UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomic approach and gastroprotective effect of two chemotypes of Egletes viscosa (L.) less. against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Egletes viscosa (L.) (macela) is a native wild herb that can be found in different states of northeastern Brazil. The infusions of its flower buds are traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. E. viscosa possesses two chemotypes (named A and B), distinguishable by the composition of the essential oil from the flower buds. Although there are previous studies of the gastroprotective effect of the isolated constituents of E. viscosa, its infusions have not been investigated yet. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the chemical composition and the gastroprotective effect of flower bud infusions of E. viscosa from chemotype A (EVCA) and chemotype B (EVCB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen infusions were brewed with flower buds according to the traditional preparation mode and were analyzed through a UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolomic approach for determination of their metabolic fingerprints and quantification of bioactive compounds. Afterward, these data were analyzed by chemometric methods (OPLS-DA) for discrimination of the two chemotypes. Additionally, infusions of EVCA and EVCB (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated on gastric ulcers induced by absolute ethanol (96%, 0.2 mL, p.o.) in mice. To elucidate the gastroprotective mechanisms, the effect of EVCA and EVCB on gastric acid secretion and gastric wall mucus was determined and the role of TRPV1 channels, prostaglandins, nitric oxide and KATP channels were assessed. Moreover, the oxidative stress-related parameters and the histological aspects of the stomach tissue were analyzed. RESULTS: The chemotypes can be discriminated from each other using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS chemical fingerprints. Both chemotypes presented similar chemical compositions, consisting basically of caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids and diterpenes. The quantification of bioactive compounds demonstrated that chemotype A possesses more ternatin, tanabalin and centipedic than chemotype B. EVCA and EVCB (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased the severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions, as shown by a reduction in histological alterations and leucocyte infiltration in gastric tissue. The gastroprotective mechanism of both infusions involves an antioxidant effect, maintenance of gastric mucus and reduction gastric secretion. Stimulation of endogenous prostaglandins and nitric oxide release, activation of TRPV1 channels, and KATP channels are also involved in the gastroprotection of the infusions. CONCLUSION: The gastroprotective effect of EVCA and EVCB was equivalent and mediated through antioxidant and antisecretory actions, including the activation of TRPV1 receptors, stimulation of endogenous prostaglandins and nitric oxide, and opening of KATP channels. The presence of caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids and diterpenes in both infusions is involved in mediating this protective effect. Our findings support the traditional use of infusions of E. viscosa for gastric disorders regardless of the chemotype.

Cashew apple fiber prevents high fat diet-induced obesity in mice: an NMR metabolomic evaluation.

Dietary fiber intake plays an important role in the prevention of obesity. This study aimed at investigating the effect of cashew fiber without low molecular weight compounds (CABwc) on obesity prevention and metabolomics in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Mice were fed a chow diet (CD), a high-fat diet (HFD) or a high-fat diet supplemented with CABwc (10%) (HFD-CABwc) for 15 weeks. The body weight, abdominal fat, serum glucose levels, insulin and lipid profiles, satiety hormones such as leptin and ghrelin, digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase, and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, and adiponectin were measured, in addition to performing serum and hepatic tissue analyses. The metabolomic analysis was based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of serum and feces. The effects observed with ingestion of CABwc were appetite control and prevention of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, as well as the prevention of the inflammatory process and reduction of liver injury caused by the HFD. In addition, NMR evidenced the presence of SCFAs in serum and feces of mice fed with HFD-CABwc. These findings suggest that CABwc promoted satiety in mice, improving the metabolism of glucose and lipids. Positive effects of obesity prevention may be associated with SCFA production.

