[Evolution in the knowledge on fiber]. / Evolución en el conocimiento de la fibra.

Fiber is an essential nutrient in a healthy diet, contributing to health maintenance and preventing the occurrence of different disease. The classification of fiber according to its degree of fermentation within the large bowel categorizes it into two different types, completely fermentable fiber and partially fermentable fiber. The level of fermentability of each fiber will give it characteristic properties. Besides the known effects of fiber on transit and bowel movement regulation, the recent advance on the knowledge on the metabolism of some fermentable fibers, such as inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, and galacto-oligosaccharides, has shown its prebiotic effect. Because of this fermentation, short chain fatty acids with important colonic and systemic functions are produced. Therefore, it is essential to perform a balanced diet with adequate fiber consumption.

Evolución en el conocimiento de la fibra / Evolution en el conocimiento de la fibra

La fibra es un nutriente esencial en una dieta saludable, contribuyendo al mantenimiento de la salud y previniendo la aparición de distintas enfermedades. La clasificación de la fibra en base a su grado de fermentación en el colon, la divide en dos tipos diferenciados, fibra totalmente fermentable y fibra parcialmente fermentable. El grado de fermentabilidad de cada fibra le va a conferir unas propiedades características. Además de los efectos conocidos de la fibra en la regulación del tránsito y ritmo intestinal, el avance durante los últimos años en el conocimiento del metabolismo de algunas fibras fermentables, como la inulina, los fructooligosacáridos y los galactooligosacáridos, ha puesto de manifiesto su efecto prebiótico. Como resultado de esta fermentación, se producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta con funciones importantes en el colon y a nivel sistémico. Por todo ello es esencial realizar una dieta equilibrada, con un consumo adecuado de fibras

Fiber is an essential nutrient in a healthy diet, contributing to health maintenance and preventing the occurrence of different disease. The classification of fiber according to its degree of fermentation within the large bowel categorizes it into two different types, completely fermentable fiber and partially fermentable fiber. The level of fermentability of each fiber will give it characteristic properties. Besides the known effects of fiber on transit and bowel movement regulation, the recent advance on the knowledge on the metabolism of some fermentable fibers, such as inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, and galacto- oligosaccharides, has shown its prebiotic effect. Because of this fermentation, short chain fatty acids with important colonic and systemic functions are produced. Therefore, it is essential to perform a balanced diet with adequate fiber consumption

[Avascular necrosis of both hips and knees in a patient with ulcerative colitis treated for a long term with high-dose corticosteroids]. / Necrosis avascular de ambas caderas y rodillas en una paciente con colitis ulcerosa tratada prolongadamente con corticoides a dosis altas.

INTRODUCTION: Avascular necrosis represents the bone tissue death from vascularization failure, and it is mainly associated with the use of high-dose corticosteroids for a long time. CLINICAL CASE: A 25 years old female patient treated with high-dose corticosteroids for 7 months for ulcerative colitis presents with both knees pain and limited hip and knee motility. In a plain X-ray and in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) avascular necrosis was observed at these joints. Bone densitometry showed osteopenia at the femoral head and lumbar osteoporosis. DISCUSSION: We present a striking case for its large involvement of the joints (both knees and hips) with simultaneous osteoporosis and osteopenia in a young patient treated with corticosteroids for ulcerative colitis. It is necessary to recommend the judicious use of glucocorticoids, prescribing the minimal necessary dose and for the least amount of time necessary to control the underlying disease.

Necrosis avascular de ambas caderas y rodillas en una paciente con colitis ulcerosa tratada prolongadamente con corticoides a dosis altas / Avascular necrosis of both hips and knees in a patient with ulcerative colitis treated for a long term with high-dose corticosteroids

