Innovative in vivo and in vitro bioassays for the establishment of toxicity thresholds of pollutants in sediment quality assessment using polychaetes and their immune cells.

Sediment toxicity testing has become a crucial component for assessing the risks posed by contaminated sediments and for the development of sediment quality assessment strategies. Commonly used organisms for bioassays with estuarine sediments include amphipods, Arenicola marina polychaetes and echinoids. Among the latter, the Sea Urchin Embryo test (SET) is the most widely used. However, one relevant limitation of this bioassay is the unavailability of gametes all year-round, particularly outside the natural spawning seasons. Consequently, the establishment of an appropriate and complementary model organism for a continuous assessment of sediment quality is recommended. A reliable assessment of the hazards resulting from pollutants in sediments or pore water, can be achieved with ecologically relevant species of sediment such as the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, which is widespread in estuaries and has the capacity to accumulate pollutants. The aim of this work was to develop reliable in vivo and in vitro bioassays with H. diversicolor and its coelomocytes (immune cells) to determine the toxicity thresholds of different contaminants bounded to sediments or resuspended into water. Polychaetes were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CuCl2 (in vivo) and a non-invasive method for collection of polychaetes coelomocytes was applied for the in vitro bioassay, exposing cells to a series of CuCl2 and AgNPs concentrations. Same reference toxicants were used to expose Paracentrotus lividus following the SET (ICES Nº 51; Beiras et al., 2012) and obtained toxicity thresholds were compared between the two species. In vivo exposure of polychaetes to high concentrations of Cu produced weight loss and histopathological alterations. After in vitro approaches, a significant decrease in coelomocytes viability was recorded for both toxicants, in a monotonic dose-response curve, at very short-exposure times (2 h). The toxicity thresholds obtained with polychaetes were in line with the ones obtained with the SET, concluding that their sensitivity is similar. In conclusion, in vivo and in vitro bioassays developed with H. diversicolor are accurate toxicity screenings of pollutants that could be bounded to sediments or dissolved in the pore water, and may complement the SET outside the spawning period of the echinoderms. The bioassays herein developed could be applied not only to establish the toxicity thresholds of individual compounds or mixtures, but also to assess the toxicity of field collected sediments.

Mail and Telephone Outreach from Electronic Health Records for Research Participation on Cognitive Health and Aging.

OBJECTIVES: This report describes the efficacy and utility of recruiting older individuals by mail to participate in research on cognitive health and aging using Electronic Health Records (EHR). METHODS: Individuals age 65 or older identified by EHR in the Mount Sinai Health System as likely to have Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) were sent a general recruitment letter (N=12,951). A comparison group of individuals with comparable age and matched for gender also received the letter (N=3,001). RESULTS: Of the 15,952 individuals who received the mailing, 953 (6.0%) responded. 215 (1.3%) declined further contact. Overall rate of expression of interest was 4.6%. Of the 738 individuals who responded positively to further contact, 321 indicated preference for further contact by telephone. Follow-up of these individuals yielded 30 enrollments (0.2% of 15,952). No differences in response rate were noted between MCI and comparison groups, but the comparison group yielded higher enrollment. 6 individuals who were not the intended recipients of mailing but nevertheless contacted our study were also enrolled. CONCLUSIONS: Mailings to individuals identified through a trusted source, such as a medical center from which they have received clinical care, may be a viable means of reaching individuals within this age group as this effort yielded a low rejection rate. However, EHR information did not enhance study enrollment. Implications for improving recruitment are discussed.

Infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C: un factor de riesgo independiente para la ateromatosis subclínica / Chronic hepatitis C infection: an independent risk factor for subclinical atheromatosis