Hamartoma fibroanexial em cadela - Relato de caso / Fibroadnexal hamartoma in a bicth ­ Case report / Hamartoma fibroanexial en perra ­ Relato de caso

A pele é o maior órgão do corpo do animal, atuando como uma barreira entre o meio externo e interno e suas afeccções perfazem a média de 30% de todo atendimento clínico realizado em pequenos animais. Dentre as lesões não neoplásicas, encontram-se os hamartomas, que são oriundos de um crescimento excessivo de células e tecidos normais no local em que naturalmente se encontram, podendo ocorrer em qualquer tecido ou órgão. O hamartoma fibroanexial pode se apresentar como nódulo solitário, firme, circunscrito, séssil ou de aspecto polipoide, com ou sem alopecia parcial e ulceração. Os anexos cutâneos que se destacam nesse tipo de hamartoma são os folículos pilosos e as glândulas sebáceas, podendo aparecer em aspectos normais ou bizarros, como os folículos pilosos císticos rodeados por lóbulos sebáceos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foirelatar um caso de hamartoma fibroanexial em uma cadela sem padrão racial definido, de aproximadamente sete anos que foi levada à Unidade Hospitalar Veterinária da Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), devido à presença de nódulo em região distal lateral do membro pélvico direito com crescimento lento e progressivo durante um ano. A paciente foi encaminhada para exames complementares de citologia e pré-cirúrgicos. Após excisão cirúrgica, o nódulo foi enviado para avaliação histopatológica. Microscopicamente, a lesão exibiu uma estrutura nodular intradérmica composta por tecido fibroso abundante, envolvendo e segmentando estruturas anexiais incompletas, representadas por glândulas sebáceas e folículos pilosos, alguns destes rôtos, suscitando intenso processo inflamatório piogranulomatoso. Os achados macro e microscópicos foram determinantes para o diagnóstico da lesão como hamartoma fibroanexial.(AU)

Skin is the largest organ of the animal body, acting as a barrier between the external and internal environment, and infections to it consisting of an average 30% of all clinical care performed. Hamartomas are among the non-neoplastic lesions in the skin, originating from an excessive growth of normal cells and tissues in the place they are naturally found, which can take place in any tissue or organ. Fibroadnexal hamartoma may be presented as solitary, firm, circumscribed, sessile or polyp-like nodules, with or without partial alopecia and ulceration. The adnexal structures mostly observed are hair follicles and sebaceous glands, with normal or bizarre structures, such as cystic hair follicles surrounded by sebaceous lobes. This study has the purpose of reporting a case of fibroadnexal hamartoma in a 7-year-old bitch taken to the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Ceará (UECE) due to a nodule in the lateral distal region of the right pelvic limb with slow and progressive growth over one year. The patient was referred to cytology and pre-surgical examinations. After surgical excision, the nodule was sent for histopathological evaluation. Microscopically, the lesion exhibited an intradermal nodular structure composed of abundant fibrous tissue, involving and segmenting incomplete adnexal structures, represented by sebaceous glands and hair follicles, some of these ruptured, leading to intense piogranulomatous inflammatory reaction. Macro- and microscopic findings were determinant for diagnosing this lesion as a fibroanexial hamartoma.(AU)

La piel es el órgano más grande del cuerpo del animal y actúa como barrera entre el ambiente externo e interno, representando un promedio del 30% de toda la atención clínica realizada en pequeños animales. Entre las lesiones no neoplásicas se encuentran los hamartomas, que se originan a partir de un crecimiento excesivo de células y tejidos normales al lugar donde ocurren naturalmente, pudiendo ocurrir en cualquier tejido u órgano. El hamartoma fibroanexial puede presentarse como nódulos solitarios, firmes, circunscritos, sésiles o en forma de pólipos, con o sin alopecia parcial y ulceración. Las estructuras anexas más vistas son los folículos pilosos y las glándulas sebáceas, que aparecen en aspectos normales o anormales, como los folículos pilosos císticos rodeados de lóbulos sebáceos. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido relatar un caso de Hamartoma fibroanexial en una perra sin patrón racial de aproximadamente siete años que fue llevada al Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad Estatal de Ceará (UECE), debido a un nódulo en la región distal lateral del miembro pélvico derecho con crecimiento lento y progresivo de un año. La paciente fue enviada para citología y los exámenes pre quirúrgicos. Después de la extirpación quirúrgica el nódulo fue enviado para evaluación histopatológica. Microscópicamente, la lesión exhibió una estructura nodular intradérmica compuesta de abundante tejido fibroso, involucrando y segmentando estructuras anéxales incompletas, representadas por glándulas sebáceas y folículos pilosos, algunas de ellas rotas, provocando intenso proceso inflamatorio piogranulomatoso. Los hallazgos macroscópicos y microscópicos fueron determinantes para el diagnóstico de la lesión como hamartoma fibroanexial.(AU)

