Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping review of the literature.

Hispanics are the largest minority group in the USA. They contribute to the economy, cultural diversity, and health of the nation. Assessing their health status and health needs is key to inform health policy formulation and program implementation. To this end, we conducted a scoping review of the literature and national statistics on Hispanic health in the USA using a modified social-ecological framework that includes social determinants of health, health disparities, risk factors, and health services, as they shape the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. These social, environmental, and biological forces have modified the epidemiologic profile of Hispanics in the USA, with cancer being the leading cause of mortality, followed by cardiovascular diseases and unintentional injuries. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has resulted in improved access to health services for Hispanics, but challenges remain due to limited cultural sensitivity, health literacy, and a shortage of Hispanic health care providers. Acculturation barriers and underinsured or uninsured status remain as major obstacles to health care access. Advantageous health outcomes from the "Hispanic Mortality Paradox" and the "Latina Birth Outcomes Paradox" persist, but health gains may be offset in the future by increasing rates of obesity and diabetes. Recommendations focus on the adoption of the Health in All Policies framework, expanding access to health care, developing cultural sensitivity in the health care workforce, and generating and disseminating research findings on Hispanic health.

Self-collection of vaginal specimens for human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer prevention (MARCH): a community-based randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing could increase rates of screening participation. In clinic-based settings, vaginal HPV testing is at least as sensitive as cytology for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 or worse; however, effectiveness in home settings is unknown. We aimed to establish the relative sensitivity and positive predictive value for HPV screening of vaginal samples self-collected at home as compared with clinic-based cervical cytology. METHODS: We did a community-based, randomised equivalence trial in Mexican women of low socioeconomic status aged 25-65 years. Participants came from 540 medically underserved, predominantly rural communities in Morelos, Guerrero, and the state of Mexico. Our primary endpoint was CIN 2 or worse, detected by colposcopy. We used a computer-generated randomisation sequence to randomly allocate patients to HPV screening or cervical cytology. Eight community nurses who were masked to patient allocation received daily lists of the women's names and addresses, and did the assigned home visits. We referred women with positive results in either test to colposcopy. We did per-protocol and intention-to-screen analyses. This trial was registered with the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico, INSP number 590. FINDINGS: 12,330 women were randomly allocated to HPV screening and 12,731 to cervical cytology; 9202 women in the HPV screening group adhered to the protocol, as did 11,054 in the cervical cytology group. HPV prevalence was 9·8% (95% CI 9·1-10·4) and abnormal cytology rate was 0·38% (0·23-0·45). HPV testing identified 117·4 women with CIN 2 or worse per 10,000 (95·2-139·5) compared with 34·4 women with CIN 2 or worse per 10,000 (23·4-45·3) identified by cytology; the relative sensitivity of HPV testing was 3·4 times greater (2·4-4·9). Similarly, HPV testing detected 4·2 times (1·9-9·2) more invasive cancers than did cytology (30·4 per 10,000 [19·1-41·7] vs 7·2 per 10,000 [2·2-12·3]). The positive predictive value of HPV testing for CIN 2 or worse was 12·2% (9·9-14·5) compared with 90·5% (61·7-100) for cytology. INTERPRETATION: Despite the much lower positive predictive value for HPV testing of self-collected vaginal specimens compared with cytology, such testing might be preferred for detecting CIN 2 or worse in low-resource settings where restricted infrastructure reduces the effectiveness of cytology screening programmes. Because women at these sites will be screened only a few times in their lives, the high sensitivity of a HPV screen is of paramount importance. FUNDING: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, the Health Ministry of Mexico, QiAGEN Corp.

Association of Gly972Arg polymorphism of IRS1 gene with type 2 diabetes mellitus in lean participants of a national health survey in Mexico: a candidate gene study.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a main public health problem in the Mexican population. It is characterized by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and a relative deficiency in the pancreatic beta-cell functions. Diverse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IRS1 gene have been associated with insulin resistance and T2D risk. The aim of this study was to identify the association between known IRS1 polymorphisms (Pro512Ala, Asn1137Asp, Gly972Arg, and Arg158Pro) in a sample of diabetic patients compared with healthy controls selected from Mexico's 2000 National Health Survey, both with normal body mass index (BMI). We identified 444 diabetes cases that were age matched with the same number of controls. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were evaluated, and conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the SNPs and diabetes risk. Of the 4 SNPs studied, only Gly972Arg showed significant differences between cases and controls, with allele frequency of 2.6% in controls as compared with 7.9% in cases. Subjects with at least 1 copy of the Gly972Arg polymorphism of the IRS1 gene showed a greater risk for diabetes, with a crude odds ratio of 3.26 (95% confidence interval, 2.00-5.33); after adjusting for BMI, age, family history of T2D, and sex, the odds ratio was 2.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.73-4.90). Our results suggest the participation of Gly972Arg polymorphism of IRS1 in the genetic susceptibility to TD2 in Mexican population. The restriction of including only participants with normal BMI might increase the power to detect genetic determinants of T2D.