Introducción: Se desconoce la asociación entre ateromatosis subclínica e infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), relevante ahora que los antivirales mejoran la supervivencia en los pacientes infectados. Objetivos: Conocer si el VHC es factor de riesgo independiente de ateromatosis subclínica y analizar las modificaciones del perfil lipídico según niveles de ARN viral y fibrosis hepática. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional y transversal; incluye 102 pacientes VHC positivos y 102 sujetos VHC negativos con paridad de sexo y edad, sin antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular, renal ni diabetes. La ateromatosis (presencia de placas de ateroma) y el grosor íntima-media carotídeo (GIMc) se evaluó mediante ecografía de arterias carótidas y femorales. Resultados: La presencia de ateromatosis en cualquier territorio vascular fue mayor en pacientes VHC que en sujetos no infectados (58,8% frente a 28,4%, p<0,001). En el análisis multivariante, los factores significativamente asociados con ateromatosis incluyeron infección por VHC (OR=14,37 [5,5-37,3]; p<0,001), edad (OR=1,12 [1,1-1,2]; p<0,001), sexo masculino (OR=4,32 [1,9-9,5]; p<0,001) y el coeficiente triglicéridos/colesterol HDL (TG/HDL-indicador indirecto de insulinorresistencia) (OR=1,34 [1,1-1,6]; p=0,007). Los pacientes VHC con placas de ateroma presentaban mayor coeficiente TG/HDL, sin diferencias significativas en cuanto a la carga viral ni grado de fibrosis hepática con un perfil lipídico de «bajo riesgo». Conclusiones: La infección VHC es factor de riesgo independiente de ateromatosis subclínica. La ecografía arterial sistémica en esta población mejora la evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular más allá de las alteraciones del perfil lipídico y del cálculo de riesgo por tablas SCORE

Background: The association between subclinical atheromatosis and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unknown but is relevant now that antivirals are improving the survival of patients with the infection. Objectives: To determine whether HCV is an independent risk factor for subclinical atheromatosis and to analyse the changes in lipid profiles according to viral RNA levels and hepatic fibrosis. Patients and methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study that included 102 HCV-positive patients and 102 HCV-negative patients with parity in terms of sex and age, with no history of cardiovascular or kidney disease or diabetes. Atheromatosis (the presence of atheromatous plaques) and the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) were assessed using ultrasonography of the carotid and femoral arteries. Results: There was a greater presence of atheromatosis in any vascular territory in HCV-positive patients than in the patients without infection (58.8% vs. 28.4%, p<.0001). In the multivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with atheromatosis included HCV infection (OR, 14.37 [5.5-37.3]; p<.001), age (OR, 1.12 [1.1-1.2]; p<.001), male sex (OR, 4.32 [1.9-9.5]; p<.001) and the triglyceride/HDL cholesterol coefficient (TG/HDL-indirect indicator of insulin resistance) (OR, 1.34 [1.1-1.6]; p=.007). The HCV-positive patients with atheromatous plaques had a higher TG/HDL coefficient but no significant differences in terms of the viral load or degree of hepatic fibrosis and with a 'low risk' lipid profile. Conclusions: HCV infection is an independent risk factor for subclinical atheromatosis. Systemic arterial ultrasonography for this population improves the cardiovascular risk assessment beyond lipid profile abnormalities and the risk calculation using SCORE tables

Selection of an optimal culture medium and the most responsive viability assay to assess AgNPs toxicity with primary cultures of Eisenia fetida coelomocytes.

Earthworm immune cells (coelomocytes) have become a target system in ecotoxicology due to their sensitivity against a wide range of pollutants, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Presently, in vitro approaches (viability assays in microplate, flow cytometry, cell sorting) with primary cultures of Eisenia fetida coelomocytes have been successfully used to test the toxicity and the dissimilar response of cell subpopulations (amoebocytes and eleocytes) after PVP-PEI coated AgNPs and AgNO3 exposures. In order to obtain reliable data and to accurately assess toxicity with coelomocytes, first an optimal culture medium and the most responsive assay were determined. AgNPs posed a gradual decrease in coelomocytes viability, establishing the LC50 value in RPMI-1640 medium at 6 mg/l and discarding that the observed cytotoxicity was attributable to its coating agent PVP-PEI. Exposure to AgNPs caused selective cytotoxicity in amoebocytes, which correlated with the Ag concentrations measured in sorted amoebocytes and reinforced the idea of dissimilar sensitivities among amoebocytes and eleocytes. Silver nano and ionic forms exerted similar toxicity in coelomocytes. The in vitro approaches with coelomocytes of E. fetida performed in this study have the capacity to predict impairments caused by pollutants at longer exposure levels and thus, provide rapid and valuable information for eco(nano)toxicology.

GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community.

