral inguinal hernia was diagnosed during follow-up, so scheduled bilateral herniotomy was performed. During surgery, the cecal appendix was identified inside the left herniary sac, so prophylactic appendectomy was carried out. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Amyand's hernia ranges from 0.4 to 1% - three times higher in pediatric patients. Left-sided hernias are often associated with intestinal rotation disorders. Treatment of right Amyand's hernia is described in Losanoff-Basson's classification. In left-sided hernias, prophylactic appendectomy is recommended to avoid diagnostic confusion in case of appendicitis

Diagnostic delay and outcome in immunocompetent patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma in Spain: a multicentric study.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the management of immunocompetent patients with primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) in Spain. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 327 immunocompetent patients with histologically confirmed PCNSL diagnosed between 2005 and 2014 in 27 Spanish hospitals. RESULTS: Median age was 64 years (range: 19-84; 33% ≥ 70 years), 54% were men, and 59% had a performance status (PS) ≥ 2 at diagnosis. Median delay to diagnosis was 47 days (IQR 24-81). Diagnostic delay > 47 days was associated with PS ≥ 2 (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.13-3.50; p = 0.016) and treatment with corticosteroids (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.14-5.40; p = 0.023), and it did not improve over the years. Patients treated with corticosteroids (62%) had a higher risk of additional biopsies (11.7% vs 4.0%, p = 0.04) but corticosteroids withdrawal before surgery did not reduce this risk and increased the diagnostic delay (64 vs 40 days, p = 0.04). Median overall survival (OS) was 8.9 months [95% CI 5.9-11.7] for the whole series, including 52 (16%) patients that were not treated, and 14.1 months (95%CI 7.7-20.5) for the 240 (73.4%) patients that received high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX)-based chemotherapy. Median OS was shorter in patients ≥ 70 years (4.1 vs. 13.4 months; p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified age ≥ 65 years, PS ≥ 2, no treatment, and cognitive/psychiatric symptoms at diagnosis as independent predictors of short survival. CONCLUSIONS: Corticosteroids withdrawal before surgery does not decrease the risk of a negative biopsy but delays diagnosis. In this community-based study, only 73.4% of patients could receive HD-MTX-based chemotherapy and OS remains poor, particularly in elderly patients ≥ 70 years.

The presence of IFL3/4 rs12979860 C allele influences the in vitro IP-10 production by mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the IFNL3/4 rs12979860 genotype may influence serum levels or production of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Sixty-six patients with SLE and 22 healthy blood donors (controls) were included. The IFNL3/4 rs12979860 polymorphism was genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction. IP-10 levels in sera supernatants of IFNα stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured by enzime-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Allelic frequencies were CC (29%), CT (52%) and TT (20%) in SLE, and CC (32%), CT (41%) and TT (27%) in healthy controls. Median serum IP-10 levels were higher in SLE patients than in controls (190.8 versus 118.1 pg/ml; p < 0.001), particularly in those with high disease activity (278.5 versus 177.2 pg/ml; p = 0.037). However, serum IP-10 levels were not influenced by IFNL3/4 genotypes. Higher IP-10 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was found in both SLE patients (median 519.3 versus 207.6 pg/ml; p = 0.012) and controls (median 454.0 versus 201.7 pg/ml; p = 0.034) carrying the IFNL3/4 C allele compared with carriers of the T allele. CONCLUSIONS: Although IFNL3/4 rs12979860 allele C does not appear to influence serum IP-10 levels in SLE, it plays an important role in the production of IP-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after IFNα stimulation.

Erratum: Shock-wave structure according to a linear irreversible thermodynamic model [Phys. Rev. E 99, 023114 (2019)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.99.023114.

Exact solutions for shock waves in dilute gases.

In 1922 Becker found an exact solution for shock waves in gases using the Navier-Stokes-Fourier constitutive equations for a Prandtl number of value 3/4 with constant transport coefficients. His analysis has been extended to study some cases where an implicit solution can be found in an exact way. In this work we consider this problem for the so-called soft-spheres model in which the viscosity and thermal conductivity are proportional to a power of the temperature η,κ∝T^{σ}. In particular, we give implicit exact solutions for the Maxwell model (σ=1), hard spheres (σ=1/2), and when σ (the viscosity index) is a natural number.

Shock-wave structure according to a linear irreversible thermodynamic model.