[Screening and follow-up for cervical cancer prevention in rural Mexico using visual inspection]. / Detección y seguimiento con inspección visual del cérvix para la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino en las zonas rurales de México.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the standard cervical cancer screening procedure--the Papanicolaou test or Pap smear--with detection through visual inspection using acetic acid (VIA), and visual inspection with acetic acid assisted by Aviscope (VIAM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted between October 1998 and December 2000, in two Mixteca regions in Oaxaca, Mexico. A field trial design was used to randomize the two regions to either of the two inspection methods. In one region 2,240 women received VIA; in the other, 2,542 women received VIAM. Women positive to visual inspection and a subsample of women with negative results were referred for colposcopy and, if necessary, cervical biopsy. Statistical data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and comparison of groups using chi-squared tests. Diagnostic values were obtained for VIA and VIAM, using as gold standards colposcopy and biopsy. RESULTS: VIAM identified a higher proportion of women with a cervical abnormality (16.3%) than VIA (3.4%), as well as normal women (58.5% vs. 53.8%).VIA identified a higher proportion of women with benign changes (41.2%) than VIAM (19.6%).VIAM had a greater sensitivity (p>0.05) but lower specificity (p<0.05) than VIA, using as gold standards colposcopy and biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The two study groups were comparable for age, parity and cytological results; however, visual inspection results were different between the groups: VIAM identified more lesions confirmed by biopsy. The diagnostic utility of VIAM and VIA was lower than expected. Training of clinical personnel in visual inspection is critical to improve the effectiveness of these screening methods.

Detección y seguimiento con inspección visual del cérvix para la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino en las zonas rurales de México / Screening and follow-up for cervical cancer prevention in rural Mexico using visual inspection

OBJETIVO: Se comparan los nuevos métodos de detección de lesiones preneoplásicas del cérvix-inspección visual con ácido acético (IVAA) e inspección visual con ácido acético y magnificación (IVAM) con el aparato AviScopeMR- y el método tradicional de detección por citología. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El estudio se llevó a cabo entre octubre de 1998 y diciembre de 2000, en dos zonas de la región de La Mixteca, en Oaxaca, México. El diseño de estudio fue de tipo ensayo comunitario. El IVAA correspondió a un brazo del estudio y el IVAM a otro; ambos métodos de detección se practicaron en mujeres que tenían entre 20 y 65 años de edad. Se incluyeron 2 240 mujeres en el brazo IVAA y 2 542 en el brazo IVAM. Las mujeres en las que la inspección visual dio un resultado positivo y una submuestra de las mujeres con resultado negativo, fueron referidas a colposcopía y, en caso de ser necesario, a biopsia de tejido cervicouterino. El análisis estadístico se presenta descriptivamente y los grupos se compararon con la prueba de Ji-cuadrada. Se presentan además los resultados de los valores diagnósticos de IVAA e IVAM, comparados con el diagnóstico por colposcopía y biopsia. RESULTADOS: El método IVAM detectó un mayor porcentaje de mujeres identificadas con alguna anomalía (16.3 por ciento) que el IVAA (3.4 por ciento), así como de mujeres normales (58.5 por ciento vs. 53.8 por ciento, respectivamente). Por otra parte, el método IVAA identificó a más mujeres con cambios benignos (41.2 por ciento) que el IVAM (19.6 por ciento). Este último tuvo una mayor sensibilidad (p>0.05) y una menor especificidad (p<0.05) que IVAA, usando como estándar de oro la colposcopía y la biopsia. CONCLUSIONES: Ambas poblaciones de estudio presentaron características similares en cuanto a edad, paridad y resultados citológicos; sin embargo, los hallazgos a partir de la inspección visual fueron muy distintos entre los dos grupos; el grupo IVAM identificó más lesiones confirmadas por biopsia. La utilidad diagnóstica de IVAM e IVAA fue menor que la esperada. La capacitación práctica del personal clínico en inspección visual es crítica para la efectividad de este método.