RATIONALE: This initiative is focused on building a global consensus around core diagnostic criteria for malnutrition in adults in clinical settings. METHODS: In January 2016, the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) was convened by several of the major global clinical nutrition societies. GLIM appointed a core leadership committee and a supporting working group with representatives bringing additional global diversity and expertise. Empirical consensus was reached through a series of face-to-face meetings, telephone conferences, and e-mail communications. RESULTS: A two-step approach for the malnutrition diagnosis was selected, i.e., first screening to identify "at risk" status by the use of any validated screening tool, and second, assessment for diagnosis and grading the severity of malnutrition. The malnutrition criteria for consideration were retrieved from existing approaches for screening and assessment. Potential criteria were subjected to a ballot among the GLIM core and supporting working group members. The top five ranked criteria included three phenotypic criteria (weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass) and two etiologic criteria (reduced food intake or assimilation, and inflammation or disease burden). To diagnose malnutrition at least one phenotypic criterion and one etiologic criterion should be present. Phenotypic metrics for grading severity as Stage 1 (moderate) and Stage 2 (severe) malnutrition are proposed. It is recommended that the etiologic criteria be used to guide intervention and anticipated outcomes. The recommended approach supports classification of malnutrition into four etiology-related diagnosis categories. CONCLUSION: A consensus scheme for diagnosing malnutrition in adults in clinical settings on a global scale is proposed. Next steps are to secure further collaboration and endorsements from leading nutrition professional societies, to identify overlaps with syndromes like cachexia and sarcopenia, and to promote dissemination, validation studies, and feedback. The diagnostic construct should be re-considered every 3-5 years.

Chronic hepatitis C infection: An independent risk factor for subclinical atheromatosis. / Infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C: un factor de riesgo independiente para la ateromatosis subclínica.

BACKGROUND: The association between subclinical atheromatosis and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unknown but is relevant now that antivirals are improving the survival of patients with the infection. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether HCV is an independent risk factor for subclinical atheromatosis and to analyse the changes in lipid profiles according to viral RNA levels and hepatic fibrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study that included 102 HCV-positive patients and 102 HCV-negative patients with parity in terms of sex and age, with no history of cardiovascular or kidney disease or diabetes. Atheromatosis (the presence of atheromatous plaques) and the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) were assessed using ultrasonography of the carotid and femoral arteries. RESULTS: There was a greater presence of atheromatosis in any vascular territory in HCV-positive patients than in the patients without infection (58.8% vs. 28.4%, p<.0001). In the multivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with atheromatosis included HCV infection (OR, 14.37 [5.5-37.3]; p<.001), age (OR, 1.12 [1.1-1.2]; p<.001), male sex (OR, 4.32 [1.9-9.5]; p<.001) and the triglyceride/HDL cholesterol coefficient (TG/HDL-indirect indicator of insulin resistance) (OR, 1.34 [1.1-1.6]; p=.007). The HCV-positive patients with atheromatous plaques had a higher TG/HDL coefficient but no significant differences in terms of the viral load or degree of hepatic fibrosis and with a 'low risk' lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS: HCV infection is an independent risk factor for subclinical atheromatosis. Systemic arterial ultrasonography for this population improves the cardiovascular risk assessment beyond lipid profile abnormalities and the risk calculation using SCORE tables.

GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community.

RATIONALE: This initiative is focused on building a global consensus around core diagnostic criteria for malnutrition in adults in clinical settings. METHODS: In January 2016, the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) was convened by several of the major global clinical nutrition societies. GLIM appointed a core leadership committee and a supporting working group with representatives bringing additional global diversity and expertise. Empirical consensus was reached through a series of face-to-face meetings, telephone conferences, and e-mail communications. RESULTS: A two-step approach for the malnutrition diagnosis was selected, i.e., first screening to identify "at risk" status by the use of any validated screening tool, and second, assessment for diagnosis and grading the severity of malnutrition. The malnutrition criteria for consideration were retrieved from existing approaches for screening and assessment. Potential criteria were subjected to a ballot among the GLIM core and supporting working group members. The top five ranked criteria included three phenotypic criteria (non-volitional weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass) and two etiologic criteria (reduced food intake or assimilation, and inflammation or disease burden). To diagnose malnutrition at least one phenotypic criterion and one etiologic criterion should be present. Phenotypic metrics for grading severity as Stage 1 (moderate) and Stage 2 (severe) malnutrition are proposed. It is recommended that the etiologic criteria be used to guide intervention and anticipated outcomes. The recommended approach supports classification of malnutrition into four etiology-related diagnosis categories. CONCLUSION: A consensus scheme for diagnosing malnutrition in adults in clinical settings on a global scale is proposed. Next steps are to secure further collaboration and endorsements from leading nutrition professional societies, to identify overlaps with syndromes like cachexia and sarcopenia, and to promote dissemination, validation studies, and feedback. The diagnostic construct should be re-considered every 3-5 years.

