RESUMO
Corporations as well as individual professionals have an ethical obligation to help those in need. There is a sound tradition in American business for companies including social outreach as part of business strategy. This approach works best when corporations and community and professional experts work in partnership. Henry Schein's Corporate Social Responsibility program contributes expertise, logistics, connections, and funds to these partnerships in the United States and worldwide.
Assuntos
Ética nos Negócios , Corporações Profissionais , Responsabilidade Social , Adulto , Criança , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Assistência Odontológica para Crianças , Desastres , Saúde Global , Órgãos Governamentais , Promoção da Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Indústrias , Relações Interinstitucionais , Liderança , Programas de Rastreamento , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Filosofia , Parcerias Público-Privadas , Socorro em Desastres , Instituições Filantrópicas de Saúde , Populações VulneráveisRESUMO
The focus of healthcare ethics within the framework of ethical principles and philosophical foundations has always, in recent times, been the community, namely, the healthcare provider, the patient or, in research, the study participant. An initiative is thus described whereby a community of practice (CoP) model was developed around health ethics in health research, education and clinical care. The ethics curriculum was redesigned to include several components that are integrated and all embracing, namely, health research ethics, healthcare ethics, health personnel education in ethics and global and public health ethics. A CoP is a group who share a common interest and a desire to learn from and contribute to the community with their variety of experiences. The CoP is dynamic and organic, generating knowledge that can be translated into effective healthcare delivery and ethical research. It requires the collaboration and social presence of active participants such as community members, healthcare professionals and educators, ethicists and policy makers to benefit the community by developing approaches that adapt to and resonate with the community and its healthcare needs. Philosophical principles constitute the foundation or underpinning of this innovative curriculum. Recommendations are presented that will continue to guide the consolidation and sustainability of the CoP.
Assuntos
Ética Clínica/educação , Comportamento Cooperativo , Currículo , Ética em Pesquisa/educação , Saúde Global , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Humanos , PolíticasRESUMO
Data from clinical studies generated by Practice Based Research Networks should be generalizable to the profession. For nationally representative data a broad recruitment of practitioners may pose added risks to IRB's. Infrastructure must assure data integrity while minimizing risk to assure that the clinical results are generalizable. The PEARL Network is an interdisciplinary dental/medical PBRN conducting a broad range of clinical studies. The infrastructure is designed to support the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and create a data audit trail to ensure data integrity for generalizability. As the PBRN concept becomes of greater interest, membership may expand beyond the local community, and the issue of geography versus risk management becomes of concern to the IRB. The PEARL Network describes how it resolves many of the issues related to recruiting on a National basis while maintaining study compliance to ensure patient safety and minimize risk to the IRB.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: More than 1 million individuals in the U.S. are infected with HIV; approximately 20% of whom do not know they are infected. Early diagnosis of HIV infection results in earlier access to treatment and reductions in HIV transmission. In 2006, the CDC recommended that health care providers offer routine HIV screening to all adolescent and adult patients, regardless of community seroprevalence or patient lifestyle. Dental providers are uniquely positioned to implement these recommendations using rapid oral fluid HIV screening technology. However, thus far, uptake into dental practice has been very limited. METHODS: The study utilized a qualitative descriptive approach with convenience samples of dental faculty and students. Six in-depth one-on-one interviews were conducted with dental faculty and three focus groups were conducted with fifteen dental students. RESULTS: Results were fairly consistent and indicated relatively high levels of acceptability. Barriers and facilitators of oral fluid HIV screening were identified in four primary areas: scope of practice/practice enhancement, skills/knowledge/training, patient service/patient reactions and logistical issues. CONCLUSIONS: Oral fluid HIV screening was described as having benefits for patients, dental practitioners and the public good. Many of the barriers to implementation that were identified in the study could be addressed through training and interdisciplinary collaborations.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Clínicas Odontológicas , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Saliva/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Competência Clínica , Comunicação , Confidencialidade , Custos e Análise de Custo , Aconselhamento/educação , Relações Dentista-Paciente , Diagnóstico Bucal/educação , Educação em Odontologia , Docentes de Odontologia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Infecções por HIV/economia , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento/economia , Prática Profissional/organização & administração , Papel Profissional , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Faculdades de Odontologia , Estudantes de Odontologia , Serviços Urbanos de SaúdeRESUMO
In this case a young dentist has signed onto a managed care plan that has several attractive features. Eventually, however, he notices that he makes little or no net revenue for some of the work that he does. A colleague recommends that he use different labs for different patients, with labs matched to each patient's dental plan and coverage. Offshore labs are used for managed care patients. Three knowledgeable experts comment on the case, two with many years of private practice experience, two who are dental educators holding master's degrees in philosophy and bioethics.