[Onset of alcohol and tobacco use and transition to other drug use among students from Morelos, Mexico]. / Inicio en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y transición a otras drogas en estudiantes de Morelos, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cumulative probability of occurrence of first use of alcohol and tobacco, and the risk of transition to illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, and heroine, among others), in adolescents and young adults, in Morelos State, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted during schoolyear 1998-1999, among 13 293 students aged 11-24 years, selected from public schools by probabilistic multistage sampling. Data were collected on sociodemographic, health status, and substance abuse variables, using a validated self-applied questionnaire. Data were restructured to assemble a synthetic cohort for discrete time survival analysis. Associations were assessed with hazard rates and 95% confidence intervals obtained by means of multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS: Sixty percent of males started drinking alcohol at 17 years of age, and smoking tobacco at 18 years of age, on average. Women started using alcohol and tobacco one year after men. Utilization of illicit drugs occurred at 19 years of age on average in 5% of women and 13% of men. Nine out of every 100 illicit drug users started directly using illicit drugs without previous use of alcohol and/or tobacco. In general, alcohol or tobacco users were at greater risk of starting drug use than nonusers (RR=6.72; 95 % confidence interval [CI]=4.13-10.93). CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that interventions to decrease drug abuse should go together with efforts to delay initiation of alcohol and tobacco use. The innovative method used in this study yields epidemiologic evidence relating early use of alcohol and tobacco with initiation of illegal drugs in Mexican students.

Determinants of Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in Mexican adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common human infections and is considered to play an etiologic role in several gastroduodenal diseases. In this study we determined the H. pylori seroprevalence among adolescents in Morelos, Mexico, and explored the association between seroprevalence and socioeconomic, dietary and lifestyle variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 5861 Mexican subjects aged 11-21 years. H. pylori infection was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay previously validated in Mexico. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic factors, housing, living conditions and food consumption. Multivariate logistic regression methods were used to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The overall H. pylori seroprevalence was 47.6%; 40.6% in preadolescents (11-14 years), 48.6% in adolescents (15-17 years), and 59.8% in young adults (18-24 years). A positive association was found between age and H. pylori seroprevalence. Inverse associations were found for availability of drinking water, sewerage, and home appliances at the time of the subject's birth, a proxy variable of socioeconomic status. Intake of milk products and total fats was positively associated with infection. CONCLUSIONS: This large seroprevalence study showed that H. pylori infection is frequent among adolescents in Mexico. An early acquisition of infection is indirectly suggested. Some variables denoting low socioeconomic status were inversely associated with H. pylori seroprevalence. Associations with intake of milk products and total fats suggest new hypotheses in this field of research.

Inicio en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco y transición a otras drogas en estudiantes de Morelos, México / Onset of alcohol and tobacco use and transition to other drug use among students from Morelos, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Estimar la probabilidad acumulada de ocurrencia del primer uso de alcohol y tabaco, y el riesgo de transitar hacia el uso inicial de otras sustancias (marihuana, cocaína y heroína, entre otras) en estudiantes adolescentes y adultos jóvenes de Morelos, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en el ciclo escolar 1998-1999, en el estado de Morelos, en una muestra probabilística de estudiantes de entre 11 a 24 años de edad (n=13 293) a quienes se distribuyó un cuestionario auto-aplicable validado. Los datos se restructuraron para construir una cohorte sintética que se estudió con métodos de sobrevida y unidades discretas de tiempo. Se obtuvieron riesgos relativos y sus intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento, con modelos multivariados de regresión de Cox. RESULTADOS: Sesenta por ciento de los varones iniciaron el uso de alcohol en promedio a los 17 y el uso de tabaco a los 18 años de edad. Las mujeres iniciaron el uso de alcohol y tabaco un año después que los hombres. El uso de otras drogas ocurrió a los 19 años de edad en promedio en 5 por ciento de las mujeres y 13 por ciento de los varones. Nueve de cada 100 estudiantes que consumieron drogas ilegales iniciaron directamente sin antes haber usado alcohol ni tabaco. En general, los estudiantes usuarios de alcohol o tabaco, o ambos, presentaron mayor riesgo de iniciar el uso de otras drogas que los no usuarios (RR=6.72; IC 95 por ciento=4.13-10.93). CONCLUSIONES: Son claras las implicaciones potenciales del presente estudio al considerar que, junto con intervenciones encaminadas a disminuir el consumo de drogas, resulta igualmente importante retardar la edad de inicio de alcohol y tabaco por sexo, ya que mediante un nuevo enfoque brinda evidencia epidemiológica que relaciona el uso de estas sustancias con el uso posterior de otras drogas en estudiantes mexicanos.