Integrative assessment of the effects produced by Ag nanoparticles at different levels of biological complexity in Eisenia fetida maintained in two standard soils (OECD and LUFA 2.3).

There is a potential risk to increase the release of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) into the environment: For instance. in soils receiving sludge models estimate 0.007 mg Ag NPs kg-1 that will annually increase due to sludge or sludge incineration residues land-disposal. Thus, the concern about the hazards of nanosilver to soils and soil invertebrates is growing. Studies performed up to now have been focused in traditional endpoints, used limit range concentrations and employed different soil types that differ in physico-chemical characteristics. Presently, effects of Ag NPs have been measured at different levels of biological complexity in Eisenia fetida, exposed for 3 and 14 d to high but sublethal (50 mg Ag NPs kg-1) and close to modeled environmental concentrations (0.05 mg Ag NPs kg-1). Since characteristics of the exposure matrix may limit the response of the organisms to these concentrations, experiments were carried out in OECD and LUFA soils, the most used standard soils. High concentrations of Ag NPs increased catalase activity and DNA damage in OECD soils after 14 d while in LUFA 2.3 soils produced earlier effects (weight loss, decrease in cell viability and increase in catalase activity at day 3). At day 14, LUFA 2.3 (low clay and organic matter-OM-) could have provoked starvation of earthworms, masking Ag NPs toxicity. The concentration close to modeled environmental concentrations produced effects uniquely in LUFA 2.3 soil. Accurate physico-chemical characteristics of the standard soils are crucial to assess the toxicity exerted by Ag NPs in E. fetida since low clay and OM contents can be considered toxicity enhancers.

Resonancia magnética sin sedación en recién nacidos / Magnetic resonance imaging without sedation in neonates

INTRODUCCIÓN: La posibilidad de llevar a cabo RM sin sedación en el período neonatal aumenta la seguridad del paciente, la disponibilidad y rentabilidad de la prueba. El objetivo fue describir la experiencia de 20 meses con el nuevo protocolo de RM sin sedación, en el que la preparación del paciente se realiza en la unidad neonatal. Pacientes y método: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, de mayo del 2012 a diciembre del 2013. Los pacientes incluidos fueron neonatos con indicación de RM, estables y sin soporte ventilatorio. El procedimiento se fundamentó en la aplicación de cuidados centrados en el desarrollo y el uso de un colchón de vacío como sistema de inmovilización. La variable resultado principal fue el porcentaje de RM completadas con éxito. Desde octubre del 2012 se recogieron además la duración de la prueba y el número de interrupciones. RESULTADOS: Se llevaron a cabo 43 RM sin sedación, 41 cerebrales y 2 de columna vertebral. La tasa de éxito fue del 97,7% (42/43). La media de tiempo de RM fue 26,3min (IC del 95%, 23,3-29,3min; rango 16-50min). Se completó la prueba sin interrupciones en 20 de los 34 casos (58,8%) en los que se recogió este dato. La media de interrupciones fue 0,6 (IC del 95%, 0,3-0,8; rango 0-3) y la mediana 0. CONCLUSIONES: El protocolo tuvo una tasa de éxito superior al 90%. Por tanto, la RM sin sedación parece factible en nuestro medio, realizando gran parte de la preparación en la unidad neonatal para así disminuir la ocupación de la sala de RM

INTRODUCTION: The ability to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without sedation in the neonatal period increases patient safety, availability and profitability of the diagnostic tool. The aim in this study was to evaluate a new protocol of MRI without sedation during a 20-month period. In the protocol, the patients are prepared in the neonatal unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective descriptive study, from May 2012 to December 2013. Patients included were neonates requiring MRI, clinically stable and not requiring ventilatory support. The method was based on the application of developmental centered care and the use of a vacuum matress to immobilize the baby. The principal outcome parameter of interest was the percentage of succesfully completed MRIs. The duration of the MRI and the number of interruptions, was also studied from October 2012. RESULTS: A total of 43 MRIs without sedation were carried out on 42 patients: 41 cerebral and 2 spinal. The success rate was 97.7% (42/43). The mean MRI time was 26.3minutes (95% CI 23.3-29.3 mins; range 16-50 mins). MRIs were completed without interruption in 20 of the 34 cases (58%) in which the duration was recorded. The number of interruptions per procedure varied from 0 to 3, with a mean of 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-0.8) and a median of 0. CONCLUSION: The protocol had a success rate of over 90%. Thus MRI without sedation seems applicable in Spanish hospitals, with most of the preparation being performed in the neonatal unit, in order to reduce the occupation of the MRI unit, as well as minimizing stress to the baby

Complicaciones hemodinámicas en el perioperatorio de la ectopia cordis / Hemodynamic complications in the perioperative of ectopia cordis

No disponible

[Magnetic resonance imaging without sedation in neonates]. / Resonancia magnética sin sedación en recién nacidos.