INTRODUCCIÓN: La necrosis avascular representa la muerte del tejido óseo por fallo de su vascularización, y se asocia principalmente al uso de corticoides a dosis elevadas durante tiempo prolongado. CASO CLÍNICO: Una paciente de 25 años tratada con glucocorticoides a altas dosis durante 7 meses por colitis ulcerosa presenta dolor en ambas rodillas y movilidad limitada de caderas y rodillas. En la radiografía simple y la resonancia nuclear magnética (RNM) se observó necrosis avascular en dichas articulaciones; la densitometría ósea demostró osteopenia en cabeza femoral y osteoporosis lumbar. DISCUSIÓN: Presentamos un caso llamativo por la amplia afectación articular (ambas caderas y rodillas) con presencia simultánea de osteoporosis y osteopenia en una paciente joven tratada con corticoides por colitis ulcerosa. Es necesario recomendar el uso prudente de los glucocorticoides, prescribiendo la dosis mínima necesaria y durante el menor tiempo que sea posible para controlar la enfermedad de base (AU)

INTRODUCTION. Avascular necrosis represents the bone tissue death from vascularization failure, and it is mainly associated with the use of high-dose corticosteroids for a long time. CLINICAL CASE. A 25 years old female patient treated with high-dose corticosteroids for 7 months for ulcerative colitis presents with both knees pain and limited hip and knee motility. In a plain X-ray and in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) avascular necrosis was observed at these joints. Bone densitometry showed osteopenia at the femoral head and lumbar osteoporosis. DISCUSSION. We present a striking case for its large involvement of the joints (both knees and hips) with simultaneous osteoporosis and osteopenia in a young patient treated with corticosteroids for ulcerative colitis. It is necessary to recommend the judicious use of glucocorticoids, prescribing the minimal necessary dose and for the least amount of time necessary to control the underlying disease (AU)

[Study of energy expenditure in anorexia nervosa: agreement between indirect calorimatry and several equations]. / Estudio del gasto energético en la anorexia nerviosa: concordancia entre calorimetria indirecta y diferentes ecuaciones.

UNLABELLED: Nutritional management is essential in anorexia nervosa (AN), although nutrient replenishment must be done progressively to prevent the occurrence of re-alimentation syndrome. OBJECTIVE: to compare resting enengy expenditure (REE) by means of indirect calorimetry and by different equations in AN female patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we studied 21 women admitted for AN (DSM-IV), mean age 17 years (SD 5.9), range 12-34 years. Admission stay was 55.1 +/- 20.7 days (21-91). Initial nutritional assessment included anthropometrics (BMJ, TSF, SSE, MAC, MAMC) and tetrapolar bioimpedance (HoltainBC). Indirect calorimetry (IC) was done after overnight fasting (Deltatrac II MBM-200). In 9 patients, the same study was repeated before hospital discharge. We compared REE (Kcal/24 h) measured by IC with that obtained by several equations [Fleish, Harris- Benedict, FAO, Schofield-HW (SHW), Schebendach] through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: Nutritional status significantly improved during hospital admission. Fifty percent of the recovered weight was fat mass. REE significantly increased during admission. The equations overestimated REE as compared to IC (p < 0.05), except for the Schebendach equation that underestimated REE. The agreement between direct measurement of REE by IC and its estimation through equations was poor [Fleish (ICC = 0.21); HB (ICC = 0.21), SHW (ICC = 0.19), Schebendach (ICC = 0.15)]. Through the Bland-Altman method, we observed that there was a variable bias between IC and equations, with a clinically acceptable agreement for REW values of around 1200 Kcal/day. CONCLUSIONS: 1) In our study we obtained a poor agreement between REW values measured by indirect calorimetry and those estimated by equations. 2) Through the Bland-Altman method, we observed that all equations present a variable bias as for IC, the agreement being clinically acceptable for REE values of around 1200 Kcal/day. 3) Thus, indirect calorimetry seems to be a very useful tool to calculate the energy requirements of anorexia nervosa patients.

