[Diabetic macroangiopathy].

Diabetes mellitus represents a significant medico - social problem for health care around the world. The main reason for an invalidism and a mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus are the lesions of heart and vessels united in the concept "diabetic macroangiopathty". This complication is often taped already at the time of diagnosis of a diabetes mellitus and demands active treatment.

Modern approaches to management of cardiovascular risk factors at patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is the serious progressing chronic disease representing independent risk factor of development of cardiovascular complications. The mortality from cardiovascular diseases at the persons suffering from DM type 2 continues to grow around the world, despite constant augmentation of expenses on treatment and prophylaxis. In this article factors of cardiovascular risk at DM are analyzed and possible ways of their correction are surveyed.

[Osteoporosis: Current state of the art]. / Osteoporoz: sovremennoe sostoianie problemy.

As of now, osteoporosis (OP) is one of the most important sociomedical problems because of its high prevalence and resultant disability, as well as significant mortality attributable to complications. The current strategy for providing care for patients of OP is its early diagnosis, by determining the high risk of fractures, and early pathogenetic treatment. The article gives an update on the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of OP.

[Osteoprotegerin is a new marker of cardiovascular diseases]. / Osteoprotegerin - novyi marker serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a glycoprotein that is a representative of the tumor necrosis factor-α receptor superfamily. Information about the possible role of OPG in the development of cardiovascular diseases has begun to appear in the literature in recent years. This review discusses the role of increasing the level of OPG in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and as a consequence of coronary heart disease and chronic heart failure.

[Obesity and cardiovascular system].

Obesity is a serious medico-social and economic problem. Increased body mass index is associated with a rise in the general mortality rate and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. In this article, modern views of the influence of obesity on the cardiovascular system are considered.

[SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM].

Subclinical hypothyroidism is a rather common disorder of the thyroid gland. Despite the fact that subclinical hypothyroidism has no clear-cut clinical picture, this condition is associated with changes in various organs and systems, moreover, it is a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. The article summarizes the available data on subclinical hypothyroidism, principles of its diagnostics and treatment.

Hypothyroidism and cardiovascular system.

The article presents data on the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. The role of dyslipidemia, adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin), C-reactive protein, deficiency of vitamin D3 in the development of cardiovascular disease in hypothyroidism is discussed. The article describes characteristics of myocardial remodeling, its dysfunction and their correlation with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in patients with hypothyroidism.

[THE LEVEL OF OSTEOPROTEGERIN AND CERTAIN ADIPOKINES IN HYPOTHYROIDISM].

We measured the levels of osteoprotegerin, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin in patients with hypothyroidism differing in the thyroid status. The levels of osteoprotegerin, resistin, leptin were higher and those of adiponectin lower than normal. The patients suffered atherogenic dyslipidemia associated with enhanced insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Leptin and adiponectin levels correlated with characteristics of lipid metabolism. It is concluded that leptin and adiponectin play a role in the development of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism.

[Leptin, resistin, and hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with type 2 diabetes and in those with its concurrence with asthma]. / Leptin, rezistin i gormonal'no-metabolicheskie pokazateli u zhenshchin s sakharnym diabetom 2-go tipa i pri ego sochetanii s bronkhial'noi astmoi.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between resistin, adiponectin, leptin, and hormonal and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in those with its concurrence with asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with T2DM and 26 patients with T2DM concurrent with asthma were examined. The examination data of 23 apparently healthy women served as a control. Anthropometric measurements, carbohydrate and lipid metabolic parameters, and leptin, resistin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels were studied. RESULTS: Hyperleptinemia, hyperresistinemia, and lower adiponectin concentrations were found in the patients with T2DM and in those with its concurrence with asthma. These changes in the patients from these groups occurred in the presence of subclinical inflammation. Obvious insulin resistance (IR) accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinemia was identified in the examined women. The detected atherogenic dyslipidemia appeared as increases in the levels of total cholesterol (C), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein C, and atherogenic index and as a decrease in those of high-density lipoprotein C. The women with the concurrence of the diseases showed a positive correlation of the level of resistin with insulin and the HOMA index. CONCLUSION: The patients with T2DM and those with its concurrence with asthma exhibited obvious IR accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Hyperresistinemia plays a role in the development of IR in the concurrence of these diseases. The patients with T2DM and those with its concurrence with asthma were found to have hyperleptinemia, hyperresistinemia, and a trend for decreasing adiponectin values in the presence of subclinical inflammation.

[Pharmacoepidemiological analysis of outpatient therapy for type 2 diabetes].

The paper presents the results of studying the actual treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving oral glucose-reducing agents. The case reports of 291 patients with T2D were analyzed. Poor adherence to the international and Russian guidelines for the management of T2D, unsatisfactory control of cardiovascular risk factors, and untimely correction of glucose-reducing therapy were revealed.

[Grelin and hormonal and metabolic parameters in young males with obesity and overweight].

The paper deals with the study of a correlation of grelin, growth hormone, insulin, Caros index, lipid spectrum, anthropometric characteristics in patients with obesity and overweight. Seventy-six young obese males aged 18 to 23 years were examined. A control group included 15 apparently healthy individuals of the same age. This cohort of patients was found to have a significantly reduced level of grelin that tended to decrease with the increased grade of obesity. The established hyperinsulinemia and decreased Caros index suggest that young obese young males are insulin-resistant.

[Impact of impaired carbohydrate metabolism on the course of coronary heart disease].

In patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and periodically recorded impaired fasting glycemia, the Incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus was 61.6 and 17.8%, respectively. CHD patients with a history of carbohydrate metabolic disturbance were observed to have hyperinsulinemia on fasting and 2 hours after glucose load. In these patients, ambiguous changes were found in C-peptide 2 hours following glucose load. Changes were ascertained in the lipid spectrum.