INTRODUCTION: The ability to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without sedation in the neonatal period increases patient safety, availability and profitability of the diagnostic tool. The aim in this study was to evaluate a new protocol of MRI without sedation during a 20-month period. In the protocol, the patients are prepared in the neonatal unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective descriptive study, from May 2012 to December 2013. Patients included were neonates requiring MRI, clinically stable and not requiring ventilatory support. The method was based on the application of developmental centered care and the use of a vacuum matress to immobilize the baby. The principal outcome parameter of interest was the percentage of succesfully completed MRIs. The duration of the MRI and the number of interruptions, was also studied from October 2012. RESULTS: A total of 43 MRIs without sedation were carried out on 42 patients: 41 cerebral and 2 spinal. The success rate was 97.7% (42/43). The mean MRI time was 26.3 minutes (95% CI 23.3-29.3 mins; range 16-50 mins). MRIs were completed without interruption in 20 of the 34 cases (58%) in which the duration was recorded. The number of interruptions per procedure varied from 0 to 3, with a mean of 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-0.8) and a median of 0. CONCLUSION: The protocol had a success rate of over 90%. Thus MRI without sedation seems applicable in Spanish hospitals, with most of the preparation being performed in the neonatal unit, in order to reduce the occupation of the MRI unit, as well as minimizing stress to the baby.

Lo que debemos saber sobre control de infección en el consultorio dental

Cada uno de los miembros pertenecientes al grupo de profesionales de la salud dental, así como el paciente que acude a la consulta, están expuestos al riesgo de adquirir enfermedades altamente infecciosas; en las últimas dos décadas la sociedad ha estado más consciente acerca de la aparición y transmisión de las enfermedades infectocontagiosas. Los pacientes y trabajadores de la salud han mostrado interés y preocupación por las enfermedades trasmitidas por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y por el virus de la hepatitis B y C (VHB y VHC), lo que ha llevado al equipo de salud dental (odontólogos, higienistas dentales) a comenzar a poner en práctica las normas de bioseguridad y control de infección en el consultorio odontológico.De allí la importancia de hacer un revisión de los últimos conceptos que se conocen para protegernos y proteger al paciente en la práctica odontológica, aplicando las normas de control de infección que están destinadas a reducir el riesgo de transmisión de microorganismos de fuentes reconocidas o no reconocidas de infección en el consultorio odontológico vinculadas a accidentes por exposición a sangre y fluidos corporales. (AU)

Vitamina D profiláctica / Prophylactic vitamic D

La vitamina D es una hormona compleja que interviene en la homeostasis del calcio y en otras múltiples funciones en diversos órganos. El déficit de vitamina D se asocia con raquitismo y osteomalacia. En las últimas décadas, numerosos estudios muestran el resurgir del raquitismo nutricional y sugieren que la vitamina D está implicada en el mantenimiento de la inmunidad natural, en la prevención de infecciones, enfermedades autoinmunes, 15 tipos de cáncer, osteoporosis, enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus tipos 1 y 2 y enfermedades psiquiátricas. La fuente principal de vitamina D es el sol, y la dieta solo provee el 10%. La menor exposición solar de la población debida a los cambios en el estilo de vida, a los movimientos migratorios y a las campañas de salud pública, que aconsejan evitar el sol en los niños por el riesgo de cáncer de piel, ha condicionado la reaparición del déficit de vitamina D. Dada la escasez de efectos adversos de los suplementos de vitamina D en las dosis recomendadas, y hasta que no existan unas recomendaciones bien equilibradas de protección solar, parece adecuada la suplementación con vitamina D. Por ello, la Sociedad Pediátrica de Canadá, la Academia Americana de Pediatría, las recomendaciones de Australia y Nueva Zelanda y el grupo PrevInfad recomiendan una dosis de vitamina D de 400 UI/día para todos los niños durante su primer año de vida(AU)