In this work we present a phenomenological model to look for a better understanding of the shock-wave structure in dilute monatomic gases. The model is based on the principles of linear irreversible thermodynamics, where we have been aware of the flow anisotropy caused by the shock-wave propagation. Then a new coupling appears between the stress tensor and the heat flux. The comparisons with the experimental data available for argon as well as the direct simulation Monte Carlo method calculations are done and shown to support our proposal.

Levels of anti-Müllerian hormone in premenopausal women with the antiphospholipid syndrome and its association with the risk of clinical complications.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate the ovarian reserve in premenopausal women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and to evaluate whether it is associated with cumulative organ damage or the risk of clinical complications. METHODS: This single-center study was conducted in 23 premenopausal female patients (10 with primary APS and 13 with secondary APS) and 24 healthy volunteers. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Disease-specific organ damage (DIAPS score) and the risk of clinical complications (aGAPSS score) were additionally evaluated in APS patients. RESULTS: Serum AMH levels were similar in APS patients (median 6.06, interquartile range 4.31-7.54 ng/ml) and in controls (4.87, 2.64-6.40 ng/ml; P = 0.116), and no differences were observed between the primary (6.60, 5.49-8.88 ng/ml) and secondary (6.06, 3.91-7.30 ng/ml; P = 0.532) forms of the syndrome. In individuals with APS, serum AMH levels correlated inversely with the aGAPSS score (rho-0.421, 95% confidence intervals -0.716 to -0.001; P = 0.045), while no associations were observed with the DIAPS score (rho-0.001, -0.423 to 0.422; P = 0.996). CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian reserve is not reduced in premenopausal women with APS. In addition, serum AMH levels may reflect the risk of APS-related clinical complications but not the burden of disease-specific organ damage.

Patología testicular en la edad pediátrica: criptorquidia, escroto agudo y varicocele / Testicular pathology in the pediatric age: cryptorchidism, acute scrotum and varicocele

La patología testicular supone una parte principal del día a día del cirujano pediátrico. tanto por su frecuencia como por su morbilidad es muy importante prestar la debida atención a la patología, tanto malformativa como adquirida (aguda y crónica), del testículo en el niño. la criptorquidia o ausencia de teste en el escroto es la malformación genitourinaria más frecuente. Se trata de una malformación asintomática de cuyo adecuado manejo y corrección precoz va a depender el pronóstico del teste, así como el riesgo de malignización en la edad adulta. la torsión testicular es un evento agudo que consiste en el giro sobre sí mismo del órgano, comprimiendo el pedículo y comprometiendo el aporte sanguíneo al teste, que si se mantiene en el tiempo conduce a una necrosis testicular. el pronto reconocimiento de este cuadro dentro del síndrome de escroto agudo será vital para conseguir corregir la torsión e impedir la pérdida de la gónada. El varicocele se define como una dilatación varicosa de las venas del plexo pampiniforme a nivel del cordón espermático. puede ser asintomático o generar molestias. Su efecto sobre la fertilidad no está completamente esclarecido y las indicaciones quirúrgicas, al igual que la técnica idónea son asuntos sujetos a controversia. en el presente texto se repasan los conceptos referentes a estos temas, actualizando las recomendaciones de diagnóstico y manejo

Testicular pathology occupies the main part of the day to day work of the pediatric surgeon. Both because of its frequency as well as its morbidity, it is very important to pay attention to the malformative and acquired (acute and chronic) pathology of the testis in the boy. Cryptorchidism or absence of the testis in the scrotum is the most frequent genitourinary malformation. this is an asymptomatic malformation whose adequate management and early correction will depend on the prognosis of the testis and the risk of malignization in the adult age. testicular torsion is an acute event that consists in the twisting of the organ on itself, with compression of the testicular pedicle, affecting the blood supply to the testis. if this is maintained over time, it leads to a testicular necrosis. early recognition of this picture within the acute scrotum syndrome will be vital to be able to correct the torsion and prevent loss of the gonad. Varicocele is defined as a varicose dilation of the pampiniform plexus on the level of the spermatic cord. it can be asymptomatic or generate discomfort. Its effect on fertility has not been completely clarified and the surgical indications and the best treatment are matters subject to controversy. in the present text, the concepts regarding these subjects are reviewed, updating the recommendations for diagnosis and management