Histopathological significance of necrosis in oral lesions: A review.

Necrosis is a localized area of tissue death followed by degradation of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes released from the dead cells, resulting in swelling of organelles, rupture of the plasma membrane, eventual cell lysis, and leakage of intracellular contents into the surrounding tissue. It is always accompanied by an inflammatory reaction. Necrosis is caused by various factors such as hypoxia, physical factors, chemical agents, immunological agents, and microbial agents. Still now, there is no literature review regarding the necrotic lesions of the oral cavity. In this paper, the oral lesions associated with necrosis are categorized under the headings such as odontogenic cysts, odontogenic tumors, salivary gland pathology, and epithelial malignancies. In addition, the histopathological significance of necrosis in oral lesions has been discussed. By suggesting that spotting necrosis in the histopathology aids in determining the diagnosis, tumor behavior, and prognosis of oral lesions.

Clinicopathological Correlation of Pulp Stones and Its Association with Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia: An Hospital-based Prevalence Study.

INTRODUCTION: Pulp stones are the discrete calcification, located in pulp tissue or attached to or embedded in dentin. It occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. The exact etiopathogenesis of various types of pulp calcifications is unknown and the prevalence varies from 8% to 90%. The histopathological identification of pulp stones is higher than the radiological identification. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate and correlate the clinical parameters and histopathological analysis of pulp stone with systemic hypertension and hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy patients were selected for the study and a detailed case history was recorded. The radiological investigations were noted down and extirpated pulp tissues were sent for processing. The results were analyzed statistically using Chi-square test. RESULTS: Out of 70 patients studied, pulp stones were observed radiologically in 14 patients and histopathologically in 30 patients. The presence of irregular and nonlaminated type of pulp stones histopathologically was significantly correlated with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION: The patients with the histopathological presence of nonlaminated and irregular-shaped pulp should be evaluated for lipid profile and hypertension.

A combined approach of 16S rRNA and a functional marker gene, soxB to reveal the diversity of sulphur-oxidising bacteria in thermal springs.

With the advent of new molecular tools, new taxa of sulphur-oxidising bacteria (SOB) in diverse environments are being discovered. However, there is a significant gap of knowledge about the ecology and diversity of SOB in thermal springs. Here, the species diversity and phylogenetic affiliations of SOB were investigated using 16S rRNA and functional gene marker, soxB in thermal springs of Thane district of Maharashtra, India. Most SOB detected by 16S rDNA sequences belong to different operational taxonomic units (OTU's): Firmicutes, α-, ß-, γ-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria with the dominance of first class. However, the soxB gene clone library sequences had shown affiliation with the ß-, γ- and α-Proteobacteria. ß-Proteobacteria-related sequences were dominant, with 53.3% clones belonging to genus Hydrogenophaga. The thiosulphate oxidation assay carried out for different isolates having distinct identity showed the mean sulphate-sulphur production from 117.86 ± 0.50 to 218.82 ± 2.56 mg SO4-S l-1 after 9 days of incubation. Also, sulphur oxidation by the genus Nitratireductor, Caldimonas, Geobacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Tristrella and Chelatococcus has been reported for the first time that reveals ecological widening over which thiotrophs are distributed.

Bimonthly variability of persistent organochlorines in plastic pellets from four beaches in Mumbai coast, India.

Organochlorines (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analysed in plastic pellets collected from four beaches of Mumbai coast bimonthly from May 2011 to March 2012. A total of 72 pools of pellets were extracted and analysed by gas chromatograph equipped with a Ni(63) electron capture detector (ECD). The median concentrations of seven ΣPCBs and 16 ΣOCPs were 37.08 and 104.90 ng g(-1) (n = 72), respectively. PCB-28 was recorded at the highest concentration with a mean of 17.58 ± 2.77 ng g(-1) among the seven PCBs studied, followed by PCB-52 and PCB-101. Bimonthly variation was significant for ΣPCBs. The ΣPCB concentration in November was at par with that of September and was significantly higher than those of the other months (p < 0.05) with an increasing trend during the monsoon period. Among the OCPs, γ-HCH recorded the highest concentration with a mean of 33.88 ± 5.97 ng g(-1) followed by heptachlor and α-HCH. The ΣOCPs and ΣHCHs are not significantly varied among the months and sites. However, significant variation was observed for ΣDDTs among the months and sites (p < 0.05). The significantly higher concentration of ΣDDT (46.55 ± 12.23 ng g(-1)) was found in January than in the other months while it was intermediate in November. The study confirmed that plastic pellets are a trap for various cyclodine compounds in addition to PCB, HCH and DDT. Further, pellets can be used to study the temporal variability for a range of organic micropollutants.

Sources, distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mangrove sediments of Thane Creek, Maharashtra, India.