Bioterrorismo: aspectos prácticos / Bioterrorism: practical issues

Aunque las armas biológicas han sido utilizadas desde la antigüedad, el temor y la preocupación de los gobiernos occidentales ante la posibilidad de un ataque bioterrorista ha cobrado una inusual importancia en la última década. Las principales características de un ataque biológico son: alta rentabilidad para sus fines con un bajo coste, gran repercusión socio-económica y mediática, capacidad de generar pánico entre la población y que el ajuste es relativamente fácil de producir y ocultar. Las principales formas de liberación del agente son: manifiesta, anunciada, selectiva y encubierta. Existen más de 150 agentes descritos como posibles armas biológicas que son clasificados por el CDC en tres categorías en función del riesgo epidemiológico, el impacto sobre la salud pública, el impacto sobre la economía y de la disponibilidad y facilidad de producción. En el texto se resumen las principales características epidemiológicas, diagnósticas, clínicas, terapéuticas y profilácticas de los principales agentes biológicos susceptibles de ser utilizados como arma biológica (AU)

Although biological weapons have been used since ancient times, general fear and the concerns of Western governments over the possibility of bioterrorist attacks have meant that this subject has received unparalleled attention in the past decade. The main characteristics of a biological weapons attack are high yield at low cost, extensive socioeconomic repercussions and press coverage, the potential to generate panic in the population, and ease of creating and hiding the weapon. Biological agents may be released openly, announcements or warnings may be given, they may be distributed selectively, or they may be hidden before release. The United States Center for Disease Control has described more than 150 agents as potential biological weapons, classifying them in 3 groups according to risk, impact on public health, impact on the economy, and availability or ease of manufacture. This review summarizes the epidemiologic, diagnostic, clinical, therapeutic, and prophylactic aspects of bioterrorism (AU)

Impétigo bulloso causado por Staphylococcus aureus" resistente a meticilina / Bullous impetigo caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

El impétigo es una infección cutánea superficial que ocurre sobre todo en la edad pediátrica, más frecuentemente por debajo de los 5 años de edad. SE clasifica en primario, que es el que tiene lugar sobre piel previamente sana, y secundario, que aparece en piel lesionada, principalmente tras un eccema. Existen dos tipos de impétigo: no bulloso, más frecuentemente, y bulloso. el agente causal predominante en todos los tipos de impétigo es Staphylococcus aureus. En los últimos años se ha descrito la emergencia de cepas de S. aureus resistentes a meticilina (SARM) como causantes de infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad, tanto leves como graves. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 8 años que presenta lesiones ampollosas dolorosas de una semana de evolución en la región lumbar. Se recoge cultivo de las lesiones y se identifica el crecimiento de colonias de S. aureus con resistencia a meticilina(AU)

Impetigo is a superficial skin disease that occurs in children, mainly before the age of five years. It is classified as primary if it occurs on previously healthy skin and secondary when it develops on damaged skin, usually following eczema. There are two types of impetigo: non-bullous, which is more frequent, and bullous. The predominant causative agent in both types is Staphylococcus aureus. In recent years, emergent methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) that provoke mild to severe community-acquired lesions have been described. We report the case of an eight-year-old boy with painful, bullous skin lesions on his back that had developed one week earlier. A skin culture revealed the presence of colonies of methicillin-resistant S. aureaus(AU)

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis in a patient receiving treatment with etanercept for severe rheumatoid arthritis.

Etanercept is a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and, increasingly, in a range of other diseases. We report a case of necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis, associated with a positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, causing acute renal failure in a woman receiving treatment with etanercept for severe rheumatoid arthritis. Our patient was treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide following withdrawal of etanercept, with a good clinical response. Although reports of vasculitis in patients receiving treatment with etanercept are rare, this drug has been shown to up-regulate some aspects of immune function, and the possibility that this agent may precipitate or exacerbate vasculitis in some individuals has to be considered.

Torsade de pointes secundario al uso de tioridazina / Torsade de pointes as a secondary effect to the use of thioridazine

La Torsade de Pointes (TdP) es una taquiarritmia maligna que se caracteriza por un movimiento en forma helicoidal de sus complejos QRS alrededor de su eje isoeléctrico, que puede aparecer de manera adquirida o congénita, siendo fundamental el tratamiento de la causa desencadenante. La sobredosificación y/o la asociación de diversos fármacos de uso habitual son factores determinantes que pueden inducir esta taquiarritmia. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 70 años que, tras la toma de tioridazina, sufrió una TdP (AU)