Estudio del gasto energético en la anorexia nerviosa: concordancia entre calorimetría indirecta y diferentes ecuaciones / Study of energy expenditure in anorexia nervosa: agreement between indirect calorimatry and several equations

El tratamiento nutricional es fundamental en la anorexia nerviosa (AN), si bien la reposición de nutrientes debe hacerse de forma progresiva para evitar la aparición del síndrome de realimentación. Objetivo: Comparar el gasto energético en reposo (GER) mediante calorimetría indirecta con el estimado con diferentes fórmulas en mujeres con AN. Material y Métodos: Estudiamos 21 mujeres ingresadas con AN (DSM-IV), edad 17 (DE 5,9) rango 12-34 años. El tiempo de ingreso fue 55,1 ± 20,7 días (21-91). La valoración nutricional inicial incluyó antropometría (IMC, PTC, PSE, CMB,CMMB) y bioimpedancia tetrapolar (HoltainBC). La calorimetría indirecta (CI) se realizó tras ayuno nocturno (Deltatrac TM II MBM-200). En 9 pacientes se repitió el mismo estudio antes del alta. Comparamos el GER (kcal/24 h) medido por CI con el obtenido por diferentes ecuaciones [Fleisch, Harris-Benedict (HB), FAO, Schofield-HW (SHW), Schebendach] mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) y el método de Bland y Altman. Resultados: El estado nutricional mejoró significativamente durante la hopitalización. El 50% del peso recuperado fue masa grasa. El GER aumentó significativamente durante el ingreso. Las fórmulas sobrestimaron el GER respecto al obtenido por CI (p < 0,05), con excepción de la ecuación de Schebendach que infravaloró el GER. La concordancia entre la medida directa del GER por CI y su estimación por las fórmulas fue mala [Fleish (CCI = 0,21), HB (CCI = 0,21), FAO (CCI = 0,21), SHW (CCI = 0,19), Schebendach (CCI = 0,15)]. Mediante el método de Bland y Altman observamos que existía un sesgo variable entre la medida de la CI y las fórmulas, existiendo una concordancia clínicamente aceptable para valores de GER de aproximadamente 1.200 kcal/día. Conclusiones: 1) En nuestro estudio obtuvimos una baja concordancia entre los valores de GER medidos por calorimetría indirecta y los estimados por las fórmulas. 2) Mediante el método de Bland y Altman observamos que todas las fórmulas presentan un sesgo variable respecto a la CI, siendo la concordancia clínicamente aceptable para valores de GER alrededor de 1200 kcal/día. 3) Por tanto, la calorimetría indirecta parece una herramienta muy útil en el cálculo de los requerimientos energéticos de las pacientes con Anorexia Nerviosa (AU)

Nutritional management is essential in anorexia nervosa (AN), although nutrient replenishment must be done progressively to prevent the occurrence of re-alimentation syndrome. Objective: to compare resting energy expenditure (REE) by means of indirect calorimetry and by different equations in AN female patients. Material and methods: we studied 21 women admitted for AN (DSM-IV), mean age 17 years (SD 5.9), range 12-34 years. Admission stay was 55.1 ± 20.7 days (21-91). Initial nutritional assessment included anthropometrics (BMJ, TSF, SSE, MAC, MAMC) and tetrapolar bioimpedance (HoltainBC). Indirect calorimetry (IC) was done after overnight fasting (DeltatracTM II MBM-200). In 9 patients, the same study was repeated before hospital discharge. We compared REE (Kcal/24 h) measured by IC with that obtained by several equations [Fleish, Harris- Benedict, FAO, Schofield-HW (SHW), Schebendach] through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman method. Results: Nutritional status significantly improved during hospital admission. Fifty percent of the recovered weight was fat mass. REE significantly increased during admission. The equations overestimated REE as compared to IC (p < 0.05), except for the Schebendach equation that underestimated REE. The agreement between direct measurement of REE by IC and its estimation through equations was poor [Fleish (ICC = 0.21); HB (ICC = 0.21), SHW (ICC = 0.19), Schebendach (ICC = 0.15)]. Through the Bland-Altman method, we observed that there was a variable bias between IC and equations, with a clinically acceptable agreement for REW values of around 1200 Kcal/day. Conclusions: 1) In our study we obtained a poor agreement between REW values measured by indirect calorimetry and those estimated by equations. 2) Through the Bland-Altman method, we observed that all equations present a variable bias as for IC, the agreement being clinically acceptable for REE values of around 1200 Kcal/day. 3) Thus, indirect calorimetry seems to be a very useful tool to calculate the energy requirements of anorexia nervosa patients (AU)