Influence of Initial Root Canal Treatment on Intratubular Penetrability and Bond Strength of Nonsurgical Retreatment: An InVitro Study.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the effect of combinations of two different endodontic sealers used in initial and endodontic retreatment on the bond strength of the secondary obturation and the penetrability of the sealers. METHODS: Forty-eight mandibular premolars were used, receiving standardized endodontic access and biomechanical preparation. Twenty-four teeth received AH Plus sealer (AHP) in primary obturation and the others received Bio-C Sealer (BCS). Retreatment protocol was performed with an R50 instrument. The samples were further subdivided into four groups (n = 12) based on the combination of primary/secondary obturation sealers: AHP/AHP; AHP/BCS; BCS/AHP; and BCS/BCS. Four samples from each subgroup received the addition of fluorophores to the sealer for penetrability analysis using laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. The root portion on the 8 push-out samples was sectioned into 6 slices of 1.0 mm. Bond strength (BS) was assessed using a universal testing machine until displacement of the filling mass. Failure pattern was evaluated under a stereomicroscope (20× magnification). BS data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test (P < .05), and the association between the failure pattern and BS value was assessed using the chi-square test (P < .05). Penetrability was qualitatively evaluated. RESULTS: The highest BS values were observed in the AHP/AHP (4.54 ± 1.5 MPa) and BCS/AHP (5.00 ± 1.0 MPa) groups (P < .05), with a higher percentage of adhesive failures to the filling material for all groups. Laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy images indicated greater penetrability of AHP compared to BCS, both in initial treatment and retreatment. CONCLUSION: AHP sealer exhibited higher BS and greater penetrability compared to BCS sealer.

The Outside-In Technique for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: A Safe and Reproducible Approach in Hip Arthroscopy.

Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome caused by slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) can be successfully treated arthroscopically and with the minimally invasive, outside-in surgical technique. The advantages of the technique are that the residual cam-type deformity caused by the slippage can be corrected and reconstructed reliably and reproducibly before distracting the hip joint; and radiation with fluoroscopy is used for only definitive reduction and reconstruction, which is obtained with cannulated screws. In addition, this safe technique allows distraction of the hip after screw placement, without affecting the reconstruction, to address labral tears and chondrolabral delaminations caused by the impingement.

Contaminacion de las aguas subterraneas: un enfoque ejecutivo de la situacion en America Latina y el Caribe en relacion con el suministro de agua potable / Underground water pollution: an executive focus of Latin American and Caribbean situation related with drinking water supply

Las aguas subterraneas cumplen un rol importante, y en numerosos casos vital, para el suministro de agua potable de muchas areas urbanas y rurales de la Region de America Latina y el Caribe. Sin embargo, profesionales poco informados tienden a ver el flujo de aguas subterraneas como algo que se asemeja a lo mistico o metafisico. Por lo tanto existe dificultad acerca de la percepcion de la contaminacion de aguas subterraneas y una ignorancia o complacencia sobre los riesgos de contaminacion, incluso entre administradores de recursos de agua y suelos. Por lo tanto no se ha presentado mucha atencion a la prevencion de la contaminacion de estas mismas fuentes de agua subterranea, y aun menos a la proteccion de los acuiferos en su conjunto. El presente informe enfoca la atencion sobre los riesgos de contaminacion de las aguas subterraneas en America Latina y el caribe. En algunas areas, principalmente dentro o en los alrededores de los grandes centros urbanos, se ha producido ya la contaminacion, creando riesgos para la salud publica o causando el abandono de las fuentes de abastecimiento de aguas subterraneas con la consiguiente perdida de inversion financiera y de recursos naturales. Las actividades que tienen el mayor impacto sobre la calidad del agua subterranea son: urbanizacion con densidad elevada con saneaminto sin alcantarillado, inadecuada disposicon de efluentes liquidos industriales y cambios en las practicas de cultivo agricola. Su impacto se ilustra en casos enpecificos de America Latina y el Caribe. Las principales consecuencias probadas...