Corrigendum to "Antihypercholesterolemic Effects of Fruit Aqueous Extract of Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore in Mice Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2017/6376173.].

Antihypercholesterolemic Effects of Fruit Aqueous Extract of Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore in Mice Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia.

The present objective of the investigation is to evaluate the antihypercholesterolemic activity of the aqueous fruit pulp extract (APE) of Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore (Arecaceae family). Various chemical characterization methods like thin layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, and molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography have been employed to characterize the extracted pectin. The present study demonstrated that hypercholesterolemic diet (HD) created hypercholesterolemia, caused significant increases in body weight, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein, and caused decreases in high-density lipoprotein in serum compared with SD group. Two doses (APE 150 and 300 mg/Kg b.w./day) were administered to hyperlipidemic mice for 90 days. APE reversed body weight changes, changed serum lipids to normal values, and significantly inhibited the changes of lipid peroxidation and inflammation in the liver tissues. The renal parameters analyzed (urea and creatinine) altered by diet were reverted to normal values. Our results revealed that aqueous fruit pulp extracts of carnauba reduced hypercholesterolemia showing a potential preventive effect against cardiovascular diseases without side effects cause.

Pulmonary mechanic and lung histology induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella snake venom.

This study have analyzed the pulmonary function in an experimental model of acute lung injury, induced by the Crotalus durissus cascavella venom (C. d. cascavella) (3.0 µg/kg - i.p), in pulmonary mechanic and histology at 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after inoculation. The C. d. cascavella venom led to an increase in Newtonian Resistance (RN), Tissue Resistance (G) and Tissue Elastance (H) in all groups when compared to the control, particularly at 12 h and 24 h. The Histeresivity (η) increased 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after inoculation. There was a decrease in Static Compliance (CST) at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h and inspiratory capacity (IC) at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. C. d. cascavella venom showed significant morphological changes such as atelectasis, emphysema, hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate, edema and congestion. After a challenge with methacholine (MCh), RN demonstrated significant changes at 6, 12 and 24 h. This venom caused mechanical and histopathological changes in the lung tissue; however, its mechanisms of action need further studies in order to better elucidate the morphofunctional lesions.

Pseudomicetoma dermatofítico disseminado em um gato persa - Relato de caso / Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma disseminated in a persian cat - Case report / Pseudomicetoma dermatofitos diseminada en un gato persa - Relato de caso

O pseudomicetoma dermatofítico (PMD) é uma profunda infecção dérmica, causada por fungos, sendo o Microsporum canis o agente etiológico mais frequentemente envolvido. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de pseudomicetoma em um gato persa e alertar os médicos veterinários para incluir a doença como diagnóstico diferencial em dermatopatias em gatos, principalmente os da raça persa. Um felino macho, da raça Persa, de três anos, veio para atendimento apresentando 22 nódulos subcutâneos, distribuídos em todo corpo, com diâmetros que variavam de 2 a 8 centímetros, inclusive dentro do pavilhão auricular direito. Realizou-se raspado cutâneo e citologia aspirativa por agulha fina, obtendo resultados pouco conclusivos. Após a realização de exérese cirúrgica de grande parte dos nódulos e encaminhamento para exame histopatológico, obteve-se o diagnóstico de PMD. Após tratamento com itraconazol 10mg/kg SID por 5 meses houve completa remissão do quadro. A excisão cirúrgica foi essencial para a resolução do quadro, que juntamente com o itraconazol sistêmico tornou o tratamento efetivo para o PMD.(AU)