The sources, distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the mangrove sediments of Trombay and Vashi, along the Thane Creek, Maharashtra, India, for a period of 6 months. The results showed that the concentration of Æ©15 PAHs ranged from 902.58 to 1643.60 and from 930.69 to 1158.30 ng g(-1) in Trombay and Vashi, respectively. Trombay showed significantly higher PAH concentration (p < 0.05) than Vashi. The four carcinogenic PAHs, (benzo(b)fluorathene, benzo(k)fluorathene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene) accounted for maximum concentration of the total PAHs. Specific PAH diagnostic indices and the molecular index indicated the presence of both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources with the predominance of pyrolytic origin. A positive correlation (r = 0.736, p < 0.05) existed between the benzo(k)fluorathene level and total PAHs, suggesting the use of this compound as a potential molecular marker for PAH pollution in mangrove sediment. Assessments of potential environmental risks associated with PAHs in this study revealed that the sediment was moderately polluted with high molecular weight PAHs. The study reports the baseline data that can be used for regular monitoring of contamination level considering the heavy industrialization and urbanization along the creek and its coastal region.

Spatial and temporal variability of metals in inter-tidal beach sediment of Mumbai, India.

Nine metals were monitored in the beach sediment in Mumbai from May 2011 to March 2012 to evaluate the spatial and temporal distributions. The average heavy metal concentrations exhibited the following order: Fe > Mn > Cr > Co > Ni > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd for the four sampling sites. The mean concentrations (± SD) of Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were estimated to be 31.15 ± 10.02 g kg(-1), 535.04 ± 76.42, 151.98 ± 97.90, 92.76 ± 14.18, 67.52 ± 11.32, 59.57 ± 15.19, 54.65 ± 15.01, 32.24 ± 8.07 and 18.75 ± 1.76 mg kg(-1), respectively. The results indicated that the sediments were polluted with Cd, Cr, Co and Pb due to high anthropogenic influences. Spatial variation of metals revealed that most of the metals were high in Dadar beach and low in Aksa beach. Cd was the highest contaminant metal studied with a mean contamination factor of 93.75. The pollution load indices of the studied beaches ranged from 1.63 (Aksa) to 1.91 (Dadar) and indicated that the beach sediments were polluted with heavy metals. The heavy metal contents increased in relation to monsoon, and most of the heavy metals showed significantly high concentrations in November during the post-monsoon. The statistical analysis revealed significant effect of study site on all the metals studied. Further, there was a significant difference on metal accumulation on bimonthly basis in relation to weather pattern in Mumbai beaches.

Quantitative analysis of plastic debris on recreational beaches in Mumbai, India.

Plastic litter was quantified on four sandy beaches in Mumbai. The mean abundance of 7.49 g and 68.83 items per square metre was recorded. The abundance of plastics significantly varied among the beaches showing an increasing trend in the southern part. The abundance of plastics by weight in Dadar was significantly higher than that in Aksa. The size fractionation of plastics proved that small particles (1-20 mm) are predominant with 41.85% microplastics (1-5 mm) which emphasizes the high risk to marine organisms due to possible ingestion. The highest quantity of microplastics was seen in Juhu beach (55.33%) followed by Versova, Aksa and Dadar. The major contributing factors for the abundance are beach usage for different activities such as recreational, religious and fishing which suggest that the land-based sources provide major inputs to plastic pollution in these beaches.

Plastic litter accumulation on high-water strandline of urban beaches in Mumbai, India.

Today, almost every beach on every coastline is threatened by human activities. The inadequate recycling and poor management of waste in developing countries has resulted in considerable quantities of plastic contaminating beaches. Though India has long coastline of 5,420 km along the mainland with 43 % of sandy beaches, data on litter accumulation, particularly the plastics, which are one of the most common and persistent pollutants in marine environment, are scanty. The abundance and distribution of plastic litter was quantitatively assessed in four sandy beaches in Mumbai, India, bimonthly from May 2011 to March 2012. Triplicates of 2 × 2 m (4 m(2)) quadrats were sampled in each beach with a total of 72 quadrats. Overall, average abundance of 11.6 items m(-2) (0.25-282.5 items m(-2)) and 3.24 g m(-2) (0.27-15.53 g m(-2)) plastic litter was recorded in Mumbai beaches. Plastic litter accumulation significantly varied temporally and spatially at p = 0.05. Significantly higher plastic litter accumulation was recorded in Juhu beach. Furthermore, the highest abundance by weight was recorded in November and May numerically. More than 80 % of plastic particles were within the size range of 5-100 mm both by number and weight. Moreover, coloured plastics were predominant with 67 % by number of items and 51 % by weight. Probably, the intense use of beaches for recreation, tourism, and religious activities has increased the potential for plastic contamination in urban beaches in Mumbai.