Assuntos
Assistência Odontológica/ética , Odontólogos/ética , Ética Odontológica , Laboratórios Odontológicos/ética , Conflito de Interesses , Controle de Custos/economia , Controle de Custos/ética , Assistência Odontológica/economia , Técnicos em Prótese Dentária/ética , Relações Dentista-Paciente/ética , Odontólogos/economia , Honorários Odontológicos/ética , Administração Financeira/economia , Administração Financeira/ética , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais/ética , Laboratórios Odontológicos/economia , Programas de Assistência Gerenciada/economia , Programas de Assistência Gerenciada/ética , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente/economia , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente/ética , Administração da Prática Odontológica/economia , Administração da Prática Odontológica/éticaRESUMO
This paper is structured around the following: autonomy and consent, confidentiality, disclosure, knowledge of patient and provider HIV status, the right to choose whom to treat, testing for HIV and the importance of HIV policies in the workplace to guard against discrimination. The emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic has challenged traditional ethical values of the health care profession. These include the infectious nature of HIV, the social stigma of the disease and its ethical and legal dilemmas. This paper addresses some of the pertinent questions related to HIV infection and AIDS. The three broad principles of ethics, namely, autonomy, beneficence and justice, provide the basic framework on which this paper is based. Advances in the biotechnology of rapid oral fluid testing particularly in the detection of HIV antibodies from patients in the dental setting have raised additional ethical and legal considerations in the subsequent management of HIV infected patients to include disclosure of test results to the patient and proper referral to physicians or nurse practitioners. The oral health care worker must thus have a solid foundation in the application of bioethical principles. A clinical case scenario related to HIV testing in the dental setting is presented to illustrate how a lack of understanding and the wrongful application of ethical principles may lead to patient harm and legal liability. Given the increasing infection rate of HIV worldwide, polices must be upheld and revised as needed to protect healthcare providers, patients, and society generally against discrimination.
Assuntos
Ética Odontológica , Soropositividade para HIV/diagnóstico , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Saliva/imunologia , Revelação/ética , Revelação/legislação & jurisprudência , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/ética , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/legislação & jurisprudência , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Responsabilidade pela Informação/legislação & jurisprudência , Pessoal de Saúde/ética , Pessoal de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/legislação & jurisprudência , Autonomia Pessoal , Padrões de Prática Odontológica/ética , Padrões de Prática Odontológica/legislação & jurisprudência , Recusa em Tratar/legislação & jurisprudência , África do SulAssuntos
Assistência Odontológica , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Programas de Rastreamento/ética , Saúde Pública , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Assistência Odontológica/ética , Assistência Odontológica/normas , Assistência Odontológica/tendências , Política de Saúde/tendências , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/normas , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Saúde Pública/ética , Saúde Pública/normas , Saúde Pública/tendências , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Saliva may be a legal and ethical counterpart of other bodily fluids in diagnostic testing to blood and urine, with regard to its role in diagnostic testing. Two paradigms that have been proposed in the literature to address these challenges are reviewed in this paper. The first is centered on ownership and property rights to saliva, including financial compensation from commercially developed products using saliva. The commodification of saliva as property is also discussed. The second paradigm is related to privacy and the potential for genetic discrimination, given the unwarranted disclosure of confidential information. The management of saliva specimens from dental patients and research participants will also require the implementation of innovative approaches to obtain informed consent.
Assuntos
Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos/ética , Ética Odontológica , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Propriedade/ética , Direitos do Paciente/ética , Privacidade , Saliva/química , HumanosRESUMO
Major advances in the testing of oral fluid (e.g., saliva) may lead to the diagnosis and treatment of previously undiagnosed conditions and may enable dentists to manage oral disease more effectively. Such use of another body fluid, blood, is already well established. Blood is a complex tissue that has been extensively researched and is now used for a wide variety of diagnostic tests. It is also regarded as a form of property with ethical and legal dimensions. If saliva is to fulfill a similar role, it should perhaps be granted those same protections. This paper advances the concept that saliva should be considered a form of property, possibly within personal biological materials law. The emerging potential for the development of marketable products from oral fluids raises the issue of protecting the research participant's ethical and legal rights. In particular, violation of privacy and genetic discrimination may arise from the testing of salivary DNA. Respect for autonomy requires that the clinician inform a patient or research participant about his or her rights to property and privacy as these may pertain to oral fluid.