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a deep skin infection. Microsporum canis is the etiologic agent most frequently involved in DPM. The purpose of this study is to report a case of DPM in a Persian cat and suggest the veterinarians to include the disease as a differential diagnosis in skin diseases in Persian cats. A male Persian cat, 3 years old, came to be attended at the Veterinary Hospital. The patient was presenting 22 subcutaneous nodules measuring 2-8 cm in diameter, in different parts of the body, including inside the right ear. Skin scraping and fine needle aspiration cytology were performed, yielding inconclusive results. After performing the surgical removal of most of the nodules and a skin biopsy, the diagnosis of DPM was obtained. The cat had a complete remission of the disease after the treatment with itraconazole 10mg/kg SID for 5 months. It is important to emphasize that, as a therapeutic point of view, surgical excision is considered essential, but not enough to establish a permanent cure. Since there can be recurrence, the systemic use of itraconazole is indicated to efficiently cure animals presenting DPM.(AU)

El pseudomicetoma dermatofitos (PMD) es una infección profunda de la piel causada por hongos, siendo el Microsporum canis el agente etiológico implicado con mayor frecuencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de pseudomicetoma en un gato persa y alertar los médicos veterinarios para incluir la enfermedad como un diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades de la piel en gatos, especialmente la raza persa. Un gato macho, de la raza persa, de tres años, llegó a la asistencia presentando 22 nódulos subcutáneos, distribuidos por todo el cuerpo, con diámetros que variaban de 2 a 8 cm, inclusive dentro de la oreja derecha. Se afeitó la piel y con citología por aspiración, con aguja fina, se obtuvo resultados poco conclusivos. Después de realizar la extirpación quirúrgica de la mayor parte de los nódulos y enrutamiento para el examen histopatológico, se ha obtenido el diagnóstico de PMD. Tras el tratamiento con itraconazol l0mg/kg SID, por cinco meses, hubo remisión completa. La escisión quirúrgica fue esencial para la resolución del cuadro, que junto con itraconazol sistémico se convirtió en un tratamiento eficaz para el PMD.(AU)

Amyrins from Protium heptaphyllum Reduce High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice via Modulation of Enzymatic, Hormonal And Inflammatory Responses.

Obesity remains a global problem. In search of phytochemicals that have antiobesity potential, this study evaluated α,ß-amyrin, a triterpenoid mixture from Protium heptaphyllum, on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Groups of mice (n = 8) were fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet, and were orally treated or not treated with either α,ß-amyrin (10 or 20 mg/kg) or sibutramine (10 mg/kg) for 15 weeks. Variables measured at termination were body weight, visceral fat accumulation, adipocyte surface area, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and lipoprotein lipase expressions in adipose tissue, the levels of plasma glucose and insulin, the satiety hormones ghrelin and leptin, the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase, and the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, interleukin-6, and MCP-1. Results showed that α,ß-amyrin treatment resulted in lower high-fat diet-induced increases in body weight, visceral fat content, adipocyte surface area, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and lipoprotein lipase expressions, and blood glucose and insulin levels. Additionally, the markedly elevated leptin and decreased ghrelin levels seen in the high-fat diet-fed control mice were significantly modulated by α,ß-amyrin treatment. Furthermore, α,ß-amyrin decreased serum TNF-α and MCP-1. These results suggest that α,ß-amyrin could be beneficial in reducing high-fat diet-induced obesity and associated disorders via modulation of enzymatic, hormonal, and inflammatory responses.

Gastroprotective effect of (-)-myrtenol against ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions: possible mechanisms.

