Within-subject Variation of Thermoregulatory Responses during Repeated Exercise Bouts.

AIM: To assess the within-subject variation of thermoregulatory responses during 2 consecutive 15-km road races. Secondly, we explored whether gastrointestinal temperature (TGI) data from the first race could improve our previously established predictive model for finish TGI in the second race. METHODS: We measured TGI before and immediately after both races in 58 participants and determined correlation coefficients. Finish TGI in the second race was predicted using a linear regression analysis including age, BMI, pre-race fluid intake, TGI increase between baseline and the start of the race and finish TGI in the first race. RESULTS: Under cool conditions (WBGT 11-12°C), TGI was comparable between both races at baseline (37.6±0.4°C vs. 37.9±0.4°C; p=0.24) and finish (39.4±0.6°C vs. 39.4±0.6°C; p=0.83). Finish TGI correlated significantly between both races (r=0.50; p<0.001). The predictive model (p<0.001) could predict 32.2% of the finish TGI in the second race (vs. 17.1% without finish TGI in race 1). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that the use of previously obtained thermoregulatory responses results in higher predictability of finish core body temperatures in future races, enabling better risk assessment for those athletes that are most likely to benefit from preventive measures.

Cooling during exercise in temperate conditions: impact on performance and thermoregulation.

Exercise-induced increase in core body temperature may lead to the development of hyperthermia (>40.0°C) and/or decreased performance levels. This study examined the effects of wearing a cooling vest during a 5-km time trial on thermoregulatory responses and performance. 10 male masters athletes (42±10 years) performed a 5-km time trial on a motorized treadmill in a climate chamber (25°C, 55% relative humidity) with and without a cooling vest. Split times, heart rate, core-, skin- and cooling vest temperature were measured every 500 m. Subjects also rated thermal comfort and level of perceived exertion. The cooling vest significantly decreased heart rate (p<0.05), decreased skin temperature (p<0.001) and improved thermal comfort (p<0.005) during the time trial. Time to finish the 5-km time trial and pacing strategy did not differ between the control (1 246±96 s) and cooling vest condition (1 254±98 s, p=0.85). Additionally, thermoregulatory responses, maximum core body temperature and level of perceived exertion were not different across conditions (p=0.85, p=0.49, p=0.11, respectively). In conclusion, we demonstrated that wearing a cooling vest during exercise improves thermal comfort but does not enhance performance or decrease core body temperature in male masters athletes under temperate ambient conditions.

Thermoregulatory responses in wheelchair tennis players: a pilot study.

STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational study. OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord-injured (SCI) individuals are thermoregulatory compromised because of an inability to vasodilate and sweat below the injury, increasing the risk, proportional to the injury level, for marked core body temperature (CBT) rises. We compared thermoregulatory responses between wheelchair tennis players with and without a SCI. SETTING: British Open 2013, Nottingham, UK. METHODS: A total of 8 (3 SCI and 5 non-SCI) wheelchair tennis players played a 45-min match while we continuously measured CBT, 8-point skin temperature (Mean-Tsk) and exercise intensity (metabolic equivalent units (METs)). Thermal sensation and perceived exertion were measured before and after each set. Video-assisted logging of each serve, stroke and point duration was used to determine match intensity. No statistics were performed for CBT because of small sample sizes. RESULTS: Wet Bulb Globe Temperature varied between 18 and 20 °C. CBT increased stronger in the SCI players (+0.6±0.1 °C; n=2) compared with the non-SCI players (+0.3±0.1 °C; n=4), whereas Mean-Tsk was similar between groups (P=0.29). No Tsk differences were observed above (>T6) or below (< or =T6) the lesion level. Thermal sensation, perceived exertion, exercise and match intensity were similar between groups (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this small, descriptive study, CBT increased slightly more in the SCI wheelchair tennis players compared with non-SCI players during a 45-min match in moderate environmental conditions. Further research to investigate whether SCI players are more prone to heat illness is warranted.

The impact of obesity on physiological responses during prolonged exercise.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise training is routinely prescribed to subjects with obesity. In the general population, this type of exercise can lead to fluid and sodium imbalance. However, little is known whether obesity alters the risk of fluid and sodium imbalances. OBJECTIVE: This study examined physiological responses, such as core body temperature, fluid and sodium balance, in lean (BMI<25), overweight (2530) subjects during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise. SUBJECTS: A total of 93 volunteers (24-80 years), stratified for BMI, participated in the Nijmegen Marches and walked 30-50 km at a self-selected pace. Heart rate and core body temperature were recorded every 5 km. Subjects reported fluid intake, while urine output was measured and sweat rate was calculated. Baseline and post-exercise plasma sodium levels were determined, and urinary specific gravity levels were assessed before and after exercise. RESULTS: BMI groups did not differ in training status preceding the experiment. Exercise duration (8 h 41 ± 1 h 36 min) and intensity (72 ± 9% HR(max)) were comparable across groups, whereas obese subjects tended to have a higher maximum core body temperature than lean controls (P=0.06). Obese subjects demonstrated a significantly higher fluid intake (P<0.001) and sweat rate (P<0.001), but lower urine output (P<0.05) compared with lean subjects. In addition, higher urine specific gravity levels were observed in obese versus lean subjects after exercise (P<0.05). Furthermore, plasma-sodium concentration did not change in lean subjects after exercise, whereas plasma-sodium levels increased significantly (P<0.001) in overweight and obese subjects. Also, overweight and obese subjects demonstrated a significantly larger decrease in body mass after exercise than lean controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Obese subjects demonstrate a larger deviation in markers of fluid and sodium balance than their lean counterparts during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise. These findings suggest that overweight and obese subjects, especially under strenuous environmental conditions, have an increased risk to develop fluid and sodium imbalances.