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Introduction Cancer stem cell markers are now being tried in various cancers as prognostic markers including GI cancer but these kinds of studies are sparse in Indian population. Materials and Methods This study conducted over a period 50 months. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were screened for grading of the tumor, extent of invasion of tumor, confirmation of metastasis, and staging was done. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44 was graded on the basis of percentage of tumor cells positive for staining. Statistical analysis was done and results were tabulated. Results : A total of 40 cases of GI cancer were studied. Ascending colon (37.5%) was the common site involved, 37 cases (92.5%) showed invasion beyond the muscularis externa. Most tumors were poorly differentiated (37.5%). Also, 50% of lymph nodes showed tumor deposits. The majority of the cases were in stage II (40%). There was a significant correlation between histopathological type of differentiation with lymph node metastasis and staging of tumor, lymph node metastasis also had significant association with staging. Grade 2, CD 44 expression was most common followed by Grade 3. Significant association was observed between histopathological differentiations of tumor with CD44 expression. Tumors that are invading beyond muscularis externa and lymph node-positive cases showed moderate to high CD44 expression. Conclusion CD44 expression was significantly noted in poorly differentiated tumors. Increased expression was also noted in cases of tumors invading beyond muscularis externa and lymph node metastasis. Combination of CSC markers will increase the sensitivity and specificity and predict better overall survival in GI tumors.
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Introduction Mucinous carcinoma (MC) is a rare form of breast cancer. It accounts for 1 to 7% of the cases and characterized by the presence of extracellular mucin (ECM). Depending on the amount of mucin, it is classified into pure mucinous carcinoma (> 90%, PMC) and mixed mucinous carcinoma (MMC; < 90%). In comparison to most common subtypes, MC is having better prognosis. There exist clinicopathological differences among PMC and MMC and also MC and IDC-NOS. Materials and Methods MCs diagnosed between January 2012 and December 2017 were included. Fine needle aspiration cytology smears were screened for cellularity, ECM, nuclear pleomorphism, signet ring cells (SRC), mucinophages, and myxovascular fragments (MVF). Histopathology slides were screened to confirm the diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry slides were graded as per the standard protocol. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software. Results In the present study, MC constituted 3.3%. The mean age of the patients was 50.9 years. ECM, mucinophages, and SRC were the key diagnostic cytological features. The PMC and MMC were clinicopathologically distinct with respect to gross findings and lymph node status. MMCs were highly proliferative. The mean duration of follow-up was 24.5 months. Complications were more common in MMC than PMC. Lymph node involvement is the key prognostic factor and it is independent of other prognostic factors like age, size, and hormonal receptor status. Conclusion PMC are rare subtype of breast cancer. The diagnostic cytological features are ECM, MVF, and SRC. MMC and PMC are clinicopathologically and genetically distinct.
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Diprosopus is a rare congenital anomaly, characterized by partial or complete duplication of the craniofacial structure. It constitutes 0.4% of all congenital anomalies. Complete duplications are invariably associated with systemic anomalies. Here, we present such a case of diprosopus with complete duplication of face in a 24-week-old male fetus, associated with anencephaly and spinal rachischisis. Proposed theory of embryogenesis and associated anomalies are also discussed.