OBJECTIVES: (-)-Myrtenol is a natural fragrance monoterpenoid structurally related to α-pinene found in diverse plant essential oils. This study was aimed to assess the anti-ulcerogenic potential of (-)-myrtenol against ethanol-induced gastric lesions and to elucidate the underlying mechanism(s). METHODS: Gastroprotective activity of (-)-myrtenol was evaluated using the mouse model of ethanol-induced gastric damage. To elucidate the gastroprotective mechanism(s), the roles of GABA, prostaglandins, nitric oxide and KATP channels were assessed. Besides, the oxidative stress-related parameters and the mucus content in gastric tissues were analysed. KEY FINDINGS: (-)-Myrtenol at oral doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly decreased the severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions affording gastroprotection that was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, an increase in GPx, SOD, and catalase activity in gastric tissues, and with well-maintained normal levels of nitrite/nitrate, gastric mucus and NP-SHs. Pretreatment with GABA-A receptor antagonist flumazenil, the COX inhibitor indomethacin, and NO synthesis inhibitor L-NAME but not with KATP channel blocker glibenclamide significantly blocked the (-)-myrtenol gastroprotection. CONCLUSION: These results provide first-time evidence for the gastroprotective effect of (-)-myrtenol that could be related to GABAA -receptor activation and antioxidant activity.

Primeiro relato de infecção natural pelo Platynosomum spp. Em gato doméstico no município de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil / First report of natural infection by Platynosomum spp. In a domestic cat in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil / Primer informe de infección natural por Platynosomum spp. En gato doméstico en el município de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil

O Platynosomum spp. é um trematódeo que habita os ductos biliares e a vesícula biliar de gatos, encontrado mundialmente em áreas com climas tropicais e subtropicais. Os gatos que vivem nestas áreas são infectados ao ingerirem vertebrados inferiores, como lagartixas e sapos. Muitos casos de platinossomose são assintomáticos, todavia, gatos com infecções graves podem exibir icterícia generalizada, vômito, diarreia mucoide, anorexia, emagrecimento, depressão e morte. Os sinais clínicos não são específicos e podem passar despercebidos, dificultando assim seu controle e tratamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar o primeiro caso confirmado desta enfermidade em gato doméstico ocorrido no município de Fortaleza estado do Ceará. Portanto, pode-se concluir que, a platinossomose deve ser investigada nos felinos da região que apresentem a sintomatologia característica.(AU)

Platynosomum spp. is a trematode that inhabits bile ducts and gall bladder of cats, and can be found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The infection occurs when the cat living in these areas ingest lower vertebrates, such as lizards and frogs. Although many cats are asymptomatic, cats with severe infection may show generalized jaundice, vomiting, mucoid diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, depression and death. The clinical signs are nonspecific and the disease may often continue unnoticed, thus hindering its control and treatment. Accordingly, this study aimed to report the first confirmed case of Platynosomum ssp. infection in a domestic cat occurred in the city of Fortaleza, in the state of Ceará, Brazil.(AU)

El Platynosomum spp. es un trematodo que habita en los ductos biliares y en la vesícula biliar de gatos, que se encuentran en todo el mundo en áreas con climas tropicales y subtropicales. Los gatos que viven en estas áreas se infectan al ingerir los vertebrados inferiores, como los lagartos y las ranas. Muchos casos de platinosomosis son asintomáticos, sin embargo, gatos con infecciones graves pueden presentar ictericia generalizada, vómitos, diarrea mucoide, anorexia, pérdida de peso, depresión y la muerte. Los signos clínicos no son específicos y pueden pasar desapercibidos, dificultando así su control y tratamiento. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido reportar el primer caso confirmado de esta enfermedad en gato doméstico ocurrido en el municipio de Fortaleza, Ceará. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que platinosomosis debe ser investigado en gatos de la región, que presenten señales característicos.(AU)

In vitro effects of Eucalyptus staigeriana nanoemulsion on Haemonchus contortus and toxicity in rodents.