Assuntos
Sangue , Propriedade/ética , Direitos do Paciente/ética , Privacidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Saliva , Biotecnologia/ética , Biotecnologia/legislação & jurisprudência , DNA/análise , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos/ética , Humanos , Propriedade/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos do Paciente/legislação & jurisprudência , Autonomia PessoalAssuntos
Doadores de Sangue/legislação & jurisprudência , Seleção do Doador/legislação & jurisprudência , Seleção do Doador/normas , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Política de Saúde/tendências , Homossexualidade Masculina , Preconceito , Comportamento Sexual , Doadores de Sangue/ética , Canadá , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Seleção do Doador/ética , Seleção do Doador/tendências , Análise Ética , Feminino , HIV/genética , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Haiti , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Masculino , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Segurança , Parceiros Sexuais , Justiça Social , Fatores de Tempo , Reino Unido , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationAssuntos
Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/ética , Indústria Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Responsabilidade Legal , Obrigações Morais , Revelação da Verdade/ética , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Tomada de Decisões/ética , Indústria Farmacêutica/ética , Análise Ética , Humanos , Pesquisadores , Sujeitos da Pesquisa , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Relações Médico-Paciente/ética , Efeito Placebo , Placebos/administração & dosagem , Sugestão , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/ética , Creatinina/uso terapêutico , Enganação , Humanos , Padrões de Prática Médica/ética , Ética Baseada em Princípios , Segurança , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Tomada de Decisões , Experimentação Humana/legislação & jurisprudência , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/legislação & jurisprudência , Competência Mental , Pesquisadores/legislação & jurisprudência , Sujeitos da Pesquisa , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/ética , Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa , Ética em Pesquisa , Governo Federal , Experimentação Humana/ética , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Legislação como Assunto/normas , Legislação como Assunto/tendências , Maryland , Pesquisadores/ética , Sujeitos da Pesquisa/legislação & jurisprudência , Sujeitos da Pesquisa/psicologia , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Temas Bioéticos , Atenção à Saúde , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Rural , Diretivas Antecipadas , Confidencialidade , Tomada de Decisões , Atenção à Saúde/ética , Atenção à Saúde/normas , Consultoria Ética , Ética Clínica , Ética Institucional , Ética Médica , Alocação de Recursos para a Atenção à Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Participação do Paciente , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/ética , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/normas , Serviços de Saúde Rural/ética , Serviços de Saúde Rural/normas , Assistência Terminal , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines recommend routine HIV screening for a large segment of the population, given that the individual understands that an HIV test will be performed unless he or she declines testing (opt-out testing). The CDC recommendation calls for the elimination of formalized requirements for written consent and pretest counseling to encourage more Americans to voluntarily accept testing. Knowledge of HIV infection can increase early access to care and treatment and reduce further transmission. A rapid non-invasive test for HIV infection (OraQuick Advance) from oral fluid has recently become available. It offers two distinct advantages: 1) results are available within twenty minutes, thereby eliminating a long waiting period; and 2) it has high sensitivity and specificity comparable to blood testing. A preliminary positive test result must be confirmed with a Western Blot by an outside laboratory or physician. Important ethical and legal issues must be resolved before the successful implementation of HIV testing in the dental setting. An educational emphasis on broader coverage of HIV testing is also needed within the dental school curriculum. The integration of HIV testing into dental practice is discussed as well. A policy of screening patients in dental offices will contribute to a major advance in public health.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico Bucal/educação , Odontologia Geral , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/análise , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Currículo , Diagnóstico Bucal/ética , Educação em Odontologia , Exsudatos e Transudatos/imunologia , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Physicians treating newly incapacitated patients often must help navigate surrogate decision-makers through a difficult course of treatment decisions, while safeguarding the patient's autonomy. We offer guidance for intensive care physicians who must frequently address the difficult questions concerning disclosure of confidential information to surrogates. Three clinical vignettes will highlight the ethical challenges to physician disclosure of a critically ill patient's HIV status. Two key distinctions are offered that influence the propriety of disclosure: first, whether HIV infection represents a 'primary cause' for the patient's critical illness; and second, whether the surrogate may be harmed by failure to disclose HIV status. This balanced consideration of the direct duties of physicians to patients, and their indirect duties to surrogates and third-party contacts, may be used as a framework for considering other ethical obligations in the intensive care unit. We also provide a tabulation of individual US state laws relevant to disclosure of HIV status.