Strategies for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes have been developed based on the use of numerous alternative methods, including the use of phytotherapy. New formulations of essential oils with anthelmintic activity have been proposed as a means to optimize their biological effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to formulate a nanoemulsion to optimize the nematicide effect of Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (EsEO). Initially, physico-chemical analyses were performed to verify the stability of the E. staigeriana nanoemulsion (EsNano). In vitro tests were conducted to evaluate the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of both EsNano and EsEO against Haemonchus contortus, and toxicology tests were then performed on rodents. The EsEO content in the nanoemulsion was 36.4% (v/v), and the mean particle size was 274.3 nm. EsNano and EsEO inhibited larval hatching by 99% and 96.3% at 1 and 2mg/ml concentrations, respectively, and inhibited larval development by 96.3% and 97.3% at 8 mg/ml concentrations. The acute toxicity test revealed that the EsNano and EsEO doses required to kill 50% of the mice (LD50) were 1,603.9 and 3,495.9 mg/ml, respectively. EsNano did not alter the hematological parameters in the rats after treatment.

Gastric lesions associated with the presence of Anisakis spp. Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Cetaceans stranded on the coast of Ceara, Brazil / Lesões gástricas associadas à presença de Anisakis spp. Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) em Cetáceos encalhados no litoral do Ceará, Brasil

The gastric compartments of ten cetaceans stranded on the coast of Ceará State, Northeast Brazil were analyzed in this study. Gastric Anisakis spp. was diagnosed in all individuals involved in this study. Parasites and tissue samples were collected during necropsy. The presence of Anisakis parasites showed similar distribution across the three gastric compartments and the majority was free within the gastric lumen. Macroscopically, the lesions were predominantly characterized by the presence of ulcers (60 percent, 6/10) within the gastric mucosa, occasionally associated with edema and hemorrhage (30 percent, 3/10). Eight cetaceans (8/10 - 80 percent) presented gastric microscopic alterations and in 75 percent (6/8) of these animals, chronic lymphoplasmocytic gastritis was observed with varying degrees of distribution and severity. Additionally, eosinophilic and granulomatous inflammation with giant cells, hemosiderosis, fibrosis and areas of necrosis were associated with location of parasites within the gastric mucosa. In this study, it was shown that the majority of cetaceans with the presence of Anisakis parasites presented macro and microscopic gastric alterations. These nematodes are probably associated with the development of these alterations; however, more pathological approaches are still required.

Neste estudo, foram analisados os compartimentos gástricos de dez cetáceos encalhados na costa do Ceará, região nordeste do Brasil. Parasitos do gênero Anisakis foram diagnosticados em todos os indivíduos estudados. As amostras parasitárias e teciduais foram coletadas durante o procedimento de necropsia. A presença de Anisakis demonstrou distribuição similar nos três compartimentos gástricos, estando a maior parte dos parasitos livre na mucosa gástrica. Macroscopicamente, as lesões se caracterizaram principalmente pela presença de úlceras (60 por cento, 6/10) gástricas, associadas ocasionalmente a edema e hemorragia (30 por cento, 3/10). Oito cetáceos (8/10 - 80 por cento) apresentaram alterações gástricas microscópicas e em 75 por cento (6/8) destes animais, foi observada uma gastrite crônica linfoplasmocitária com vários graus de distribuição e severidade. Foram constatados ainda, focos de inflamação granulomatosa com a presença de eosinófilos, células gigantes e a formação de hemossiderose, fibrose e de necrose em torno dos parasitos. Neste estudo, a maioria dos cetáceos com a presença de parasitos do gênero Anisakis apresentaram alterações gástricas macro e microscópicas. Estes nematóides estão provavelmente associados ao desenvolvimento destas alterações, entretanto, mais estudos são ainda necessários.